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Grant County, North Dakota Background REPORT

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GRANT COUNTY, NORTH DAKOTA - BACKGROUND REPORT 2014 Prepared by: Roosevelt-Custer Regional Council Dickinson, ND TABLE OF CONTENTS Early History of North Dakota ...................................................................................... 1 First People ................................................................................................................ 1 Fur Trade .................................................................................................................... 2 Military Confrontation ............................................................................................... 2 American Settlement ................................................................................................. 3 The Railroads ............................................................................................................. 4 Statehood ................................................................................................................... 4 Nonpartisan League .................................................................................................. 6 The Spanish Influenza Epidemic .............................................................................. 6 The Great Depression ............................................................................................... 7 Postwar Economics and Politics .............................................................................. 9 Political Realignment ................................................................................................ 9 Present Day .............................................................................................................. 10 History of Grant County, North Dakota ..................................................................... 11 Characteristics of Grant County, North Dakota ........................................................ 13 Grant County Transportation (Map) ....................................................................... 15 Land .......................................................................................................................... 15 Grant County Public Land (Map) ............................................................................ 15 Grant County Land Use (Map) ................................................................................ 15 Grant County Legislative District (Map) ................................................................ 15 Grant County Fire District (Map) ............................................................................ 15 Grant County Ambulance Service Area (Map) ...................................................... 20 Population ................................................................................................................ 21 Government and Government Finances ................................................................ 21 Employment ............................................................................................................. 21 Housing .................................................................................................................... 23 Health and Emergency Services ............................................................................ 24 Education ................................................................................................................. 24 Public Utilities/Waste Disposal............................................................................... 25 Tourism and Recreation .......................................................................................... 26 Lake Tschida (Heart Butte Game Management Area). ...................................... 26 Sheep Creek Dam ................................................................................................. 27 Medicine Rock State Historic Site. ..................................................................... 28 i Cat Coulee Dam .................................................................................................... 28 Otter Creek Game Management Area ................................................................. 28 Pretty Rock National Wildlife Refuge. ................................................................ 28 Cedar River National Grasslands. ...................................................................... 28 The Carson Roller Mill. ........................................................................................ 28 Churches .................................................................................................................. 30 The Evangelisch Lutheraner Dreieinigkeit Gemeinde. ..................................... 30 The Hope Lutheran Church. ................................................................................ 30 Energy ...................................................................................................................... 31 Cities ......................................................................................................................... 32 Carson. .................................................................................................................. 32 Elgin. ..................................................................................................................... 33 New Leipzig. ......................................................................................................... 35 Leith . .................................................................................................................... 37 ii Early History of North Dakota The land which would become Grant County came to the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, which included most of North Dakota. North Dakota was variously organized (both in part or as a whole) as: o Unorganized territory created by the Louisiana Purchase, 1803–1804 o District of Louisiana, 1804–1805 o Territory of Louisiana, 1805–1812 o Territory of Missouri, 1812–1821 o Unorganized territory formerly the northwestern Missouri Territory, 1821–1854 o Territory of Michigan east of Missouri River and White Earth River, 1834–1836 o Territory of Wisconsin east of Missouri River and White Earth River, 1836–1838 o Territory of Iowa east of Missouri River and White Earth River, 1838–1846 o Territory of Minnesota east of Missouri River and White Earth River, 1849–1854 o Territory of Nebraska west of Missouri River or White Earth River, 1854–1861 o Territory of Dakota, 1861-1889 o State of North Dakota, since November 2, 1889 First People Before new arrivals settled the Northern Plains in the 19th Century, the land had been occupied by for many centuries by big game hunting cultures after the retreat of the continental glaciers about 10,000 years ago. Later settlements included both hunting and gathering and farming peoples. When the first white explorers arrived, distinct Indian groups existed in what is now North Dakota. These included the Dakota or Lakota nation (called "Sioux", or enemies by those who feared them), Assiniboine, Cheyenne, Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara. Groups of Chippewa (or Ojibway) moved into the northern Red River Valley around 1800, and Cree, Blackfeet, and Crow frequented the western buffalo ranges. These peoples represented two different adaptations to the plains environment. Nomadic groups depended primarily upon vast herds of American Bison for the necessities of life. When the horse was brought to the Northern Plains in the 18th Century, the lives of the Dakota, Assiniboine, and Cheyenne changed dramatically. These bands quickly adapted to the horse, and the new mobility enabled them to hunt with ease and consequently to live better than ever before. The horse became a hallmark of Plains cultures, and the images of these mounted Indians bequeathed a romantic image of power and strength that has survived in story, films, and songs. In contrast, the sedentary Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara lived in relatively permanent earth lodges near the Missouri River and supplemented produce from extensive gardens (raising corn, beans, pumpkins, squash and sunflowers) with hunting; their 1 fortified villages became commercial centers that evolved into trading hubs during the fur trade of the 18th and 19th centuries. The Mandan villages played a key role in the native trade networks because of their location and permanency. Their location at the northernmost reaches of the Missouri River placed them near the closest portages to the Hudson Bay basin and thus the fastest access to French and British traders. Additionally, valuable Knife River flint was produced not far from the villages. Pierre Gaultier de La Vérendrye was arguably the first European to explore the area, although rumors persisted of a Viking expedition up the Red River in 1362. He visited the Mandan tribes around 1738 while searching for a water route to the Pacific Ocean, and was astounded by the Mandan’s level of development. Most contact resulted from the Canadian fur trade until Meriwether Lewis and William Clark led the American "voyage of discovery" up the Missouri from St. Louis in 1804. Fur Trade The fur trade linked the Northern Plains to a world-wide economic and political system. Intense competition between rival companies resulted in competition for prime locations. With several notable exceptions, contact between the Native peoples and American traders, explorers, and military personnel in the Northern Plains remained peaceful during the early 19th Century. Indians became
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