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Surface Temperature Measurement on a Yankee Cylinder During Operation

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Surface Temperature Measurement on a Yankee Cylinder During Operation Faculty of Technology & Science Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering Henrik Jackman Surface temperature measurement on a Yankee cylinder during operation Engineering Physics Master Thesis Date/Term: 2009-06-10 Supervisors: Prof. Kjell Magnsson, Jonas Cederlöf, Hans Ivarsson, Karl-Johan Tolfsson Examiner: Prof. Lars Johansson Serial Number: X-XX XX XX Karlstads universitet 651 88 Karlstad Tfn 054-700 10 00 Fax 054-700 14 60 [email protected] www.kau.se Abstract The Yankee cylinder is used in most of Metso Paper's machines. It is used in the drying and creping process. Since the outcome of these processes largely aect the paper's nal quality it is important that the Yankee cylinder behaves in a controlled fashion. One important parameter aecting the behaviour of the Yankee cylinder is its surface temperature. The objective of this thesis was to search for and evaluate methods for measuring the surface temperature of a Yankee cylinder during operation. Metso Paper is looking for a method having an accuracy of ∆T = 1◦C, a response time of t < 10 ms, and being portable. Three dierent instruments were tested during the thesis: • Thermophone, a contact measurement device currently used by Metso Paper. • RAYNGER MX4, a pyrometer from Raytek. • FLIR P640, a thermographic camera with a 640x480 focal plane array from FLIR. The instruments were tested by performing measurements on Metso Paper's pilot machine in Karlstad during operation. The measurements revealed drawbacks for all three instruments. The biggest drawbacks of the Thermophone was its response time, t ≈ 5 min, and its dependence on the frictional heating of the teon cup. The frictional heating causes the measured temperature to increase even after 15 min making it hard to know when to stop the measurement. How much the frictional heating aects the measured temperature was dicult to analyse, making it a suggestion for future studies. The biggest drawback of the pyrometer and the thermographic camera is the measurement error due to emissivity errors. Since the Yankee cylinder have a varying surface nish the emissivity varies a lot along the surface introducing temperature errors as large as ∆T = 30◦C. Two methods that claim to be emissivity independent were investigated; double-band and gold cup pyrometers. Double-band pyrometers require the target to be a grey body and for it to have large temperatures, T > 300◦C, making this method unsuitable for measuring the surface temperature of the Yankee cylinder. Gold cup pyrometers require the gold hemisphere to have a reectance of ρ = 1. Because of the environment surrounding the Yankee cylinder it would be dicult keeping the gold hemisphere as clean as required making this method unsuitable as well. Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisor at Karlstad University Prof. Kjell Magnusson for guiding me through this work. I would also like to thank my examiner Prof. Lars Johansson for giving me useful advices on how to improve this paper. Last but not least I would like to thank my supervisors at Metso Paper: Jonas Cederlöf, Hans Ivarsson, and Karl-Johan Tolfsson for answering all of my questions and making this project fun and challenging. Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background . .1 1.1.1 Metso Paper . .1 1.1.2 Yankee dryer . .3 1.2 Objective . .6 2 Heat transfer and temperature measurement 8 2.1 Conduction . .8 2.2 Convection . .9 2.3 Radiation . 10 2.3.1 Emissivity . 13 2.3.2 Absorptivity, reectivity and transmissivity . 13 2.4 Temperature measurement . 15 3 The Yankee dryer 16 3.1 Inside the Yankee dryer . 16 3.2 Coating . 17 3.3 Nip load & Hood dryer . 19 3.4 Creping process . 19 4 Sensors 21 4.1 Thermocouples . 21 4.2 Thermopiles . 24 4.3 Sensors similar to thermocouples . 26 4.3.1 Resistance thermometer & bolometer . 26 4.3.2 Pyroelectric sensors . 26 4.4 Thermal IR sensor . 27 4.5 Photonic IR sensors . 29 4.6 Techniques using IR sensors . 30 5 Experimental 34 5.1 Thermophone measurements . 34 5.2 Pyrometer measurements . 35 5.3 Thermographic camera measurements . 35 5.4 Thermophone specications . 36 5.4.1 Couette ow in Thermophone . 38 5.5 RAYNGER MX4 specications . 40 5.6 FLIR P640 specications . 42 5.6.1 Measurement error due to incorrect emissivity . 43 6 Results 45 6.1 Thermophone . 45 6.2 Pyrometer . 48 6.3 Thermographic camera . 50 7 Discussion & Conclusions 57 A MATLAB code 61 List of Figures 1.1 Examples of tissue products . .1 1.2 Examples of tissue paper machines . .2 1.3 Dierent processes involving the Yankee dryer . .3 1.4 Steam inside the Yankee dryer . .4 1.5 Magnication of the Yankee headers . .5 1.6 Crowning . .5 1.7 Resulting temperature distribution after FEM calculations . .6 1.8 Crowning curves from FEM calculations . .6 2.1 Thermal conductivity vs. temperature for three dierent phases. .9 2.2 Proles for the uid velocity and temperature in the boundary layer. 10 2.3 Spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. 11 2.4 Projection of dA1 normal to the direction of radation. 12 2.5 The Planck distribution for a black body at dierent temperatures as well as the Wien displacement. 12 2.6 Comparison between the emission of a black body and a real body. 13 2.7 Radiation from and irradiation on a surface. 14 2.8 An information system consisting of a sensor, a signal processor, and an actuator. 15 3.1 How the steam condensate assemblies on the inside of the Yankee dryer. 17 3.2 How the saturated steam temperature varies with pressure. 17 3.3 Coating nozzles. 18 3.4 Pictures of the Yankee surface with and without a coating layer. 18 3.5 Hood dryer operation. 19 3.6 The creping process. 20 4.1 Seebeck's experiment. 21 4.2 A simple thermocouple. 21 4.3 A simple thermopile conguration . 24 4.4 A schematic diagram of a thermopile detector structure. 24 4.5 The transmissivity for air over a 300 m distance. 25 4.6 A schematic sketch of the structure of a micro bolometer. 27 4.7 A general image of a thermal IR sensor . 27 4.8 A general image of a photonic IR sensor . 29 4.9 Spectral detectivities of commercially available photonic sensors. 31 4.10 Schematic of a gold-cup pyrometer. 33 4.11 Plot of "eff versus ρ for ve xed emissivities. 33 5.1 How the Thermophone was held against the Yankee dryer during the measurements. 34 5.2 Bad and good way to hold the Thermophone. 34 5.3 The pyrometer measurement setup. 35 5.4 The setup of how the thermographic pictures was taken. 36 5.5 A sketch of the Thermophone geometry. 37 5.6 Photos of the Thermophone. 38 5.7 The parameters of the Couette ow. 39 5.8 The calculated response of the brass piece. 41 5.9 RAYNGER MX4 . 41 5.10 FLIR P640 . 42 5.11 Showing how the fractional errors δ" and δT are related. 44 6.1 Thermophone graph 1 . 45 6.2 Thermophone graph 2 . 46 6.3 Thermophone graph 3 . 46 6.4 Thermophone graph single stove plate. 47 6.5 Surface nish and measured temperatures. 48 6.6 Thermographic image to determine the background radiation. 50 6.7 Thermographic image 1. 51 6.8 Thermographic image 2. 52 6.9 Thermographic image 3. 53 6.10 Thermographic image 4. 54 6.11 Thermographic images on the Thermophone. 55 6.12 Thermographic image on the Thermophone after measurement. 55 6.13 Graph comparing the temperature measured by the Thermophone to the tempera- ture of the Thermophone viewed by the FLIR P640. 56 7.1 Two ways of making the contribution from the background radiation smaller. ..
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