Design of a Smart Braille Fitness Watch: Promoting Healthy Living For
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Design of a Smart Braille Fitness Watch: Promoting Healthy Living for the Visually Impaired Unwana Michael Umoren David Ho Simon Connolly University of Bath University of Bath University of Bath United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Group 4 Group 4 Group 4 ABSTRACT impaired) are most likely to be less physically active than Physical activity plays a vital role in promoting healthy those without disabilities [9]. As a result of their less activity, living. Deficiency in physical activity increases vulnerability there are more susceptible to chronic diseases [9]. This to chronic diseases (such as cancer, obesity, etc. and reduced physical activity in visually impaired people is usually leads to a high rate of mortality. Physical inactivity is posed by barriers such as: reliance on other people exercise particularly common amongst the visually impaired than the assistance, transportation to the place of exercise and limited visually unimpaired. The visually impaired having decreased or no options available [8]. participation in physical activity due to certain barriers such This paper presents a prototype of a smart braille fitness as cost, transportation, etc, are prone to chronic diseases and watch for the visually impaired. The smartwatch aims at death in critical cases. To eliminate the barriers to physical promoting healthy living by increasing the physical activity activity experienced by visually impaired people, a prototype of visually impaired people. It employs the braille and audio of a smart braille fitness watch was designed. This paper technology to interact with the visually impaired user. The presents qualitative research using a case study of a visually braille technology allows the user to interact with the watch impaired undergraduate student Susie. The smart fitness while the displays/actions on the screen are being read aloud to braille watch was specifically designed following Susie’s the user. Also, health information such as the number of steps specifications. It uses braille technology and accepts voice taken per day, calories burnt and heart rates are fed back to the inputs from the user. Information such as time of the day, user. In the event of inactivity, a reminder is sent to the user to number of steps taken, heart rate and calories burnt are sent carry out tasks such as walking, running, etc., thus reducing the back to the user. Health reminders in the event of inactivity physical inactivity in visually impaired people. This research is also a functionality present in the watch to monitor and seeks to proffer solutions to the challenge of physical inactivity promote physical activity. This prototype was tested by Susie experienced by visually impaired individuals by removing the and feedback showed that it increased her level of physical barrier of cost, transportation and information retrieval. activity than in the past. Therefore, this research provides a solution to the physical inactivity experienced by visually impaired people. BACKGROUND According to the World Health Organization (WHO), statistics Author Keywords as of 2018 show that at least 2.2 billion people globally are Physical activity, healthy living, smart braille fitness watch, visually impaired [18]. Numerous studies have also shown visually impaired, prototype. that deficiency in the physical activities by visually impaired individuals impacts their quality of life [10]. With vision INTRODUCTION being extremely important for performance of daily activities Physical activity is one of the most important aspects of [3], physical activity is difficult to carry out when visually healthy living [13]. National Health Services (NHS) in the impaired [12]. physical activity guideline recommends that regular physical Studies by Haegele et al demonstrates that people living activity (at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity activity with disabilities are less physically active than those living or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity activity a week) should without disabilities [9,2]. This research explores reasons be carried out by adults (abled and disabled) between the why individuals living with visual impairments may or may ages of 19 to 64 to improve their overall health [11]. Regular not engage in physical activities. It provides theoretical participation in physical activities promotes both physiological determinants of physical activity and sedentary behaviours in and psychological health [10]. Lack of physical activity poses visually impaired and analyses their beliefs about engagement risk of cardiovascular diseases and chronic diseases such as in physical activity. diabetes, cancer, obesity, bone/joint diseases and depression [17]. Research shows that individuals who engage in regular Carroll et al, explains that half of individuals living with physical activity are less likely to suffer from health-related disabilities are physically inactive and 50 percent are prone issues than those who are not [8]. Further researches show to chronic diseases as a result of physical inactivity [5]. The that people living with disabilities (especially the visually results of this research showed that physical inactivity was on 1 the high side among those living with disabilities than those as sound and touch) and braille for communication. In order living without disabilities with case study of United States. to navigate to the campus and other places, she uses a guide This confirms Haegele et al’s research on the beliefs about dog. She uses the screen reader to access her phone and laptop. physical activity and sedentary behaviors of adults with visual From the several interviews conducted with the participant, her impairments. major challenge is engaging in physical activity due to certain barriers which are: Transportation, cost and information Starkoff et al proves that visually impaired people spend more retrieval. With Susie’s pain points as a case study, the smart time engaging in sedentary activities (activities involving braille fitness watch was designed to solve the problem of seating) than physical activities such as: walking, running, physical inactivity faced by Susie as a result of being visually etc. [15]. The descriptive study identifies sedentary trends impaired. In order to better understand Susie’s problem, in individuals with visual impairments with the goal of not interviews were conducted. only improving their quality of life through physical activity but minimise the negative impacts of prolonged involvements Interview/ Discussion of Current Solutions in sedentary activities. This research proves that visually This interview aimed to get a better understanding of the impaired individuals engage less in physical activity and more physical activity problems Susie encountered. The session in sedentary activities which hampers their health and overall lasted for about 30 minutes. A questionnaire was read out to quality of life. Susie and the answers were documented. From this session, Susie pointed out several barriers to engaging in physical Psychometric Study conducted by Ellen Armstrong et al on 41 activity which included: transportation to the gyms which are children living with visual impairments in USA showed these far off, employing a personal trainer was quite expensive for children had low physical activity as a result of the barriers her, she prefers her own space when it comes to exercise, not encountered as a result of being visually impaired [2]. being able to gain access to the right kind of exercise and Reports by the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention finally not being able to use the current solutions. The current USA (CDC) in 2010 show that visually impaired people are solutions Susie has and her feedback on them are as follows: at a higher risk of developing health problem due to their sedentary lifestyle [7]. This further proves the effect of Susie’s Current Solutions to Physical Inactivity and Major physical inactivity has on the visually impaired. Drawbacks 1. Fitbit: Fitbit is a smart fitness watch that enables users to Comparative study performed by Dorota Sadowska et el reach their health and fitness goals by tracking their activity, between sighted and visually impaired showed that individuals exercise, sleep, weight, heart rate, calories and more. Susie with sights took more steps (more physically active) while owns a Fitbit which she finds difficult to use because being visually impaired people took less steps which shows their visually impaired she encounters difficulty in navigating physical inactivity [14]. through the various screens and accessing the functionalities. A HUNT study carried out by Audun Brunes et al on the The Fitbit’s operation is solely tied to the phone which she effect of lack of physical activity on high mortality in visually finds very inconvenient to use. With all these pain points impaired individuals showed that visually impaired people faced by Susie, she concludes that although Fitbit is a good constituted to the high mortality rates as a result of deficient solution it doesn’t work so well for her thus increasing her physical activity [4]. level of physical inactivity. The above selected researches prove that visually impaired 2. Smart Dotwatch: The smart dot watch is a smartwatch individuals are physically inactive and this poses serious health that uses the braille technology to tell time, manage calls threats such as chronic diseases and worst death. This calls for and messages, provide social media notifications and