Claude Bernard JMS Pearce MD, FRCP Emeritus Consultant Neurologist, Department of Neurology, Hull Royal Infirmary, UK

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Claude Bernard JMS Pearce MD, FRCP Emeritus Consultant Neurologist, Department of Neurology, Hull Royal Infirmary, UK SPECIAL FEATURE – HISTORY OF NEUROLOGY Claude Bernard JMS Pearce MD, FRCP Emeritus Consultant Neurologist, Department of Neurology, Hull Royal Infirmary, UK. “Mais la méthode expérimentale a pour objet de transformer Correspondence to: cette conception a priori fondée sur une intuition..., en une J.M.S. Pearce, 304 Beverley Road Anlaby, East Yorks, HU10 7BG, UK. Email: [email protected] interprétation a posteriori établie sur l’étude expérimentale des phénomènes...” Claude Bernard: Introduction à l’étude de la Conflict of Interest statement: None declared. médecine expérimentale. Date first submitted: 10/7/17 [“But the experimental method aims at transforming this Acceptance date: 11/07/17 a priori conception based on a vague intuition...into an a To cite: Pearce JMS, ACNR 2017;17(2);14-15 posteriori interpretation established on the experimental study of phenomena...”] he name Claude Bernard (1813-1878) lodgings with Charles Lasègue. He studied ings of the liver and showed that not only did it is known across the world to medical under François Magendie (1783-1855) in the secrete bile but was, like the pancreas, an ‘organ T students for the Claude Bernard-Horner’s Hotel Dieu. Magendie, impressed by Bernard’s of internal secretions’ (enzymes) that converted syndrome; but more important are his ground- dissecting skills appointed him in 1841 as labora- glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis), and breaking works in physiology, particularly tory assistant. could store glucose in the form of glycogen homeostasis. Peter Wise provides an excellent, An ‘arranged marriage’ with the prosperous (glycogenesis).5 detailed account of his life and bibliography.1 Marie Françoise Martin was engineered in 1845 To see whether the release of glucose from Claude Bernard was one of the epoch- by his mentors, Pierre Rayer and Théophile- liver glycogen depended on a neural stimulus making giants of experimental medicine, Jules Pelouze to allow their protégé to develop via the vagus, in a classical experiment in who dominated the nineteenth century. His his research potential under Magendie. Marie 1849 Bernard used a needle to stimulate the ideas, researches and scientific principles are Françoise, an ardent anti-vivisectionist, chas- vagus in the floor of the fourth ventricle, and enshrined in his Cahier Rouge2 (compiled, 1850 tised him for his animal experiments; their long noted that the urinary and blood glucose -1860), his Pensées – Notes Détachées, and marriage was unhappy and ended in separation increased. Bernard called this piqûre [puncture] the now-famous Introduction to the Study of in 1870. They had two daughters, and a son who diabetes. He later cut the spinal cord above the Experimental Medicine3 that remain undimin- died in infancy. After separation he formed a splanchnic sympathetic nerves; this blocked ished by time as inspiring works of reference for close friendship with Marie Raffalovich, a Jewish the piqûre phenomenon. He concluded that students of physiology and the natural sciences. intellectual from Odessa, who later nursed him the sympathetic nerves directly released liver Claude Bernard (Figure 1) was born in 1813 in his final illness. glucose. Subsequently, it was shown it was in the village of Saint-Julien-en-Beaujolais. He Before receiving a galaxy of awards and adrenaline released from sympathetic nerve attended the Jesuit school, and then the college distinctions,1 in 1847 he was elected Magendie’s endings that was the main cause of glucose at Lyon, which he soon left to become assistant deputy at the Collège de France, and in 1855, discharge from the liver. at the Millet pharmacy in Lyon-Vaise. With when Magendie died, Bernard was appointed a flare for the theatrical he wrote a comedy, to his Chair of Medicine at the Collège and Sympathetic paralysis and a play titled: ‘Arthur de Bretagne’ which succeeded to his Chair of Physiology at Assisting Magendie he began his neurological in 1834 he presented to Saint-Marc Girardin a Sorbonne University. His crucial scientific prin- researches.6 His first in 1843, concerned the famous Parisian drama critic, who unimpressed, ciples flourished: an idea or observation led chorda tympani which when cut in the dog, discouraged him from a career in theatre but to a hypothesis, and then to either support or was followed by a slow continuous secretion of urged him to study Medicine. He soon enrolled disprove it, he embarked on systematic experi- saliva from the sub-maxillary gland. This secre- at the Faculty of Medicine of Paris, sharing mentation making many scientific contribu- tion was called the ‘paralytic’ secretion.7 From tions, sketched below. His reputation spread several experiments he established the exist- and at Louis Napoleon’s instigation he moved ence both of vasodilator thermal and secretory, to the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in and the sympathetic vasoconstrictor nervous 1868. He was later elected to the Academy of mechanisms.8 He differentiated their functions: Sciences, the Academy of Medicine, and to the ‘The sympathetic nerve is the constrictor Imperial Senate — at the behest of the Emperor. of the blood vessels; the tympanicolingual A memorial plaque in Paris (Figure 2) nerve [chorda tympani] is their dilator’3 displays the site of Claude Bernard’s laboratory (p.158) from 1847 until his death in 1878. The Claude In his several experiments he also established Bernard Lyon University commemorates his the concept of the physiological equilibrium name. When he died he was accorded a public of these two components of the autonomic funeral – an honour never before bestowed by nerves.9 France on a man of science. He was interred in Le Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. A stone statue (Figure 3) graces the entrance to the Collège de France, replacing the original bronze Figure 1 barbarically destroyed by the Nazis. Figure 3 Some scientific contributions Glycogenesis He began by studying pancreatic juices which he was able to show were vital in the process of digestion.4 For this he was awarded the prize for experimental physiology from the French Figure 2 Academy of Sciences. He next studied the work- 14 > ACNR > VOLUME 17 NUMBER 2 > NOVEMBER-JANUARY 2018 SPECIAL FEATURE – HISTORY OF NEUROLOGY Claude Bernard-Horner syndrome This was the first demonstration of the selective method was of scrupulous observation and In 1727, Pourfour de Petit (1664-1741) had action of curare on nerves. If the animal logical deduction. Amongst many memorable described dilatation of the pupil (mydriasis) survived, the paralysing effects of curare would quotations his writings disclose: owing to stimulation of sympathetic nerves fully recover. This led to its use as a muscle • What makes a scientist important, he states, in a man whose neck had been injured by a relaxant. However, he failed to implicate the is how well he or she has penetrated into gunshot wound. When he cut the sympathetic neuromuscular junction; Alfred Vulpian (1826- the unknown. nerve on one side of the neck Petit showed 1887) showed that curare acted on the motor • Observable reality is our only authority. the opposite phenomenon (miosis). In 1851 endplate that had been described by Kühne. • Experimental science is a constant inter- Claude Bernard repeated Petit’s experiment; These studies led Bernard to study asphyxia change between theory and fact, induction and gave a more precise description: and anaesthetics. He also showed that spinal and deduction. Induction, reasoning from “After the section of the cephalic branch reflexes were initiated by excitation of sensory the particular to the general, and deduc- of the great sympathetic, it is possible nerves without involving consciousness, but tion, or reasoning from the general to the to observe a contraction of the pupil of acted on motor nerves through the spinal cord. particular, are never truly separate. the corresponding eye, accompanied by Vulpian confirmed this in experiments on • The “philosophic spirit” is always active in a narrowing of the palpebral opening, decapitated salamanders and frogs.13 its desire for truth. It stimulates a “kind of a retraction of the ocular globe, and thirst for the unknown” which ennobles an increase of the circulation, as well Milieu intérieur and enlivens science. as of the temperature, in all parts of Bernard’s numerous experiments caused him the corresponding face. If the upper to recognise a Milieu intérieur, a phrase that extremity of the sectioned sympathetic is he coined to refer to the extra-cellular fluid galvanized, all the phenomena observed environment, and its physiological capacity to after the removal of the influence of buffer changes, to ensure protective stability the great sympathetic changes at once, for the tissues and organs of living organisms. REFERENCES appearing an opposite presentation. The He wrote: 1. Wise P. A Matter of Doubt – the novel of Claude pupil enlarges, the palpebral opening ...The blood constitutes an actual organic Bernard. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform augments, the eye protrude out the orbit. environment, an intermediary between (December 28, 2011). see also: Claude Bernard. http:// The former active circulation becomes the external environment and the www.claude-bernard.co.uk/page2.htm weak, the conjunctiva, the nose, the (internal) living molecules, which cannot 2. The ‘Cahier Rouge’. English translation of the Cahier des Notes by Hoff HH, Guillemin L, and Guillemin R. ears previously red become pale. If the safely be brought into contact with their Schenkman, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Recommended publications
  • Claude Bernard
    DOI: 10.1590/0004-282X20130239 HISTORICAL NOTES Claude Bernard: bicentenary of birth and his main contributions to neurology Claude Bernard: bicentenário do nascimento e suas principais contribuições à neurologia Marleide da Mota Gomes1, Eliasz Engelhardt2 ABSTRACT Claude Bernard (1813-1878) followed two main research paths: the chemical and physiological study of digestion and liver function, along with experimental section of nerves and studies on sympathetic nerves. Curare studies were, for example, of longstanding interest. His profound mental creativity and hand skillfulness, besides methodology quality, directed his experiments and findings, mainly at the Collège de France. His broader and epistemological concerns were carried out at the Sorbonne and later at the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle. His insight gave clues to define the “ milieu intérieur”, later known as “homeostasis”, and grasp the brain complexity. Bernard followed and surpassed his master François Magendie who also fought against dogmas and laid the foundations of experimental medicine, and its main heinous tool – vivisection. Bernard created the methodological bases of experimental medicine, and collected honors as a renowned researcher. Keywords: Claude Bernard, sympathetic nerves, homeosthasis, epistemology, history of neurosciences. RESUMO Em suas pesquisas, Claude Bernard (1813-1878) seguiu dois caminhos principais: o estudo fisiológico e químico da digestão e da função hepática; a seção experimental de nervos e os estudos sobre nervos simpáticos. Estudos sobre curare, por exemplo, foram de interesse duradouro. Suas profundas criatividade mental e habilidade manual, além da qualidade metodológica, conduziram às suas experiências e descobertas, principalmente no Collège de France. Seus interesses sobre temas epistemológicos mais amplos foram conduzidos na Sorbonne e, posteriormente, no Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle.
    [Show full text]
  • D4d78cb0277361f5ccf9036396b
    critical terms for media studies CRITICAL TERMS FOR MEDIA STUDIES Edited by w.j.t. mitchell and mark b.n. hansen the university of chicago press Chicago and London The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2010 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. Published 2010 Printed in the United States of America 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 isbn- 13: 978- 0- 226- 53254- 7 (cloth) isbn- 10: 0- 226- 53254- 2 (cloth) isbn- 13: 978- 0- 226- 53255- 4 (paper) isbn- 10: 0- 226- 53255- 0 (paper) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Critical terms for media studies / edited by W. J. T. Mitchell and Mark Hansen. p. cm. Includes index. isbn-13: 978-0-226-53254-7 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn-10: 0-226-53254-2 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn-13: 978-0-226-53255-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) isbn-10: 0-226-53255-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Literature and technology. 2. Art and technology. 3. Technology— Philosophy. 4. Digital media. 5. Mass media. 6. Image (Philosophy). I. Mitchell, W. J. T. (William John Th omas), 1942– II. Hansen, Mark B. N. (Mark Boris Nicola), 1965– pn56.t37c75 2010 302.23—dc22 2009030841 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48- 1992. Contents Introduction * W. J. T. Mitchell and Mark B. N. Hansen vii aesthetics Art * Johanna Drucker 3 Body * Bernadette Wegenstein 19 Image * W.
    [Show full text]
  • Developmental Reasoning and Planning with Robot Through Enactive Interaction with Human Maxime Petit
    Developmental reasoning and planning with robot through enactive interaction with human Maxime Petit To cite this version: Maxime Petit. Developmental reasoning and planning with robot through enactive interaction with human. Automatic. Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2014. English. NNT : 2014LYO10037. tel-01015288 HAL Id: tel-01015288 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01015288 Submitted on 26 Jun 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. N˚d’ordre 37 - 2014 Année 2013 THESE DE L’UNIVERSITE DE LYON présentée devant L’UNIVERSITE CLAUDE BERNARD LYON 1 Ecole Doctorale Neurosciences et Cognition pour l’obtention du Diplôme de Thèse (arrété du 7 août 2006) Discipline : SCIENCES COGNITIVES Option : INFORMATIQUE présentée et soutenue publiquement le 6 Mars 2014 par Maxime Raisonnement et Planification Développementale d’un Robot via une Interaction Enactive avec un Humain Developmental Reasoning and Planning with Robot through Enactive Interaction with Human dirigée par Peter F. Dominey devant le jury composé de : Pr. Rémi Gervais Président du jury Pr. Giorgio Metta Rapporteur Pr. Philippe Gaussier Rapporteur Pr. Chrystopher Nehaniv Examinateur Dr. Jean-Christophe Baillie Examinateur Dr. Peter Ford Dominey Directeur de thèse 2 Stem-Cell and Brain Research Insti- École doctorale Neurosciences et Cog- tute, INSERM U846 nition (ED 476 - NSCo) 18, avenue Doyen Lepine UCBL - Lyon 1 - Campus de Gerland 6975 Bron Cedex 50, avenue Tony Garnier 69366 Lyon Cedex 07 Pour mon père.
    [Show full text]
  • The Concept of Functional Differentiation and the Logic of Comparative Functionalism
    The Concept of Functional Differentiation and the Logic of Comparative Functionalism A Study in Sociological Theory This thesis is presented by Mitchell James Taylor https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6082-0380 in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2020 Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences The University of Melbourne Abstract The concept of functional differentiation is one of sociology’s oldest and most lasting analytic tools, having its roots at the very beginning of the modern discipline. Among both classical and contemporary scholars, one sees a pervasive belief that functional differentiation – broadly understood as the process by which functional distinctions emerge between social units, or as the degree to which social units diverge in their functional orientations – is an especially significant construct in the comparative study of social structure. Despite this prominence, the notion of functional differentiation is currently marred by significant ambiguity, with uncertainty surrounding its meaning, purpose, and general utility in the contemporary discipline. Addressing this confusion, this thesis presents an explicative analysis of the functional differentiation construct, tracing its historical development through the work of four major figures in functionalist sociology: Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Niklas Luhmann. It evaluates the intellectual foundations on which their particular understandings of functional differentiation rest, delineates points
    [Show full text]
  • 6 X 10.Long New.P65
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19963-6 - A Cybernetic View of Biological Growth: The Maia Hypothesis Tony Stebbing Excerpt More information 1 Introduction The broadest and most complete definition of Life will be – The continu- ous adjustment of internal relations to external relations. Herbert Spencer The truths of cybernetics are not conditional on their being derived from some other branch of science. Cybernetics has its own foundations. W. Ross Ashby Among the most fertile ideas introduced into biology in recent years are those of cybernetics ... control theory obtrudes everywhere into biology. Peter B. Medawar THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS I watched a kestrel from a building high on the Citadel overlooking Plymouth Sound. It hovered at arms’ length from the window in a stiff breeze, holding its position for long periods so perfectly that one could not detect the slightest movement of its head. To maintain this static hover, its wings beat quickly, varying a little in frequency and angle to adjust to the buffeting breeze, as it watched intently for any move- ment of prey on the ground below. It reminded me of Gerard Manley Hopkins’ lines from his poem The Windhover: ‘how he rung upon the rein of a wimpling wing’. Occasionally the bird sheared away: ‘then off, off forth on swing’; to return again and take up its position as before, as if to dispel any doubts I might still have of its control in the air. ‘The achieve of, the mastery of the thing!’ In the same way our control systems master the continuous variation in the environment in which we live, holding steady a host of different internal processes against the continuous fluctuation of 1 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-19963-6 - A Cybernetic View of Biological Growth: The Maia Hypothesis Tony Stebbing Excerpt More information 2 Introduction external change.
    [Show full text]
  • Claude BERNARD (1813 – 1878), the Father of Modern Physiology and Experimental Medicine
    Claude BERNARD (1813 – 1878), the father of modern physiology and experimental medicine Vincent Geenen, MD, PhD University of Liege Center of Immunology, Institute of Pathology CHU-B23, B-4000 Liege-Sart Tilman, Belgium Mailing address: Dr Vincent Geenen University of Liege Center of Immunology Institute of Pathology CHU-B23 B-4000 Liege-Sart Tilman Belgium Phone: +32 43 66 25 50 E-mail: [email protected] Key words: Physiology – Experimental medicine – Milieu intérieur – Glycogen – Diabetes The Lesson, by Léon Augustin L’Hermitte. Claude Bernard is surrounded by students, colleagues and préparateurs. To his left and wearing a black cap, his trusty ‘caretaker’, Père Lesage. 1 For a man of science, there is no separate science of medicine or physiology, there is only a science of life. Claude Bernard 1865 Biography Claude Bernard was born on 12 July 1813 in the village of Saint-Julien, in France’s Beaujolais region. He was first educated in the church school of Saint-Julien, then at the Jesuit College in Villefranche-sur-Saone near Lyon. His school performances were not promising, and he moved to the Royal College in Thoissey. He became interested in philosophy, in particular by René Descartes’ emphasis on the quest for truth stimulated by doubt. At that time, his main interests were focused to Romantic writers (Victor Hugo) and painters (Eugene Delacroix), and Victor Hugo’s tragedy ‘Hernani’ was one of his favorites. Claude Bernard himself wrote two pieces, a piece of vaudeville comedy (‘La Rose du Rhône’) and a five-act historical tragedy (‘Arthur de Bretagne’). When searching for an editor in Paris in 1834, one of them advises him to abandon his projects for literature, and Claude Bernard began his medical studies at the Faculty of Medicine of Paris.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation (Body)
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Sanitized City and Other Urban Myths: Fantasies of Risk and Illness in the Twentieth Century Metropolis Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4pf6k0gd Author Youssef, David Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The Sanitized City and Other Urban Myths: Fantasies of Risk and Illness in the Twentieth Century Metropolis A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature by David Matthew Youssef 2012 © Copyright by David Matthew Youssef 2012 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Sanitized City and Other Urban Myths: Fantasies of Risk and Illness in the Twentieth Century Metropolis by David Matthew Youssef Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature University of California, Los Angeles, 2012 Professor N. Katherine Hayles, Co-Chair Professor Todd Presner, Co-Chair This project is oriented around a comparative analysis of cultural production concerning the metropolitan regions of Los Angeles and Berlin in the twentieth century. While combining approaches toward the history of science and medicine with film and literary studies, this dissertation analyzes the relationship between the increase in invisible risks within large urban centers, and the emergence of illnesses characterized by having undecidable causes (a confusion as to whether they originate from external causes
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamic Processes in Cells (A Systems Approach to Biology)
    dynamic processes in cells (a systems approach to biology) jeremy gunawardena department of systems biology harvard medical school lecture 2 6 september 2016 1. homeostasis & microscopic cybernetics the constancy of the “internal milieu” “The fixity of the milieu supposes a perfection of the organism such that the external variations are at each instant compensated for and equilibrated ... All of the vital mechanisms, however varied they may be, have always one goal, to maintain the uniformity of the conditions of life in the internal environment .... The stability of the internal environment is the condition for the free and independent life.” * 1813-1878 * Claude Bernard, from Lectures on the Phenomena Common to Animals and Plants, 1878. Quoted in C Gross, “Claude Bernard and the constancy of the internal environment”, The Neuroscientist, 4:380-5 1998 Claude Bernard, Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine, 1865 homeostasis and negative feedback “Before those extremes are reached agencies are automatically called into service which act to bring back towards the mean position the disturbed state"* “Such disturbances are normally kept within narrow limits, because automatic adjustments within the system are brought into action and thereby wide oscillations are prevented and the internal conditions are held fairly constant.”* 1871-1945 1. “back towards the mean position” – negative feedback 2. “wide oscillations are prevented” – stability CANNON ROOM * Walter B Cannon, “Organization for physiological homeostasis”, Physiological Reviews, 9:399-431, 1929. Walter B Cannon, The Wisdom of the Body, W W Norton & Co, 1932. glucose homeostasis Walter Cannon (*) Berne & Levy (+) mg% is mg per 100 mL or mg/dL.
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Experimentation: the Legacy of Claude Bernard
    INTERNATIONAL STUDIES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE, VOL. 8, NO. 3, 1994 195 Animal Experimentation: the legacy of Claude Bernard Hugh LaFollette & Niall Shanks Abstract Claude Bernard, the father of scientific physiology, believed that if medicine was to become truly scientific, it would have to be based on rigorous and controlled animal experiments. Bernard instituted a paradigm which has shaped physiological practice for most of the twentieth century. In this paper we examine how Bernard's commitment to hypothetico-deductivism and determinism led to (a) his rejection of the theory of evolution; (b) his minimalization of the role of clinical medicine and epidemiological studies; and (c) his conclusion that experiments on non- human animals were, "entirely conclusive for the toxicology and hygiene of man". We examine some negative consequences of Bernardianism for twentieth century medicine, and argue that physiology's continued adherence to Bernardianism has caused it to diverge from the other biological sciences which have become increasingly infused with evolutionary theory. But when we reach the limits of vivisection we have other means of going deeper and dealing with the elementary parts of organisms where the elementary properties of vital phenomena have their seat. We may introduce poisons into the circulation, which carry their specific action to one or another histological unit . Poisons are veritable reagents of life, extremely delicate instruments which dissect vital units. (Claude Bernard, 1949)1 Introduction In 1988 the American Medical Association (AMA) issued a White Paper defending biomedical experimentation on animals.2 Although they trace the history of animal experimentation to the ancient world, it was the nineteenth century physiologist Claude Bernard who set out the principles of experimental medicine.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptive Homeostasis 4 5 Q1 Kelvin J.A
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Molecular Aspects of Medicine ■■ (2016) ■■–■■ Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Molecular Aspects of Medicine journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mam 1 Q2 Review 2 3 Adaptive homeostasis 4 5 Q1 Kelvin J.A. Davies a,b,* 6 a Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 7 Q5 90089-0191, USA 8 b Division of Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, & Sciences, The Uni- 9 versity of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA 10 11 12 ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT 13 1514 Article history: Homeostasis is a central pillar of modern Physiology. The term homeostasis was invented 1716 Received 15 April 2016 by Walter Bradford Cannon in an attempt to extend and codify the principle of ‘milieu 1918 Accepted 15 April 2016 intérieur,’ or a constant interior bodily environment, that had previously been postulated 20 Available online 21 by Claude Bernard. Clearly, ‘milieu intérieur’ and homeostasis have served us well for over 2322 a century. Nevertheless, research on signal transduction systems that regulate gene ex- 2524 Keywords: pression, or that cause biochemical alterations to existing enzymes, in response to external 26 Homeostasis 27 and internal stimuli, makes it clear that biological systems are continuously making short- 28 Adaptation 3029 Stress term adaptations both to set-points, and to the range of ‘normal’ capacity. These transient 3231 Hormesis adaptations typically occur in response to relatively mild changes in conditions, to pro- 3433 Nrf2 grams of exercise training, or to sub-toxic, non-damaging levels of chemical agents; thus, 3635 Aging the terms hormesis, heterostasis, and allostasis are not accurate descriptors.
    [Show full text]
  • General Systems * * * Red Cybernetics Black Physical Sciences Originated in 1996 by Dr
    Some Streams of Systemic Thought KEY: (Draft update — May 2001) white general systems * * * red cybernetics black physical sciences Originated in 1996 by Dr. Eric Schwarz, Neuchâtel, Switzerland. Extended in 1998, including items from the The Story of Philosophy by Will Durant (1933). blue mathematics Elaborated in 2000-2001 from many sources for the International Institute for General Systems Studies. magenta computers & informatics Currently a research project of the IIGSS. green biology & medicine - - - yellow symbolic systems This rendition is the property of the International Institute for General Systems Studies. orange social systems All Rights Reserved. olive ecology Errors and omissions in this chart are solely attributable to the IIGSS. gray philosophy cyan systems analysis purple engineering International Encyclopedia of Systems & Cybernetics Charles François 1997 Teleonics Multi-Methodology Gyuri Jaros John Mingers General Systems Theory Yi Lin Genomics General Tropodynamics Social Entropy Theory Co-creative Process Craig Venter, Cultural Hector Sabelli Hegemony Systems Semiotics Soucheng OuYang, Yi Lin Kenneth D. Bailey Francis Collins USA Luis Rocha, Systemic Perspectivism Critical Physics Cosmological Howard Pattee Superstrings Topology of Evolutionary Ronald W. Moses Physics Brian Greene, et al Grand Unified Treories Meaning Knotted Systems Philosophy Steven Weinberg Stephen Hawking R. Ian Flett Louis Kauffman Systemic Development Punctuated Evolution Richard L. Coren Pansystems Informational Fuzzy Systemics Cyber-semiotics Blown Up Systems Richard Bawden Stephen J. Gould Synergy Grey Systems Microdynamics Evolutionary Wu Xuemou Positivism Self-organized Anti-chaos & Vladimir Dimitrov Søren Brier Shoucheng OuYang Homeorheotic Peter A. Corning Sifeng Liu, Yi Lin Vladimir Lerner Artificial Life World Wide Web Systems Richard Dawkins Economics Adaptation Complex Evolutionary Total Systems Whole Systems Chris Langton Tim Berners-Lee Interpretive William Irwin W.
    [Show full text]
  • Allostasis, Interoception, and the Free Energy Principle
    1 Allostasis, interoception, and the free energy principle: 2 Feeling our way forward 3 Andrew W. Corcoran & Jakob Hohwy 4 Cognition & Philosophy Lab 5 Monash University 6 Melbourne, Australia 7 8 This material has been accepted for publication in the forthcoming volume entitled The interoceptive mind: 9 From homeostasis to awareness, edited by Manos Tsakiris and Helena De Preester. It has been reprinted by 10 permission of Oxford University Press. For permission to reuse this material, please visit 11 http://www.oup.co.uk/academic/rights/permissions. 12 Abstract 13 Interoceptive processing is commonly understood in terms of the monitoring and representation of the body’s 14 current physiological (i.e. homeostatic) status, with aversive sensory experiences encoding some impending 15 threat to tissue viability. However, claims that homeostasis fails to fully account for the sophisticated regulatory 16 dynamics observed in complex organisms have led some theorists to incorporate predictive (i.e. allostatic) 17 regulatory mechanisms within broader accounts of interoceptive processing. Critically, these frameworks invoke 18 diverse – and potentially mutually inconsistent – interpretations of the role allostasis plays in the scheme 19 of biological regulation. We argue in favour of a moderate, compatibilist position in which homeostasis and 20 allostasis are conceived as equally vital (but functionally distinct) modes of physiological control. We explore 21 the implications of this interpretation for free-energy based accounts of interoceptive
    [Show full text]