DOCSLIB.ORG

Transformation of the Red River Valley of the North

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Transformation of the Red River Valley of the North TRANSFORMATION OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY OF THE NORTH: AN ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Kathleen Ruth Gilmore Brokke In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Department: History, Philosophy, and Religious Studies December 2015 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE RED RIVER VALLEY OF THE NORTH: AN ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY By Kathleen Ruth Gilmore Brokke The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Dr. Mark Harvey Chair Dr. Thomas Isern Dr. Gary K. Clambey Dr. Jim Mochoruk Approved: April 14, 2016 Dr. John K. Cox Date Department Chair ABSTRACT This environmental history of the Red River Valley from the mid 1850s – 2000 encompasses those who lived in this tallgrass prairie region and asks how did they live within this environment? In addition, it seeks to understand how they utilized their surrounding natural world. Beyond this, with less than 1 percent of the tallgrass prairie remaining, this work showcases an important aspect of our region few know. Why is this important? The tallgrass helped create the fertile soil, which is the major reason for the high yields of wheat and other crops, and agriculture is the major industry in this region. Also, many of the native plants that once grew abundantly were eaten as food or used as medicine. A ‘cornucopia’ of food existed in this region. There is a loss in our Red River Valley that few know. This region was actually a complex environment, which looked remarkably simple to most who viewed the ‘sea of waving grass.’ This environmental history researches the changes to the surrounding tallgrasses, wetlands, and rivers, as transitions occurred from Native American to Euro-American settlers who adjusted to this new prairie environment, changing the natural world in the process as well. Geology and geography help us to understand the issues of floods in this very young river valley. This research also addresses how changes since the early 1900s have dramatically altered our rivers and wetlands, which were a major part of this landscape, and how this has impacted our lives today. My original quest was to discover how this region appeared with its differing grasses and forbs, riparian forests along the rivers, and the thriving wildlife – bison, deer, elk, bears, wolves, and coyotes. In addition, I sought to understand how others had lived here before Euro- Americans settled in this Red River Valley. iii All of this is important for us to better understand our environment and ourselves and to learn from our past for our present lives as well. This is a very unique environment and we are wealthy beyond measure in our residence upon it. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express her sincere appreciation to Dr. Mark Harvey for his guidance, patience, insights, and constructive criticism for this entire research in addition to sharing this amazing environmental history with me. A huge thank you, also, to my committee, Dr. Tom Isern, Dr. Jim Mochoruk, and Dr. Gary Clambey, who have honored me with sharing their valuable time, expertise, and knowledge in perusing this dissertation. A special thanks to our libraries and archives that store amazing gems for us to discover in our research. The librarians in them all, particularly the St. Paul, Minnesota, Historical Library, the Livingston Lord Library at Moorhead University, the Chester Fritz Library at the University of North Dakota, the State Historical Library in Bismarck, and the Institute for Regional Research Archives in Fargo, where I found a major part of my research, are all to be commended for their work, their help, and their wonderful resources. I wish also to thank Dr. Angela Smith for her immeasurable help and expertise in the electronic format for this dissertation. A giant thank you to you all for helping me reach this goal of my Red River Valley Environmental history. A special thanks to strong support from my friends, especially Elaine Speare, and family, particularly my sister, Barbara, and my husband, Jerry. My daughters and son-in-law as well, Emily, Sarah, and James, kept me on track with their questions, interest, and empathy. Two excited grandchildren who want to see my chapter book, Isaac and Freya, helped me focus, laugh a lot, and remember why this is all so important when we enjoyed many outdoor adventures together. Thank you all – colleagues, family, and friends – for your encouragement and belief in positive endings. This has been an amazing journey. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES .................................................................................................. viii LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1: AN ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY OF A YOUNG RIVER VALLEY .............. 1 CHAPTER 2: ABUNDANT LIFE IN THE DIVERSE, TALLGRASS RED RIVER VALLEY....................................................................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER 3: BURGEONING EURO-AMERICAN INTEREST IN THE RED RIVER VALLEY....................................................................................................................................... 52 CHAPTER 4: EURO-AMERICAN SETTLERS ......................................................................... 74 CHAPTER 5: BONANZA FARMS ........................................................................................... 116 CHAPTER 6: SCIENCE ENTERS THE RED RIVER VALLEY ............................................. 150 CHAPTER 7: A DIFFICULT DECADE – DUST, DROUGHT, AND DEPRESSION ............ 193 CHAPTER 8: THE TROUBLE WITH TOO MUCH OR TOO LITTLE WATER ................... 224 CHAPTER 9: THE WINDS OF CHANGE................................................................................ 258 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................... 278 APPENDIX A: MAPS ................................................................................................................ 298 APPENDIX B: LIST OF MEDICINAL WILD PLANTS OF THE PRAIRIE .......................... 314 APPENDIX C: ANIMAL PRODUCTS DERIVED FROM THE RED RIVER VALLEY ...... 318 APPENDIX D: NORTHWEST TERRITORY SALES EARNINGS ........................................ 320 APPENDIX E: BIRD INVENTORY OF NORTHERN RRV, 1902-1928 ................................ 321 APPENDIX F: FANNIE MAHOOD HEATH’S LIST OF HARDY FLOWERS OF THE PRAIRIELAND” ........................................................................................................................ 322 APPENDIX G: RED RIVER VALLEY WATER SUPPLY ...................................................... 323 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1: Animal Furs, Grease, And Meat Volumes Recorded At The Park River Fur Trading Post Between 1800 And 1801. .............................................................................................. 48 2: Government Dollars Spent To Control Grasshoppers Between 1936 And 1948. ............... 205 3: The Number Of Belts Planted And A Distribution Of Belts By Rating Of Classes In Various North Dakota Counties. .......................................................................................... 212 vii LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES Table Page C 1: Animal Products Derived From The Red River Valley .................................................... 318 D 1: Sales Statistics In St. Paul Press, 29 August 1863, Of Burgeoning Northwest Territory Trade. ................................................................................................................. 320 E 1: Birds Reported To The Bureau Of Biological Survey, Washington, D.C., 1902- 1928. .................................................................................................................................. 321 F 1: Fannie Mahood Heath’s List Of Hardy Flowers Of The Prairieland. ............................... 322 G 1: Water Supply Needs And Options. ................................................................................... 323 viii LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES Figures Page A 1: Tributaries Of The Red River Of The North .................................................................. 298 A 2: Red River Of The North Drainage Basin ........................................................................ 299 A 3: Cultural Affiliations Of Native American Groups .......................................................... 300 A 4: Red River Oxcarts, 1820-1870 ....................................................................................... 301 A 5: Wagon Trails Of The 1860s ............................................................................................ 302 A 6: Climate Zone Map .........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Thursday, June 15, 2017 Thursday, June 15, 2017 2016 Integrated Report - Walsh County
    Thursday, June 15, 2017 Thursday, June 15, 2017 2016 Integrated Report - Walsh County Thursday, June 15, 2017 Cart Creek Waterbody ID Waterbody Type Waterbody Description Date TMDL Completed ND-09020310-044-S_00 RIVER Cart Creek from its confluence with A tributary 2 miles east of Mountain, ND downstream to its confluence with North Branch Park River Size Units Beneficial Use Impaired Beneficial Use Status Cause of Impairment TMDL Priority 36.32 MILES Fish and Other Aquatic Biota Not Supporting Fishes Bioassessments L ND-09020310-044-S_00 RIVER Cart Creek from its confluence with A tributary 2 miles east of Mountain, ND downstream to its confluence with North Branch Park River Size Units Beneficial Use Impaired Beneficial Use Status Cause of Impairment TMDL Priority 36.32 MILES Fish and Other Aquatic Biota Not Supporting Benthic-Macroinvertebrate Bioassessments L Forest River Waterbody ID Waterbody Type Waterbody Description Date TMDL Completed ND-09020308-001-S_00 RIVER Forest River from Lake Ardoch, downstream to its confluence with the Red River Of The North. Size Units Beneficial Use Impaired Beneficial Use Status Cause of Impairment TMDL Priority 15.49 MILES Fish and Other Aquatic Biota Not Supporting Benthic-Macroinvertebrate Bioassessments L ND-09020308-001-S_00 RIVER Forest River from Lake Ardoch, downstream to its confluence with the Red River Of The North. Size Units Beneficial Use Impaired Beneficial Use Status Cause of Impairment TMDL Priority 15.49 MILES Fish and Other Aquatic Biota Not Supporting Fishes Bioassessments L ND-09020308-001-S_00 RIVER Forest River from Lake Ardoch, downstream to its confluence with the Red River Of The North.
    [Show full text]
  • Native American Context Statement and Reconnaissance Level Survey Supplement
    NATIVE AMERICAN CONTEXT STATEMENT AND RECONNAISSANCE LEVEL SURVEY SUPPLEMENT Prepared for The City of Minneapolis Department of Community Planning & Economic Development Prepared by Two Pines Resource Group, LLC FINAL July 2016 Cover Image Indian Tepees on the Site of Bridge Square with the John H. Stevens House, 1852 Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society (Neg. No. 583) Minneapolis Pow Wow, 1951 Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society (Neg. No. 35609) Minneapolis American Indian Center 1530 E Franklin Avenue NATIVE AMERICAN CONTEXT STATEMENT AND RECONNAISSANCE LEVEL SURVEY SUPPLEMENT Prepared for City of Minneapolis Department of Community Planning and Economic Development 250 South 4th Street Room 300, Public Service Center Minneapolis, MN 55415 Prepared by Eva B. Terrell, M.A. and Michelle M. Terrell, Ph.D., RPA Two Pines Resource Group, LLC 17711 260th Street Shafer, MN 55074 FINAL July 2016 MINNEAPOLIS NATIVE AMERICAN CONTEXT STATEMENT AND RECONNAISSANCE LEVEL SURVEY SUPPLEMENT This project is funded by the City of Minneapolis and with Federal funds from the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. The contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of the Interior, nor does the mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation by the Department of the Interior. This program receives Federal financial assistance for identification and protection of historic properties. Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the U.S. Department of the Interior prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, or disability in its federally assisted programs.
    [Show full text]
  • Transportation on the Minneapolis Riverfront
    RAPIDS, REINS, RAILS: TRANSPORTATION ON THE MINNEAPOLIS RIVERFRONT Mississippi River near Stone Arch Bridge, July 1, 1925 Minnesota Historical Society Collections Prepared by Prepared for The Saint Anthony Falls Marjorie Pearson, Ph.D. Heritage Board Principal Investigator Minnesota Historical Society Penny A. Petersen 704 South Second Street Researcher Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 Hess, Roise and Company 100 North First Street Minneapolis, Minnesota 55401 May 2009 612-338-1987 Table of Contents PROJECT BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY ................................................................................. 1 RAPID, REINS, RAILS: A SUMMARY OF RIVERFRONT TRANSPORTATION ......................................... 3 THE RAPIDS: WATER TRANSPORTATION BY SAINT ANTHONY FALLS .............................................. 8 THE REINS: ANIMAL-POWERED TRANSPORTATION BY SAINT ANTHONY FALLS ............................ 25 THE RAILS: RAILROADS BY SAINT ANTHONY FALLS ..................................................................... 42 The Early Period of Railroads—1850 to 1880 ......................................................................... 42 The First Railroad: the Saint Paul and Pacific ...................................................................... 44 Minnesota Central, later the Chicago, Milwaukee and Saint Paul Railroad (CM and StP), also called The Milwaukee Road .......................................................................................... 55 Minneapolis and Saint Louis Railway .................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Electoral Divisions: La Vérendrye to Selkirk
    LA VÉRENDRYE Total Number of Voting Ballots Registered Area / Rejected Declined Cast/ Voters/ Voting Place / Centre de scrutin (PC) Section (Lib.) / Rejetés / Refusés Total des Nombre (NDP/NPD) de vote Erin MCGEE, suffrages d’électeurs SMOOK, Dennis SMOOK, MITCHELL, Lorena MITCHELL, exprimés inscrits 1 NEW BOTHWELL RECREATION CENTRE 37 22 187 1 0 247 474 2 NEW BOTHWELL RECREATION CENTRE 6 16 179 1 0 202 333 PROVIDENCE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE - 3 19 15 111 1 0 146 234 REIMER STUDENT LIFE CENTRE, OTTERBURNE PROVIDENCE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE - 4 24 31 35 3 0 93 200 REIMER STUDENT LIFE CENTRE, OTTERBURNE 5 KLEEFELD RECREATION CENTRE 9 15 124 1 1 150 288 6 KLEEFELD RECREATION CENTRE 7 2 92 0 1 102 237 7 KLEEFELD RECREATION CENTRE 31 11 179 2 0 223 454 8 KLEEFELD RECREATION CENTRE 15 6 134 0 0 155 299 9 ST. PIERRE JOLYS RECREATION CENTRE 27 27 106 2 0 162 313 10 ST. PIERRE JOLYS RECREATION CENTRE 49 66 78 1 0 194 429 11 ST. PIERRE JOLYS RECREATION CENTRE 39 49 84 0 0 172 359 12 NEW HORIZON COMMUNITY HALL, GRUNTHAL 18 8 154 0 0 180 394 13 NEW HORIZON COMMUNITY HALL, GRUNTHAL 11 14 188 0 1 214 494 14 NEW HORIZON COMMUNITY HALL, GRUNTHAL 18 10 166 1 2 197 465 15 NEW HORIZON COMMUNITY HALL, GRUNTHAL 9 7 206 0 0 222 378 16 CHALET MALOUIN, ST. MALO 17 18 102 0 0 137 271 17 CHALET MALOUIN, ST. MALO 34 42 95 0 2 173 363 18 CHALET MALOUIN, ST.
    [Show full text]
  • THE NORTH DAKOTA SUPREME COURT: a CENTURY of ADVANCES by Herb Meschke and Ted Smith
    1 THE NORTH DAKOTA SUPREME COURT: A CENTURY OF ADVANCES By Herb Meschke and Ted Smith This history was originally published in North Dakota Law Review [Vol. 76:217 (2000)] and is reprinted with permission. The history has been supplemented by Meschke and Smith, A Few More Footnotes for The North Dakota Supreme Court: A Century of Advances, presented to the Judge Bruce M. Van Sickle American Inn of Court (April 26, 2001). Added material in footnotes begins with "+". Links and photographs have been added to the original article. The Appendices contain updated and corrected material. Foreword Lawyers use history, mostly legal precedents, to help guide their clients in their lives and businesses. But not all legal history gets collected and published in appellate opinions, or even in news accounts. History is often scattered in ways that are difficult to follow, and facts are frequently obscured by the fogs of memory. As lawyers, though, we should keep track of the people, politics, and developments that shaped our judicial system, particularly in North Dakota our state Supreme Court. Whether good, bad, or indifferent, the current conditions of the Court and of the judicial system it governs certainly affect how we lawyers practice our profession. Consider these glimpses of how our Court and judicial system came to where they are today. I. LEAVING THE 19TH CENTURY 2 A. The Territorial Courts Before statehood, written appellate review in this region began when the 1861 federal act for Dakota Territory created a three-judge supreme court. President Abraham Lincoln appointed the first three justices of the territorial supreme court: Chief Justice Philemon Bliss of Ohio; George P.
    [Show full text]
  • CONTEXT DOCUMENT on the FUR TRADE of NORTHEASTERN
    CONTEXT DOCUMENT on the FUR TRADE OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH DAKOTA (Ecozone #16) 1738-1861 by Lauren W. Ritterbush April 1991 FUR TRADE IN NORTHEASTERN NORTH DAKOTA {ECOZONE #16). 1738-1861 The fur trade was the commercia1l medium through which the earliest Euroamerican intrusions into North America were made. Tl;ns world wide enterprise led to the first encounters between Euroamericar:is and Native Americans. These contacts led to the opening of l1ndian lands to Euroamericans and associated developments. This is especial,ly true for the h,istory of North Dakota. It was a fur trader, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de la Ve--endrye, and his men that were the first Euroamericans to set foot in 1738 on the lar;ids later designated part of the state of North Dakota. Others followed in the latter part of the ,eighteenth and first half of the nineteenth century. The documents these fur traders left behind are the earliest knowr:i written records pertaining to the region. These ,records tell much about the ear,ly commerce of the region that tied it to world markets, about the indigenous popu,lations living in the area at the time, and the environment of the region before major changes caused by overhunting, agriculture, and urban development were made. Trade along the lower Red River, as well as along, the Misso1.:1ri River, was the first organized E uroamerican commerce within the area that became North Dakota. Fortunately, a fair number of written documents pertainir.1g to the fur trade of northeastern North 0akota have been located and preserved for study.
    [Show full text]
  • Fishing the Red River of the North
    FISHING THE RED RIVER OF THE NORTH The Red River boasts more than 70 species of fish. Channel catfish in the Red River can attain weights of more than 30 pounds, walleye as big as 13 pounds, and northern pike can grow as long as 45 inches. Includes access maps, fishing tips, local tourism contacts and more. TABLE OF CONTENTS YOUR GUIDE TO FISHING THE RED RIVER OF THE NORTH 3 FISHERIES MANAGEMENT 4 RIVER STEWARDSHIP 4 FISH OF THE RED RIVER 5 PUBLIC ACCESS MAP 6 PUBLIC ACCESS CHART 7 AREA MAPS 8 FISHING THE RED 9 TIP AND RAP 9 EATING FISH FROM THE RED RIVER 11 CATCH-AND-RELEASE 11 FISH RECIPES 11 LOCAL TOURISM CONTACTS 12 BE AWARE OF THE DANGERS OF DAMS 12 ©2017, State of Minnesota, Department of Natural Resources FAW-471-17 The Minnesota DNR prohibits discrimination in its programs and services based on race, color, creed, religion, national origin, sex, public assistance status, age, sexual orientation or disability. Persons with disabilities may request reasonable modifications to access or participate in DNR programs and services by contacting the DNR ADA Title II Coordinator at [email protected] or 651-259-5488. Discrimination inquiries should be sent to Minnesota DNR, 500 Lafayette Road, St. Paul, MN 55155-4049; or Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C. Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20240. This brochure was produced by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Division of Fish and Wildlife with technical assistance provided by the North Dakota Department of Game and Fish.
    [Show full text]
  • The Law, Courts and Lawyers in the Frontier Days of Minnesota: an Informal Legal History of the Years 1835 to 1865 Robert J
    William Mitchell Law Review Volume 2 | Issue 1 Article 1 1976 The Law, Courts and Lawyers in the Frontier Days of Minnesota: An Informal Legal History of the Years 1835 to 1865 Robert J. Sheran Timothy J. Baland Follow this and additional works at: http://open.mitchellhamline.edu/wmlr Recommended Citation Sheran, Robert J. and Baland, Timothy J. (1976) "The Law, Courts and Lawyers in the Frontier Days of Minnesota: An Informal Legal History of the Years 1835 to 1865," William Mitchell Law Review: Vol. 2: Iss. 1, Article 1. Available at: http://open.mitchellhamline.edu/wmlr/vol2/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews and Journals at Mitchell Hamline Open Access. It has been accepted for inclusion in William Mitchell Law Review by an authorized administrator of Mitchell Hamline Open Access. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Mitchell Hamline School of Law Sheran and Baland: The Law, Courts and Lawyers in the Frontier Days of Minnesota: An THE LAW, COURTS, AND LAWYERS IN THE FRONTIER DAYS OF MINNESOTA: AN INFORMAL LEGAL HISTORY OF THE YEARS 1835 TO 1865* By ROBERT J. SHERANt Chief Justice, Minnesota Supreme Court and Timothy J. Balandtt In this article Chief Justice Sheran and Mr. Baland trace the early history of the legal system in Minnesota. The formative years of the Minnesota court system and the individuals and events which shaped them are discussed with an eye towards the lasting contributionswhich they made to the system of today in this, our Bicentennialyear.
    [Show full text]
  • Plains Anthropologist Author Index
    Author Index AUTHOR INDEX Aaberg, Stephen A. (see Shelley, Phillip H. and George A. Agogino) 1983 Plant Gathering as a Settlement Determinant at the Pilgrim Stone Circle Site. In: Memoir 19. Vol. 28, No. (see Smith, Calvin, John Runyon, and George A. Agogino) 102, pp. 279-303. (see Smith, Shirley and George A. Agogino) Abbott, James T. Agogino, George A. and Al Parrish 1988 A Re-Evaluation of Boulderflow as a Relative Dating 1971 The Fowler-Parrish Site: A Folsom Campsite in Eastern Technique for Surficial Boulder Features. Vol. 33, No. Colorado. Vol. 16, No. 52, pp. 111-114. 119, pp. 113-118. Agogino, George A. and Eugene Galloway Abbott, Jane P. 1963 Osteology of the Four Bear Burials. Vol. 8, No. 19, pp. (see Martin, James E., Robert A. Alex, Lynn M. Alex, Jane P. 57-60. Abbott, Rachel C. Benton, and Louise F. Miller) 1965 The Sister’s Hill Site: A Hell Gap Site in North-Central Adams, Gary Wyoming. Vol. 10, No. 29, pp. 190-195. 1983 Tipi Rings at York Factory: An Archaeological- Ethnographic Interface. In: Memoir 19. Vol. 28, No. Agogino, George A. and Sally K. Sachs 102, pp. 7-15. 1960 Criticism of the Museum Orientation of Existing Antiquity Laws. Vol. 5, No. 9, pp. 31-35. Adovasio, James M. (see Frison, George C., James M. Adovasio, and Ronald C. Agogino, George A. and William Sweetland Carlisle) 1985 The Stolle Mammoth: A Possible Clovis Kill-Site. Vol. 30, No. 107, pp. 73-76. Adovasio, James M., R. L. Andrews, and C. S. Fowler 1982 Some Observations on the Putative Fremont Agogino, George A., David K.
    [Show full text]
  • Ole Rynning's True Account of America
    % 1 Sifhfcfartiig Ocrrtning 'i> ° i-m 21. merits j • til ©plttsriiitg OJJ llijttf for Omiiic oj itlcmrrmanti. A-orfattrt af i t>» ifyrfF, foi» torn Scrowcr i Jtini SHnnncS) 1S37. - • • 0 - "~~«»5|^g|£$g8S»™~- C Ij r't f t i it it i a. 1888. -r i . r —..',"-",, OLE RYNNING'S TRUE ACCOUNT OF AMERICA1 INTRODUCTION An intensive study of the separate immigrant groups which have streamed into America is of deep significance for an adequate understanding of our national life no less from the sociological than from the historical point of view. In tracing the expansion of population through the Mississippi Valley to the American West, the student must give careful considera­ tion to the part played by immigrants from the Scandinavian countries. Interest in the history of the immigration of this group and in its contributions to American life has taken various forms. The most important of these are efforts in the direction of intensive research and the collection and publica­ tion of the materials essential to such research. Source material abounds; yet, owing to the fact that men whose lives have spanned almost the entire period of the main movement of Norwegian immigration are still living, no clear-cut line can be traced between primary and secondary materials. Further­ more, the comparatively recent date of Scandinavian immigra­ tion to the United States has resulted in delaying the work of collecting materials relating to the movement. Recently, how­ ever, through the work of Flora, Babcock, Evjen, Anderson, Nelson, Norelius, Holand, and others, considerable progress has been made.2 Editors of newspapers and magazines have proved assiduous in collecting and publishing accounts of pioneers; 1 Translated and edited, with introduction and notes, by Theodore C.
    [Show full text]
  • Remembering Ludlow but Forgetting the Columbine: the 1927-1928 Colorado Coal Strike
    Remembering Ludlow but Forgetting the Columbine: The 1927-1928 Colorado Coal Strike By Leigh Campbell-Hale B.A., University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, 1977 M.A., University of Colorado, Boulder, 2005 A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Colorado and Committee Members: Phoebe S.K. Young Thomas G. Andrews Mark Pittenger Lee Chambers Ahmed White In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History 2013 This thesis entitled: Remembering Ludlow but Forgetting the Columbine: The 1927-1928 Colorado Coal Strike written by Leigh Campbell-Hale has been approved for the Department of History Phoebe S.K. Young Thomas Andrews Date The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we Find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards Of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. ii Campbell-Hale, Leigh (Ph.D, History) Remembering Ludlow but Forgetting the Columbine: The 1927-1928 Colorado Coal Strike Dissertation directed by Associate Professor Phoebe S.K. Young This dissertation examines the causes, context, and legacies of the 1927-1928 Colorado coal strike in relationship to the history of labor organizing and coalmining in both Colorado and the United States. While historians have written prolifically about the Ludlow Massacre, which took place during the 1913- 1914 Colorado coal strike led by the United Mine Workers of America, there has been a curious lack of attention to the Columbine Massacre that occurred not far away within the 1927-1928 Colorado coal strike, led by the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW).
    [Show full text]
  • Pattern Recognition and Feature Extraction Using Lidar-Derived
    PATTERN RECOGNITION AND FEATURE EXTRACTION USING LIDAR-DERIVED ELEVATION MODELS IN GIS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN VISUALIZATION TECHNIQUES AND AUTOMATED METHODS FOR IDENTIFYING PREHISTORIC DITCH-FORTIFIED SITES IN NORTH DAKOTA A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By Matthew Jeffery Radermacher In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major Department: Sociology and Anthropology October 2016 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School Title Pattern recognition and feature extraction using lidar-derived elevation models in GIS: a comparison between visualization techniques and automated methods for identifying prehistoric ditch-fortified village sites in North Dakota By Matthew J. Radermacher The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Jeffrey T. Clark Chair Thomas Riley Stephanie Day Michael Michlovic Approved: 10/11/2016 Jeffrey Bumgarner Date Department Chair ABSTRACT As technologies advance in the fields of geology and computer science, new methods in remote sensing, including data acquisition and analyses, make it possible to accurately model diverse landscapes. Archaeological applications of these systems are becoming increasingly popular, especially in regards to site prospection and the geospatial analysis of cultural features. Different methodologies were used to identify fortified ditch features of anthropogenic origin using aerial lidar from known prehistoric sites in North Dakota. The results were compared in an attempt to develop a system aimed at detecting similar, unrecorded morphological features on the landscape. The successful development of this program will allow archaeological investigators to review topography and locate specific features on the surface that otherwise could be difficult to identify as a result of poor visibility in the field.
    [Show full text]