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Home , Alix Dobkin, Kathie Sarachild, Lavender Menace, Martha Shelley, Rita Mae Brown

Exhibit Entry Information

Title: Woman vs Woman

Name(s): McKayla Howerton and Alexa Delgado

Division: Junior (Junior/Senior)

Individual/ Group Group:

Number of Student Composed Words on 497 words Exhibit:

(Optional) Link to Any Audio or Video on Exhibit (no more [Type Here] than 3 minutes total): Picture of Entire Exhibit Thesis Statement

Thesis Statement

After decades of participation in the , members of the community were asked to “step back” out of public view in 1970. As a result, the Menace organized in protest, forcing the National Organization for Women (NOW) to rethink their position. Within a year, members of the lesbian community had formed numerous consciousness-raising organizations to promote women’s issues and were no longer asked to hide in the shadows. Today, women of all walks of life continue to rally against the barriers of . Picture of Left Panel Picture & Text on Left Panel: Top

Early

“Feminism, really, is the social awakening of the women of all the world.” Charlotte Perkins Gilman

The First Wave: 1848-1920

First-wave feminism refers to the first sustained political movement dedicated to achieving political equality for women: the suffragettes of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

“The world has never yet seen a truly great and virtuous nation because in the degradation of woman the very fountains of life are poisoned at their source.” Lucretia Mott

Equal Rights Amendment “There is nothing complicated about ordinary equality.” Alice Paul, author of the ERA

Following the passage of the 19th amendment granting women the right to vote, Alice Paul introduced the first Equal Rights Amendment in 1923. The amendment stated, “Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction.” The ERA was introduced in every session of Congress from 1923 until it passed in 1972. Picture & Text on Left Panel: Bottom

The Second Wave: 1960-1980

Second Wave feminism focused on issues of and equality. Their slogan was, “The Personal is Political.” They wanted women to see that their personal life was linked with political restrictions on women’s rights.

“No woman can call herself free who does not own and control her body. No woman can call herself free until she can choose consciously whether she will or will not be a mother.” Margaret Sanger

Betty Friedan used the term Feminine Mystique to describe the assumption that women could find fulfillment through housework, marriage, sexual passivity and child rearing alone.

The National Organization for Women is an American feminist organization founded by in 1966. “NOW’s purpose is to take action and promote feminist ideals, lead societal change, eliminate discrimination, and achieve and protect the equal rights of all women and girls in all aspects of social, political, and economic life.” Picture of Center Panel Picture & Text on Center Panel: Top 1 of 2

Lavender Menace

In 1969, Betty Friedan, the president of NOW, used the term to describe the threat that lesbianism posed to NOW and the women’s movement.

Thesis Statement

After decades of participation in the Feminist Movement, members of the lesbian community were asked to “step back” out of public view in 1970. As a result, the Lavender Menace organized in protest, forcing the National Organization for Women (NOW) to rethink their position. Within a year, members of the lesbian community had formed numerous consciousness-raising organizations to promote women’s issues and were no longer asked to hide in the shadows. Today, women of all walks of life continue to rally against the barriers of gender equality.

On May 1, 1970, the Second Congress to Unite Women, sponsored by NOW, was held in . Radical feminists protested the exclusion of lesbian rights issues from the agenda. Picture & Text on Center Panel: Top 2 of 2

“In May of 1970, Brown and others, calling themselves the Radicalesbians, dyed two dozen shirts lavender and silkscreened the words “Lavender Menace” across them. Then Griffo and another activist showed up at the Second Congress to Unite Women. They pretended to have been sent by NOW to check on the light board in the auditorium. Once inside, they shut off the lights, plunging the auditorium, which held about 400 women, into total darkness. When the lights came back on, 17 women in Lavender Menace t-shirts had taken the stage.” Nina Renata Aron Picture & Text on Center Panel: Bottom 1 of 2

“We took seats all around the conference, and when the lights went back on-like Superman, we removed our blouses and stood up wearing our Lavender menace t-shirts.” Ellen Shumsky

“Yes, yes, sisters! I’m tired of being in the closet because of the women’s movement.”

“Who wants to join us?”

Opposition “The equal rights amendment will take away the right of a wife to be supported by her husband in a home provided by her husband and the right to have her husband support her minor children. There are only three groups that stand to profit by passage of this amendment—the prostitutes, the homosexuals, and the .” Phyllis Schlafly

“Feeling pressure from anti-feminists, Betty Friedan said lesbians would be a detriment to the cause, and she asked them to take a step back.” Laine Kaplan-Levenson, New Orleans Public Radio Picture & Text on Center Panel: Bottom 2 of 2

“Lesbian is a label invented by the Man to throw at any woman who dares to be his equal, who dares to challenge his prerogatives (including that of all women as part of the exchange medium among men), who dares to assert the primacy of her own needs.” The Woman-Identified Woman Radicalesbians

Within that year, NOW adopted a resolution recognizing lesbian rights as “a legitimate concern of feminism.”

“Consciousness-Raising is a significant part . . . to winning and guaranteeing radical changes for women in society . . . Through shared experiences and greater understanding, one discovers new necessity for action.” Kathie Sarachild Picture of Right Panel Picture & Text on Right Panel: Top

The Legacy

The Third-Fourth Wave: 1991-Present

Confusion surrounds the defining factors of these waves, but they seem to focus on how race, ethnicity, class, religion, sexual-orientation and gender intertwine to define feminism.

In 2006, Tarana Burke, founded the “Me Too” movement, which is a worldwide campaign to raise awareness about , abuse and assault in society.

“Learn to be yourself, be proud of who you are and be encouraging to each other . . . Learn to be who you want to be and to find your way.” Edie Daly

“It is not our differences that divide us. It is our inability to recognize, accept, and celebrate those differences.”

“I think the Lavender Menace awakened the feminist movement in an important way. Feminists realized they could not ignore the plight of lesbians, or anyone who is a part of the LGBTQ community.” Dr. Sunu Kodumthara, Southwestern Oklahoma State University Picture & Text on Right Panel: Bottom 1 of 2

“[The Lavender Menace] allowed women to speak truth to power and to present their true self. Not only to the society at large but to themselves.” Toni Van Pelt, NOW President

Conclusion

The Lavender Menace awakened the feminist movement in a significant way. Feminists realized they could not ignore the situation of lesbians or any individual who is a part of the LGBTQ community. For years, the Feminist Movement mostly represented white, working-class women. “Insignificant” women had to fight their way into the movement and make their voices heard and represented. The Lavender Menace woke women up to this disparity and encouraged new movements that have an important impact in today's fight for equality for groups of people around the world.

Picture & Text on Right Panel: Bottom 2 of 2

“Barriers that Face the Feminist Movement: · Gender Wage Gap · Psychological Stigmas · Reproductive Healthcare · Anti-feminist Women”

Terry O’Neill, NOW President 2009-2017

Map of the U.S. showing the states that have ratified the Equal Rights Amendment (1973-2018), including Virginia who ratified it in January of 2020.

“There is no such thing as a single-issue struggle because we do not live single-issue lives.” Audre Lorde Items on Table

Items on table include primary source books:

● by Betty Friedan ● Tales of The Lavender Menace by Karla Jay ● Feminist Fantasies by Phyllis Schlafly

Feminist Movement and LGBTQ protest signs made by McKayla Howerton Woman vs Woman

McKayla Howerton Alexa Delgado

Junior Division Group Exhibit Student Composed: 497 words Process Paper: 490 words

Process Paper

We chose the Lavender Menace because it is not a well-known topic and more people need to know about the once small group and its impact on today's equality. The

Lavender Menace broke barriers in sexual orientation discrimination in the Feminist

Movement. After decades of participation in the Feminist Movement, members of the lesbian community were asked to “step back” out of public view in 1970. As a result, the

Lavender Menace organized in protest, forcing the National Organization for Women

(NOW) to rethink their position. Within a year, members of the lesbian community formed numerous consciousness-raising organizations to promote women’s issues and were no longer asked to hide in the shadows. Today, women of all walks of life continue to rally against the barriers of gender equality.

We began our research in October in our school library and with access to internet sources. We read numerous secondary sources about feminism, the Equal Rights

Amendment, the 2nd Congress to Unite Women and lesbian issues. During our research of the people who were involved, we found that some of them had written books. We chose to use Tales of the Lavender Menace: A Memoir of Liberation by Karla Jay and The Feminine

Mystique by Betty Friedan.

In our search for more primary information, we conducted phone and email interviews with people who were and are still a part of multiple movements, including feminism and LGBTQ. The current and past presidents of NOW helped us understand what the Feminist Movement stands for and what role the Lavender Menace played in shaping the movement. Edie Daly, a member of OLOC, was not present with the Lavender Menace in

New York, but she told us how the group spread to all parts of the country under different names, and she was proud to take part in that wave of activism. These interviews helped bring our project to life.

We designed our exhibit by painting a once black display, soft white. We spent weeks locating and matting pictures and quotations. We chose lavender and silver in honor of the

Lavender Menace and feminism. We divided our presentation to represent the waves of feminism before and after the Lavender Menace’s impact. We finished by adding a timeline and posters we made in solidarity with the Feminist Movement.

The Lavender Menace awakened the feminist movement in a significant way.

Feminists realized they could not ignore the situation of lesbians or any individual who is a part of the LGBTQ community. For years, the Feminist Movement mostly represented white, working-class women. “Insignificant” women had to fight their way into the movement and make their voices heard and represented. The Lavender Menace woke women up to this disparity and encouraged new movements that have an important impact in today's fight for equality for groups of people around the world.

Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

"About of the Women's Liberation Movement." Redstockings. Accessed January 22, 2020. https://www.redstockings.org/index.php/about-redstockings. This web page told us about the Redstockings, a women's liberation group, and some of their projects. The project was established in 1969 and helped with advancing the women's liberation agenda. This helped us learn about some of the groups in the women's movements. We consider this a primary source because the website is maintained by the Redstockings.

"Anita Bryant Helped to Launch the Anti-Gay Rights Movement." Video, 3:26. YouTube. Posted by Timeline, December 17, 2017. Accessed November 15, 2019. https://timeline.com/anita-bryant-anti-gay-dade-county-christian-conservative-video- history-e026fd5bfad8. This video gave us a perspective on how conservative Christians viewed the gay rights movement. It also told us how Anita Bryant was involved in the Lavender Menace. We will use this video for quotes and other information. We consider this a primary source because it is archival footage from the 1970s-80s.

Bennett, Jessica, Letty Cottin Pogrebin, and Alisa Solomon. "'The Feminine Mystique' at 50, Part 2: Three Feminists on What It Means Today." The Daily Beast. Last modified April 21, 2017. Accessed April 5, 2020. https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-feminine-mystique-at- 50-part-2-three-feminists-on-what-it-means-today. Betty Friedan's book The Feminine Mystique was published fifty years before this article was written so they asked three different generations of feminists to discuss the intellectual legacy. It said that Friedan wrote an addendum in 1997 and seemed certain that the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment was right around the corner. We used a photo with the cover of the book on our display. We consider this a primary source because it is an interview with feminists.

Biddeford Saco Journal (Biddeford, Maine, US). "Gays Gather for Protest." May 1975. https://newspaperarchive.com/politics-clipping-may-31-1975-1418077/. This article gave us detailed information about the Lavender Menace. It also gave us a perspective of how the Lavender Menace affected the United States from people outside of the gay community.

Brown, Rita Mae. Letter to Betty Friedan, "Rita Mae Brown vs Betty Friedan," n.d. Accessed November 22, 2019. https://lavendermenace.weebly.com/rita-mae-brown-vs-betty- friedan.html. This is a letter from Rita Mae Brown to Betty Friedan. In this letter, Brown talks about how the National Organization for Women (NOW) discriminated against her because of her sexuality. This letter had a lot of information that will be useful for our exhibit.

Daly, Edie. Telephone interview by Alexa Delgado and McKayla Howerton. Canton, OK. March 25, 2020. This interview gave us a lot of really good information. We learned that the Lavender Menace spread to different groups and created new groups. One group she told us about was OLOC - Old Lesbians Organizing for Change. We used a photo that Edie sent us on our last panel to show the legacy of the Lavender Menace.

Dobkin, Alix. Telephone interview by Alexa Delgado and McKayla Howerton. Canton, OK. March 31, 2020. is a folk singer/songwriter. She was the first American, lesbian, feminist musician to do a concert tour in Europe. Alix thinks the reason the Equal Rights Amendment failed to be ratified was because forces in this country are desperate to keep control of women. She said to love yourself and support each other.

Echeverria, Tessa R. "Audre Lorde: A Black, Lesbian, Mother, Socialist, Warrior, Poet." Solidarity. Accessed April 11, 2020. https://solidarity-us.org/p3525/. Audre Lorde used her talent to confront racism, and . We used a quote from this article on our legacy panel. We counted this as a primary source because the entire website is maintained and dedicated to furthering activism for feminists, Socialists, and anti-racist organizations.

"ERA." Alice Paul Institute. Accessed April 5, 2020. https://www.alicepaul.org/era/. We used this information on our board and in our bibliography. Following the passage of the19th Amendment granting women the right to vote, Alice Paul introduced the first Equal Rights Amendment in 1923. The ERA was introduced in every session of Congress from 1923 until it passed in 1972.

"Feminist Chronicles - 1971." Feminist Majority Foundation. Accessed December 6, 2019. http://www.feminist.org/research/chronicles/fc1971.html. This website gave us a timeline of major events that involved the feminist movements in 1971. This source gives us many events and their dates. We used this in our project to gather specific dates and events for a timeline. We consider this a primary source because it is maintained by a feminist organization.

Friedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1963. Betty Friedan authored the book Feminine Mystique in 1963. It is credited with igniting the second wave of feminism in the United States. She used the term feminine mystique to describe the assumption that women could find fulfillment through housework, marriage, sexual passivity and child-rearing alone. We will use the book in our display.

Furman, Bess. Twelfth Birthday of Women's Vote in U.S. Finds Alice Paul Militant. Photograph. September 11, 1932. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5062470/alice-paul-life/. We put a copy of this newspaper article on our early feminism panel. Bess Furman talks about twelve years after women won the right to vote that Alice Paul had gone into writing women's rights into world law and practice.

Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. "What is 'Feminism'?" Atlantic Constitution, December 10, 1916, 4. https://www.newspapers.com/images/34106052/?items=feminism. We used this article on our exhibit to show how early feminism was defined. The author was noted to be one of the most famous feminists of the time.

"History of Marches and Mass Actions." National Organization for Women. Accessed February 17, 2020. https://now.org/about/history/history-of-marches-and-mass-actions/. This website is about the women's rights movement. We used this to show how the main groups involved protested inequality. Many activists were women who felt like they were being pushed to the side during the movements. They saw that their possibilities were endless, and they could achieve many things. We were able to get the NOW emblem and use a quote from this website for our early feminism panel and a picture of Toni Van Pelt for our legacy panel.

Jay, Karla. Tales of the Lavender Menace. New York, NY: Basic Books, 1999. Karla Jay wrote an autobiography telling the story from her college years to her adult years. Jay also wrote about what she endured during the time of the Lavender Menace. This book gave us an inside look at what happened during the late 1960s and early 1970s.

New York Times. "." March 15, 1970. Accessed November 1, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/1970/03/15/archives/sisterhood-is-powerful-a-member-of-the- womens-liberation-movement.html. This article gives us a better comprehension of what people thought about the Lavender Menace. This article strongly contrasts Betty Friedan with other women of the feminist movement. We used this to learn more about the women who worked for women’s rights.

O'Neill, Terry. Telephone interview by Alexa Delgado and McKayla Howerton. Canton, OK. March 25, 2020. This was a telephone interview with the previous National Organization for Women president. She began her career working in corporate law. Ms. O’Neill eventually turned her concerns to discrimination, mostly in Louisiana. She said the barriers that women face today are gender wage gap, psychological stigmas, reproductive healthcare and anti- feminist women. We used this information on our exhibit.

Rodgers, Yulani. "Stonewall Eyewitness Karla Jay Clarifies Misconceptions." Georgia Voice. Last modified June 29, 2019. Accessed April 11, 2020. https://thegavoice.com/community/stonewall-eyewitness-karla-jay-clarifies- misconceptions/. This article is about Karla Jay discussing the misconceptions at Stonewall. We used a photo from this website on our Lavender Menace panel. We considered this a primary source because it is an interview with a participant of the Lavender Menace talking about her view of another milestone event in rights for gay people.

Sanger, Margaret. "Margaret Sanger Defends Her Battle for the Right of Birth Control." The New York Sunday Call (New York, NY), December 5, 1915, Magazine, 1. Accessed April 5, 2020. http://modeleditions.blackmesatech.com/mep/MS/xml/b129015b.html. Margaret Sanger was a birth control activist and nurse. She coined the term "birth control" and opened the first birth control clinic in the United States. Sanger established organizations that transformed into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. We displayed this article on our early feminism panel.

Sarachild, Kathie. "Consciousness-Raising: A Radical Weapon." Vancouver Rape Relief & Women's Shelter. Accessed April 5, 2020. https://www.rapereliefshelter.bc.ca/sites/default/files/imce/Feminist-Revolution- Consciousness-Raising--A-Radical-Weapon-Kathie-Sarachild.pdf. We interviewed Edie Daly and she emailed us this Consciousness-Raising article that had some good explanations about what a person did to change their own life before they could try to change our world. We counted this as a primary source because the author is part of today's feminist movement.

Schlafly, Phyllis. Feminist Fantasies. Princeton, N.J.: Recording for the Blind & Dyslexic, 2008. Phyllis Schlafly is most responsible for the defeat of the ERA. She says feminism tried to mutilate femininity, masculinity, marriage, motherhood and the security of both the family and the economy, but has succeeded only in defacing the foundation, not crumbling the whole concept. This book told about the opposition to the equal rights movement.

Shelley, Martha. " Interview." By Christopher Gioia. Stonewall: Riot, Rebellion, Activism and Identity. Last modified October 30, 2016. Accessed January 31, 2020. https://stonewallhistory.omeka.net/items/show/10. This was a telephone interview between Christopher Gioia and Martha Shelley. Martha's recollections give direct perceptions and insights concerning the development that assisted with establishing rights for the LGBTQ groups. Martha Shelley talks about the development of gay rights before and after Stonewall.

Tatnall, Sally. Telephone interview by Alexa Delgado and McKayla Howerton. Canton. March 30, 2020. Ms. Tatnall’s interview gave us information by telling us how lesbians had a huge impact on the Women's Rights Movement. When the National Organization for Women (NOW) excluded lesbians from their group, they left out a huge portion of women which slowed down the movement. Tatnall shared that women need to stick together, or you are lost. We used this to gain perspective on today’s feminist movements.

"Terry O'Neill." Equal Means Equal. Accessed April 5, 2020. https://equalmeansequal.com/terry- oneill/. Terry O'Neill is a feminist attorney and activist for social justice. She was the president of the National Organization for Women (NOW) from 2009 to 2017. We were fortunate to be able to do a telephone interview with Ms. O’Neill. We used a photo of O’Neill and the map that shows what states have ratified the ERA on our legacy panel.

Van Pelt, Toni. E-mail interview by Alexa Delgado and McKayla Howerton. Canton, OK. April 10, 2020. Toni Van Pelt is the current president of the National Organization for Women (NOW), president of the NOW Foundation and chairwoman of the NOW Political Action Committee. We were fortunate to be able to do an email interview with Ms. Van Pelt. She shared that we do not have equal rights under the law in our constitution. Women face discrimination and oppression by men every day. She said the most important lesson we could learn from our research of the Lavender Menace and the feminist movement was speaking truth to power works. She said to take action and to win, we have to tell our story.

"The Women-Identified Women." History Is A Weapon. Accessed January 23, 2020. https://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/radicalesbianswoman.html. The Front, GLF, women handed this pamphlet out at the Second Congress to Unite Women. This is a reprint of the original. We used this on our title board.

"Women's Suffrage." Scottish Archive Network. Last modified 1902. Accessed March 12, 2020. https://www.scan.org.uk/education/suffrage/topic1.html. This picture is a political cartoon. It shows a woman bound by her lack of political and financial control. It shows her confined by prejudice. We used this cartoon as an example of first-wave feminism needs.

Secondary Sources

"Audre Lorde — The Eternal Question." The Feminist Wire. Last modified March 1, 2014. Accessed April 5, 2020. https://www.thefeministwire.com/2014/03/audre-lorde-eternal- question/. We used this website for information on our exhibit. We utilized a photo on our legacy panel. Audre Lorde was a successful activist with a generous spirit. She helped light the path with her bright example.

Bailey, Lucy E., Ph.D. "National History Day Project." E-mail message. March 10, 2020. We contacted Dr. Bailey for help with our project. Dr. Bailey, Director of Gender and Women's Studies - Oklahoma State University, listed a link in her email that had numerous resources that we were able to try and contact. Her help led us to several other sources.

"Biography of Betty Friedan, Feminist, Writer, Activist." Thought.co. Accessed March 3, 2020. https://www.thoughtco.com/betty-friedan-biography-3528520. This web page told us Betty Friedan originally took a controversial stand on lesbians in the feminist movement. NOW activists and others in the women's movement struggled over "how much to take" on issues of lesbian rights and "how welcoming to be" of participation and leadership using lesbians. For Friedan, lesbianism was not a question of women's rights or equality trouble but a matter of private life. She warned the issue might reduce support for women's rights. Friedan coined the term "Lavender Menace.”

Buckley, Dave, ed. "Feminism is Getting Crazier by the Day." humanlife. Last modified December 3, 2018. Accessed April 5, 2020. https://humanlife.asia/feminism-is-getting- crazier-by-the-day/. This article mentioned the latest objections to product names. One example is, consumers have complained that Kleenex Man-sized tissues have a sexist name. We used this article to learn how extreme some feminists are today.

Carmen, ed. "Rebel Girls: This Is What A Lavender Menace Looks Like." Autostraddle. Last modified July 22, 2015. Accessed October 23, 2019. https://www.autostraddle.com/rebel- girls-this-is-what-a-lavender-menace-looks-like-299257/. This website tells of the eleven women who were in the Lavender Menace. The women are Achebe Betty Powell, Audre Lorde, , Cherrie Moraga, Del Martin, Phyllis Lyon, Elaine Noble, Joan Nestle, Deb Edel, Maxine Feldman and Rita Mae Brown. The second-wave feminists usually did not like lesbians. This caused conflict between the groups which slowed down the process of equality for the masses. We learned that there was conflict between many of the groups. This website had many quotes and good information that we used on our exhibit.

Cavanaugh, Lynn Varacalli. "A Brief History: The Four Waves of Feminism." Progressive Women's Leadership. Entry posted June 28, 2018. Accessed March 5, 2020. https://www.progressivewomensleadership.com/a-brief-history-the-four-waves-of- feminism/. This article gave us a brief history of the waves of feminism. The first wave began in 1848 and lasted through 1920 and fought mostly for property rights and women's suffrage. The second wave broadened the debate greatly in the 1960s to 1980s. The third wave began in the early 1990s and fought for gender equality and pushed for the Equal Rights Amendment.

Dastagir, Alia E. "It's Been Two Years Since the #MeToo Movement Exploded. Now What?" Flipboard. Last modified October 28, 2019. Accessed April 5, 2020. https://amp.flipboard.com/@USAToday/it-s-been-two-years-since-the-metoo-movement- exploded-now-what/a-RqErkheXQQaHG0mfncBETg%3A3199709- 374333de19%2Fusatoday.com. This article mentioned how the #MeToo movement has decreased stigma and increased awareness. Some say black working-class women have been left out and the organization has not done a good job connecting sexual assault to other toxic beliefs. Others say they have become politicized. We used a photo on our legacy panel.

"Ellen Shumsky." She's Beautiful When She's Angry. Accessed April 5, 2020. http://www.shesbeautifulwhenshesangry.com/ellen-shumsky. Ellen Shumsky was a founding member of Radicalesbians and a collaborating author of The Woman Identified Woman. She documented the feminist, lesbian and gay liberation movements extensively. We used a photo and quote from this article on our Lavender Menace panel.

Garcia, Sandra E. "The Woman Who Created #MeToo Long Before Hashtags." New York Times (New York, NY). Accessed April 5, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/20/us/me- too-movement-tarana-burke.html. In 2006, Tarana Burke, founded the "Me Too" movement, which is a worldwide campaign to raise awareness about sexual harassment, abuse and assault in society. We used a photo on our legacy panel.

"Gay and Lesbian Rights/Sexual Orientation Discrimination." FindLaw. Accessed January 31, 2020. https://civilrights.findlaw.com/discrimination/gay-and-lesbian-rights-sexual- orientation-discrimination.html. This web page informs us about the different laws surrounding the LGBTQ and what purpose they serve. This had great information that we can use on our exhibit.

Goodman, Elyssa. "How the Lavender Menace Fought for Lesbian Liberation in the 1970s." Them. Last modified June 19, 2019. Accessed February 13, 2020. https://www.them.us/story/lavender-menace. Approximately forty Lavender Menace members stood on stage while many women from the crowd shouted cheers of their support. NOW organizers tried to shut them down but to no avail. This article informed us about the work of the Lavender Menace.

Grady, Constance. "The Waves of Feminism, and Why People Keep Fighting over Them, Explained." VOX. Last modified July 20, 2018. Accessed April 5, 2020. https://www.vox.com/2018/3/20/16955588/feminism-waves-explained-first-second-third- fourth. Feminism has reached a level of cultural relevance it hasn't enjoyed in years, which in turn has led to some very confusing dialogue, because not everyone is familiar with the basic terminology of feminism. We used a photo on our early feminism panel.

Iovannone, Jeffry J. "Rita Mae Brown: Lavender Menace." Medium. Last modified June 4, 2018. Accessed October 22, 2019. https://medium.com/queer-history-for-the-people/rita-mae- brown-lavender-menace-759dd376b6bc. This web site tells about the story of Rita Mae Brown, a lesbian feminist. This helped us get a better understanding of our topic. We learned that Rita Mae Brown was part of the Redstockings and then joined the .

Kaplan-Levenson, Laine. “The Women Who Fought for and Against the ERA: Part 1.” New Orleans Public Radio. April 20, 2017. Accessed May 16, 2020. https://wwno.org/post/women-who-fought-against-era-part-i. We used this source to learn about Phyllis Schlafly and the women who opposed the ERA. We learned that these women thought their way of life was under attack by radicals. Betty Friedan felt pressured by the anti-feminists when she called for lesbians to take a backseat in the NOW organization. Friedan later recanted and embraced all women in the fight for equal rights. We used a quote from this article on our exhibit.

Katuna, Barret, Ph.D. "[Sociologists for Women in Society] Contact." E-mail message. March 19, 2020. Dr. Katuna, Executive Officer, said that they shared our message with their members and anticipated that some would email us. This contact led us to other interviews.

Kennedy, Leslie. “How Phyllis Schlafly Derailed the Equal Rights Amendment.” History. March 19, 2020. Accessed May 3, 2020. https://www.history.com/news/equal-rights- amendment-failure-phyllis-schlafly We wanted to learn more about the movement to stop the Equal Rights Amendment. From this article we learned that Phyllis Schlafly led housewives to believe that passing the amendment would bring an end to their way of life. She convinced people that most women were against the amendment, and this eventually led to the amendment not meeting the time limit congress set for its passage.

Kodumthara, Sunu. E-mail interview by Alexa Delgado and McKayla Howerton. Canton, OK. April 3, 2020. Dr. Kodumthara's answers to our interview questions on feminism and the Lavender Menace were very helpful. She said that it was an awakening to the feminist movement and made them realize that they could not ignore anyone who is a part of the LGBTQ community. Dr. Kodumthara teaches women’s studies at Southwestern Oklahoma State University.

"The Lavender Menace—TERFs Forgetting ." Medium. Accessed February 13, 2020. https://medium.com/@authorvirginiahall/wait-a-minute-89b50581d587. This website tells about how straight men wanted nothing to do with lesbians. Straight men wanted to get lesbians kicked out of the women's liberation. We used this to learn another perspective about how lesbians were considered a detriment to women’s rights movements.

"The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government." Out History. Accessed January 16, 2020. http://outhistory.org/items/show/1425. This article is about the Lavender Scare, a related event to the Lavender Menace. The government thought that if they had any homosexuals in office, they could be blackmailed into giving government secrets to enemies. We used this article to learn about the history of gay rights.

"." PBS. Accessed February 17, 2020. https://www.pbs.org/outofthepast/past/p5/1970.html. In May of 1970, a group that called themselves the Radicalesbians staged a protest against homophobia. Lesbian feminists didn't see as allies, unlike other lesbian activists that worked alongside the gay liberation and homophile groups. We learned that lesbian feminists and lesbian activists were different groups but were still similar in many ways.

"Lesbians Battled for Their Place in 1960s Feminism." Timeline. Last modified January 19, 2017. Accessed January 16, 2020. https://timeline.com/lesbians-battled-for-their-place- in-1960s-feminism-25082853be90. Betty Friedan was the president of NOW, which meant she could easily influence many people. Friedan and many other straight women believed that "man-hating" or "mannish" lesbians would ruin all chances of their equality with men. This article also talked about The Woman-Identified Woman as a racial slur. Many people were asking the question, "What is a Lesbian?” Lots of lesbians were upset about NOW trying to "keep them in the closet.” This article helped us to learn what other people thought about the LGBTQ community. We used pictures and quotes from this article on our Lavender Menace panel.

"Liberation Movements of the 1970s." Khan Academy. Accessed February 17, 2020. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/postwarera/1970s- america/a/liberation-movements-1970s. From the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, gay men, lesbians, and many women formed organizations to battle the unfair laws they were put under. They sought support from the government but were usually turned away. We learned that many people lost hope of reuniting as a society with common goals, so they focused on issues, of significance, in groups to which they belonged, based on culture, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender and religion.

Mason, Karen M. "National History Day Project." E-mail message. March 10, 2020. Karen Mason is the curator for the Iowa Women's Archives at the University of Iowa Libraries. She suggested that we contact the Lesbian Herstory Archives in , New York. Karen also recommended that we make contact with the Gender and Women's Studies program at Oklahoma State University. We followed up on these suggestions.

Mellom, Carol. "National History Day Project." E-mail message. March 20, 2020. Carol Mellom is with the Minnesota Green Party and she had us email our interview questions and she would share with the ones most knowledgeable on our subject.

Napikoski, Linda. "Lavender Menace: The Phrase, the Group, the Controversy." ThoughtCo. Accessed January 17, 2020. https://www.thoughtco.com/lavender-menace-feminism- definition-3528970. NOW finally included lesbian rights among its strategies in 1971. Lesbian rights also became one of the six main issues that they addressed at meetings. We used this on our exhibit and we also found the Lucretia Mott and Margaret Sanger quotes on this website but in different articles.

"(1982) Audre Lorde, 'Learning from the 60s.'" BlackPast. Last modified August 12, 2012. Accessed April 7, 2020. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/1982-audre- lorde-learning-60s/. Audre Lorde was a black, lesbian, feminist that spoke at Harvard University during the celebration of Malcolm X weekend. She said one thing we can learn from the 60s is how complex any move for liberation must be. We used a quote on our legacy panel from this site.

Podmore, Julie, and Manon Tremblay. "Lesbians, Second-Wave Feminism, and Gay Liberation." ResearchGate. Last modified November 2015. Accessed February 17, 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283505619_Lesbians_second- wave_feminism_and_gay_liberation. In the early 1970s, the conflict between lesbians, feminists, and other gay liberationists started to take hold and grow. Lesbian activists in the west developed their own organization defined as the Lesbian Liberation Movement also known as the LLM. This website informed us about the different groups involved in the LGBTQ movement of the 1970s.

Pruitt, Sarah. "Search is on for Original Women's Rights Declaration." HISTORY. Accessed April 5, 2020. https://www.history.com/news/search-is-on-for-original-womens-rights- declaration. A call was issued for a women's rights conference at Seneca Falls, and on July 20, 1848, the convention proceeded to adopt and sign the Declaration of Sentiments. We put a copy of the declaration on our early feminism panel. We also used a protest photo and got the dates for our timelines.

"Radicalesbians." The New York Public Library. Accessed February 16, 2020. http://web- static.nypl.org/exhibitions/1969/radicalesbians.html. In the later 1970s, many women decided to split off from the GLF and work solely with other lesbian activists to create women-only environments. These new organizations gave headway to the social and political work of lesbian rights. The article told us how Betty Friedan affected the Lavender Menace. It gave us background as to how the Lavender Menace was originally formed. We used a photo on our Lavender Menace panel from the digital collections of this website.

"Remembering the Lavender Menace." Affinity. Accessed February 16, 2020. http://affinitymagazine.us/2016/10/22/remembering-the-lavender-menace/. In 1970, the Lavender Menace was established as a feminist group specifically for lesbians. The Lavender Menace was a group of lesbians who stood up for lesbian rights and issues. This article informed us about the exclusion of lesbians from the feminist movement.

"The Rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and People." ACLU. Accessed January 30, 2020. https://www.aclu.org/other/rights-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-people. This web site tells about the federal laws that were made about the LGBTQ at the time. The country's biggest business - the U.S. military - straightforwardly victimized gays and lesbians. Mothers and fathers lost child guardianship essentially because they were gay or lesbian, and gay individuals were denied the privilege to wed.

Rosen, Ruth. "Why the Relentless Assault on Abortion Rights in the US?" Common Dreams. Last modified July 23, 2013. Accessed April 5, 2020. https://www.commondreams.org/views/2013/07/23/why-relentless-assault-abortion- rights-us. From this article, we learned that today Americans are deeply divided over abortion. Republicans seek to make all abortions illegal and Democrats support abortion, even during the third trimester. We used a photo from this site on our early feminism panel.

Ryan, Hugh. "Themstory: The 1950s Government Witch Hunt That Exposed Closeted Queers." Them. Last modified March 8, 2018. Accessed January 17, 2020. https://www.them.us/story/the-lavender-scare-exposed-closeted-queers. This website tells about Helen James, a first time Airmen Second Class. She was walking and was attacked by men trying to cure her of her sexuality. Many people lost their jobs because they thought that they were homosexuals. This website gave us good information about our topic.

"Sex Trouble: and the Long Shadow of the 'Lavender Menace.'" The Other McCain. Last modified July 14, 2014. Accessed March 4, 2020. https://theothermccain.com/2014/07/14/sex-trouble-radical-feminism-and-the-long- shadow-of-the-lavender-menace/. The website provided information on Betty Friedan's coining of the term "Lavender Menace." She stated that lesbians were warping the image of the Women's Movement. She later recanted and embraced the inclusion of all women in the National Organization for Women.

Smith, Mac At. "A Search for Equality and Peace." Blogger. Last modified June 27, 2010. Accessed April 5, 2020. https://macatsmith.blogspot.com/2010/06/betty-friedan- marriage-and-gender.html. We cannot recommend this article to others, because the language and opinions are somewhat inappropriate. We only used the website for the picture of Betty Friedan from the 1960s because we couldn't locate another copy of the photograph.

"State Department Apologizes for the 'Lavender Scare.'" Smithsonian Magazine. Accessed January 17, 2020. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/state-department- apologizes-lavender-scare-180961746/. In 2017, John Kerry issued a formal apology for the Lavender Scare. We learned that what happened back in the 1950s is still affecting people in the LGBTQ community to this day. We used this to gain background knowledge of LGBTQ history.

Strand, Karla J., MLIS. "National History Day Project." E-mail message. April 3, 2020. Dr. Strand, Gender & Women's Studies Librarian, University of Wisconsin, asked if we were still looking for interview possibilities? She helped us contact members of today’s feminist movement.

Tracy, Renee. "National History Day Project." E-mail message. March 9, 2020. Renee Tracy, Head Docent, National Women's Hall of Fame, recommended that we check with the Women's Archive at the University of Iowa. They also have a board member who is a scholar on our subject that Tracy will see if she can assist us.

"The Untold Side of Second Wave Feminism: A Multinational, Politically Diverse Movement." Liberation School. Accessed February 17, 2020. https://liberationschool.org/feminism- and-the-mass-movements-1960-1990/. The late 1960s and early 1970s saw many uprisings and rebellions. During this time there was a need for equality and there is no difference from today. The article taught us that there was importance in being equal with each other.

"What Was the Women's Liberation Movement of the 1960's?" The Women's Liberation Movement of the 1960's. Accessed April 5, 2020. https://wlm1960s.weebly.com/. In the 1960's, the Women's Liberation Movement was a feminist movement to take a stand against discrimination and fight for jobs and equal pay in the workforce. We used a photo on our Lavender Menace panel.

"The Woman Suffrage Movement." Women’s History. Accessed March 9, 2020. https://www.womenshistory.org/resources/general/woman-suffrage-movement. This website told us when the suffrage movement started and why it happened. The suffrage movement happened because women were tired of not being heard and wanted the right to vote. We used a photo on our early feminism panel from this website.