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An Investigation of the Look Away Behavior in Domestic Dogs Sarah Scott Undergraduate Review Volume 9 Article 29 2013 An Investigation of the Look Away Behavior in Domestic Dogs Sarah Scott Follow this and additional works at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/undergrad_rev Part of the Animal Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Scott, Sarah (2013). An Investigation of the Look Away Behavior in Domestic Dogs. Undergraduate Review, 9, 145-150. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/undergrad_rev/vol9/iss1/29 This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. Copyright © 2013 Sarah Scott An Investigation of the Look Away Behavior in Domestic Dogs SARAH SCOTT Sarah Scott returned he unique phylogenetic and ontogenetic history of domestic dogs has had an effect on the way they communicate with one another. to Bridgewater State Research suggests that domestic dogs’ ability to communicate through University to study visual signals may vary by breed (Goodwin, Bradshaw, & Wickens psychology after T1997; Kerswell, Bennet, Butler, & Hemsworth 2009). In the current study, we completing a Bachelor investigate the effect of a visual communication signal, the look away, observed in both domestic dogs and their ancestor, the wolf, in order to examine whether of Science in Business Management or not domesticated dogs respond to this visual signal. Research indicates that from Bridgewater in 2008. She spent domestic dogs respond appropriately to artificial dog models (Leaver & Reimchen, the summer of 2012 conducting 2008). Therefore, we allowed live domestic dogs to approach an artificial model dog as it “looked away,” turning its head approximately 45% to the left, from a research study that investigated the approaching live dog participant. In order to reveal any pattern of behavioral visual communication in domestic responses among domestic dogs to the look away behavior, the observable behavior dogs. She was mentored by Dr. displayed by the live dog participant (in the moments following the model dog’s look away) was recorded on video. Slow-motion review of the footage revealed that Amanda Shyne of the psychology 36% of live dogs displayed some type of observable behavior (ranging from a brief department. Her project was break in eye contact to a blatant turn away from the model dog) after seeing the supported by the Adrian Tinsley model dog look away, while 64% of live dogs displayed no observable behavior after seeing the model dog look away. A larger percentage of large dogs (dogs larger Program summer research grant and than the model dog) appeared to avert their gaze or look away after observing the was presented at Bridgewater State model dog look away, and a larger percentage of small dogs (dogs smaller than University’s 2012 Undergraduate the model dog) showed no observable response after observing the model dog look Summer Research Symposium and away. Goodwin et al. 1997 investigated the use of wolf-like visual signals in 10 breeds of domestic dog, rated according to their physical similarity to the wolf by the 2013 National Conference on a group of dog behavior counselors. It was found that wolf-like visual signals were Undergraduate Research in LaCrosse, observed less frequently in domestic dogs that are less wolf-like in their physical Wisconsin. Sarah was awarded a appearance. Dogs rated least wolf-like in their appearance also happened to be the smallest breeds examined in the study, while dogs rated as the more wolf-like Bachelor of Science in Psychology in their appearance were larger in size. Using size as a heuristic indicator of in January 2013 and now works as physical similarity to the wolf, our data may indicate a possibility that less wolf- a lab manager in the Cognitive and like domestic dogs may also respond to wolf-like visual signals less frequently. Affective Neuroscience Laboratory While humans may understand many communication behaviors of domestic in the psychology department at dogs, we often struggle in our understanding of dog-dog communication. Pet Boston College. She continues to be owners are not necessarily highly skilled in interpreting the communication behaviors that domestic dogs direct at each other (Tami & Gallagher, 2009). enthusiastic about research and plans Pat Goodman explains, in the forward of On Talking Terms with Dogs: to pursue a graduate degree. BridgEwatEr StatE UNiVErSitY 2013 • thE UNdErgradUatE ReviEw • 145 Calming Signals by Turid Rugaas, that in our attempt to decode For the current study, we observe the responses of domestic the “language” of domestic dogs, the behavior of wolf packs is dogs to a wolf-like visual signal. The motion of “looking often used as a model (Rugaas, 2006). While our knowledge away,” avoiding eye contact and turning the head away from of the social behaviors of wolves may be important for our the other animal, has been identified in wolf ethograms as understanding of domestic dog communication behaviors, an act of submission (Fox, 1970 as cited in Goodwin et al., there is research that suggests differences in domestic dog 1997), and has also been observed in the grey fox, another wild morphology may have an effect on their communication signals canid (Fox, 1969). M. W. Fox’s explanation of this behavior (Feddersen-Petersen, 2000; Goodwin et al., 1997; Kerswell in the domestic dog is similar to the submissive gesture in the et al., 2009; Kerswell, Butler, Bennett, & Hemsworth 2010; wolf; a behavior displayed when the dog is in the presence Leaver & Reimchen, 2008; McGreevy & Nicholas, 1999). of a dominant conspecific, or when the dog is in an anxiety- Due to the physical effects of paedomorphosis (the retention provoking situation (Fox, 1969). More recently, the look away of juvenile features into adulthood), the vastly different, novel behavior continues to be described as a display indicating the morphologies of various breeds, and the popularity of certain dog is uncomfortable or in a conflict situation that they wish features such as clipped ears and docked tails, many dogs to abate (Coren, 2000; Rugaas, 2006). In Stanley Coren’s, How are physically unable to use the same visual communication to Speak Dog, “eyes turned away to avoid direct eye contact” signals that wolves do. Recent research suggests that their indicates “a signal of submission, with some undertones of fear” repertoire of wolf-like visual communication signals is, (Coren, 2000, pp. 260). These interpretations of the behavior consequently, shrinking (Goodwin et al., 1997). Goodwin et imply that domestic dogs use this signal in a similar manner al. 1997 investigated the visual communication signals of 11 as wolves. Considering the observed differences between wolf different domestic dog breeds, each rated by a group of dog social behavior and domestic dog social behavior (Feddersen behavior counselors as to their physical similarity to the wolf, Petersen, 1991 as cited in Feddersen-Petersen, 2000), and measured by: “length of muzzle, eyes, shape of ears, ability to the variability in domestic dog communication, is it correct move ears, coat, tail, overall proportions of head and body, to assume that all domestic dogs interpret the look away in a and ability to alter the height of the back from the ground” similar manner, if at all? (Goodwin et al., 1997, pp. 300). The study demonstrated that as physical similarity to the wolf decreased so did the We gathered evidence of the typical response of domestic dogs display of wolf-like visual signals (Goodwin et al., 1997). It to the look away behavior through the use of a robotic, artificial has been suggested that domestic dogs now communicate with model dog. Animal communication researchers often use each other through other avenues due to the fact that visual robotic animal models in order to send and elicit messages from communication is unreliable (Goodwin et al., 1997; Kerswell live animals of interest (Knight, 2005; Leaver & Reimchen, et al., 2009). Audition and olfaction have both been proposed 2008; Young, 2007). Findings in Leaver & Reimchen, 2008, as communication methods for domestic dogs (Feddersen- suggest that domestic dogs respond appropriately to artificial Petersen, 2000; Goodwin et al., 1997; Kerswell et al. 2009; models. For this study, we used a realistic model dog with a Serpell, 1995; Wickens, 1993 as cited in Kerswell et al., 2009). remote control operated microcontroller and servo motor It is possible that dog communication abilities may vary placed inside the neck. At Peter’s Park Dog Park in Boston, MA, along with their morphology, as different breeds appear to we allowed live dogs to approach the model dog and, via remote have different visual signal repertoires (Goodwin et al., 1997; control, the model dog looked away from the approaching live Kerswell et al., 2009). At the present time, we are unaware of dog. The behavioral response of the approaching live dog was any evidence of domestic dogs’ ability to receive and respond recorded. appropriately to the visual signals that they fail to display themselves (Goodwin et al., 1997). Our goal is to take the MEthodS first step in an attempt to investigate this. Some clarification of the ability of domestic dogs to respond appropriately to Subjects the visual signals of other breeds would be of great value in Participants included all pet dogs present at Peter’s Park our understanding of domestic dog communication. This Dog Park (Boston, MA) that, with their owners’ permission, information is important for pet owners, patrons of popular voluntarily entered the pen containing the model dog. Dogs dog parks, animal shelter facilities, and dog day care facilities, that did not willingly enter the pen, dogs on a leash being where domestic dogs of all shapes, sizes, and breeds are in held by the owner, and dogs that clearly did not look in the close proximity and may run the risk of misunderstanding or direction of the model dog were not included.
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