DOCSLIB.ORG

Paradigmatic Tendencies in Cartography: a Synthesis of the Scientific-Empirical, Critical and Post-Representational Perspectives

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Paradigmatic Tendencies in Cartography: a Synthesis of the Scientific-Empirical, Critical and Post-Representational Perspectives Fakultät Forst-, Geo- und Hydrowissenschaften Paradigmatic Tendencies in Cartography: A Synthesis of the Scientific-Empirical, Critical and Post-Representational Perspectives Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) vorgelegt von M.Sc. Pablo Iván Azócar Fernández Gutachter: Herr Prof. Dr. phil.habil. Manfred F. Buchroithner Technische Universität Dresden Herr Prof. Dr. Zsolt G. Török Eötvös Lórand University, Budapest Dresden, February 09, 2012 Die Übereinstimmung dieses Exemplars mit dem Original der Dissertation zum Thema: „Paradigmatic Tendencies in Cartography: A Synthesis of the Scientific-Empirical, Critical and Post-Representational Perspectives“ wird hiermit bestätigt. ……………………………………….…. Ort, Datum Azócar, Pablo ……………………………………….…. Unterschrift (Vorname Name) i Abstract Maps have been important elements of visual representation in the development of different societies, and for this reason they have mainly been considered from a practical and utilitarian point of view. This means that cartographers or mapmakers have largely focused on the technical aspects of the cartographic products, and cartography has given little attention to both its theoretical component and to its philosophical and epistemological aspects. The current study is dedicated to consider these views. In this study the main trends, thoughts and different directions in cartography during positivism/empiricism, neo-positivism and post-structuralism are reviewed; and cartography is analysed under the modernism and post-modernism periods. Some of the arguments proposed by philosophers such as Ludwig Wittgenstein and Karl Popper are examined as important contributions in our understanding of the development of cartography and mapping. This study also incorporates the idea or concept of paradigm, which has been taken from the field of the epistemology of sciences. The aforementioned opens a space to analyse cartography in terms of a paradigm shift. In the analysis of each trend within contemporary cartography – from the second half of the twentieth century until today – it is necessary to keep in mind the theoretical scheme of a scientific discipline (object of study, research aims, methods and approaches, and results). This helps to determine the body of knowledge in cartography. It is also important to consider the epistemological context in which the tendencies are developed: positivism/empiricism, realism/structuralism and idealism/hermeneutic. In this way, by considering three epistemological levels - essentialist/ontical (scientific), deconstructive (sociological), and ontological (emergent) - some paradigmatic tendencies are postulated. The first level results in tendencies such as cartographic communication, cartographic semiotics, analytical cartography and cartographic visualisation - all of these belong to the scientific-empirical ii perspective. In the second level, we have critical cartography, belonging to the critical perspective and that confronts the scientific stances. Finally, in the third level the so-called post-representational cartography arises in open opposition to the traditional representational cartography. iii Kurzfassung Im Entwicklungsprozess verschiedener Gesellschaften sind Karten immer wichtige Elemente visueller Darstellung gewesen. Karten wurden meist aus einer praktischen und utilitaristischen Sicht betrachtet. Das heißt, dass sich Kartographen oder Kartenmacher gezielt auf die technischen Aspekte kartographischer Produkte fokussiert haben, und Kartographie sich nur wenig mit den theoretischen Komponenten und philosophischen oder epistemologischen Aspekten auseinandergesetzt hat. Diese Arbeit verfolgt das Ziel, diese Sichten zu analysieren. Diese Studie untersucht die verschiedenen kartographischen Denkrichtungen, die während des Positivismus/Empirismus, des Neo-Positivismus und der Post- Strukturalismusperioden entstanden sind und analysiert Kartographie der Moderne und post-moderner Perioden. Argumente von Philosophen wie Ludwig Wittgenstein und Karl Popper werden untersucht als wichtige Beiträge zu unserem Verständnis der Entwicklung der Kartographie. Diese Arbeit berücksichtigt auch das Konzept des Paradigmas, welches aus dem Gebiet der wissenschaftlichen Epistemologie adaptiert wurde. Dies eröffnet die Möglichkeit, Kartographie hinsichtlich eines Paradigmenwechsels analysieren zu können. Wenn man die Tendenzen der zeitgenössischen Kartographie – von der zweiten Hälfte des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts bis heute – studiert, muss der theoretische Rahmen einer wissenschaftlichen Disziplin (Forschungsobjekt, Forschungsziel, Arbeitsmethodik und Ergebnisse) berücksichtigt werden. Dies erlaubt es, das gesammelte Wissen der Kartographie zu ermitteln. Ebenfalls wichtig ist die Berücksichtigung des epistemologischen Kontexts, in dem diese Tendenzen entstanden: Positivismus/Empirismus, Realismus/Strukturalismus und Idealismus/Hermeneutik. Unter Berücksichtigung dreier epistemologischer Ebenen – Essenzialisten/ontisch (wissenschaftlich), dekonstructiv (soziologisch) und ontologisch (emergent) – iv werden ausgewählte paradigmatische Tendenzen postuliert. Die erste Ebene ergibt Tendenzen wie die kartographische Kommunikation, die kartographische Semiotik, die analytische Kartographie und die kartographische Visualisierung, die alle zu der wissenschaftlich-empirischen Perspektive gehören. Zur zweiten Ebene gehört die kritische Kartographie, welche der kritischen Perspektive zugeordnet ist und die wissenschaftliche Standpunkte konfrontiert. Die so genannte post-repräsentative Kartographie entsteht aus der dritten Ebene im offenen Widerstand zur traditionellen repräsentativen Kartographie. v Acknowledgments First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Manfred F. Buchroithner for his steady interest in my work. His continued meetings, discussions and comments, and the access he has given me to bibliographical references have been very helpful during this long process of study. I also wish to thank Prof. Wolf G. Koch and Dr. Alexander Wolodtschenko for their important contribution in the search for references in the topics studied. I am grateful to Mrs. Sharma and all the staff at the Institute for Cartography, and to other PhD students especially from Egypt, Sudan and Syria. My sincere gratitude is extended to the members of the Lehrstuhl für Raumentwicklung, their Director Prof. Berhnard Müller and Dr. Paulina Schiappaccasse for their collaboration with me as a PhD student, and very especially to Mrs. Cindy Krause for her generous help in tandem-language. They have all been very helpful and friendly during my stay in Dresden. I also wish to thank Dr. Andrea Contreras for her valuable and disinterested help in the editorial revision of this document, and for her practical comments about the writing of the text itself. I cannot forget mentioning Mrs. Gabriele Feyler (Campusbüro “Unit-mit-Kind”) who has been a wonderful person, and great help to me and my family during the process of integration for foreign students at the TU-Dresden. My appreciation is also extended to the Metropolitan Technological University (Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Chile) for their financial support during my studies in Germany, as well as to the authorities and colleagues of the Department of Cartography. Finally, I wish to thank all the support that I have received from my beloved wife Mónica and from my two lovely daughters Consuelo and Fernanda. Their unconditional love has allowed me to pursuit this rewarding challenge in my life. vi Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................... i Kurzfassung ........................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments ................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ......................................................................................................... ix List of Tables ........................................................................................................... x 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Motivation ..................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Thesis Structure, Hypotheses, Questions and Objectives of Investigation .. 2 2 Philosophy, Epistemology and Cartography ........................................................ 8 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Philosophy and Epistemology: Some Scopes ............................................... 8 2.3 Cartography and Knowledge of the World: Philosophical and Epistemological Implications .................................................................... 10 2.4 Different “Isms” and their Repercussions in Cartography and Mapping ...... 13 2.4.1 Positivism and Empiricism .................................................................... 13 2.4.2 Logical Positivism or Neo-Positivism .................................................... 17 2.4.3 Geography and Cartography under the Logical Positivism Approach .. 20 2.5 Ludwig Wittgenstein. A philosophical Framework Applied to
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Maps and Protest Martine Drozdz
    Maps and Protest Martine Drozdz To cite this version: Martine Drozdz. Maps and Protest. International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, Elsevier, pp.367-378, 2020, 10.1016/B978-0-08-102295-5.10575-X. hal-02432374 HAL Id: hal-02432374 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02432374 Submitted on 16 Jan 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Martine Drozdz LATTS, Université Paris-Est, Marne-la-Vallée, France 6-8 Avenue Blaise Pascal, Cité Descartes, 77455 Marne-la-Vallée, Cedex 2, France martine.drozdz[at]enpc.fr This article is part of a project that has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No. 680313). Author's personal copy Provided for non-commercial research and educational use. Not for reproduction, distribution or commercial use. This article was originally published in International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 2nd Edition, published by Elsevier, and the attached copy is provided by Elsevier for the author's benefit and for the benefit of the author's institution, for non-commercial research and educational use, including without limitation, use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues who you know, and providing a copy to your institution's administrator.
    [Show full text]
  • Issue Mapping, Ageing, and Digital Methods
    1. Introduction: Issue mapping, ageing, and digital methods 1.1 Issue mapping Stakeholders, students, issue professionals, workshop participants, practitioners, advocates, action researchers, activists, artists, and social entrepreneurs are often asked to make sense of the social issues that concern and affect the organizations and projects they are involved with. In doing so, they have to cope with information sources both aggregated and disaggregated, where opposing claims clash and where structured narratives are unavailable, or are only now being written. At the same time, the issues must be analysed, for they are urgent and palpable. The outcomes of the projects also need to be communicated to the various publics and audiences of their work. These issue analysts employ a wide range of strategies and techniques to aid in making sense of the issues, and communicating them, and as such they undertake, in one form or another, what we call ‘issue mapping’. In a small workshop setting, the analysts may draw dots and lines on a whiteboard, and annotate them with sticky notes and multicoloured markers, in order to represent actors, connections, arguments and positions. At the sign-in table, at a barcamp, hundreds of activists write down on a large sheet of paper the URLs of their organizations or projects, forming a long list that is typed into the computer for the mapping to proceed. Analysts will harvest the links between the websites, and put up a large map for the participants to pore over and annotate. The attendees will ask questions about the method behind the mapping, and also how their nodes can become larger and less peripheral.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. Cartography: the Development and Critique of Maps and Mapmaking
    1. Cartography: the development and critique of maps and mapmaking Maps ‘are once again in the thick of it’ for critical social theorists, artists, literary critics and cultural geographers, but also in a very different way for planners, GIS researchers and scientists. Art and science offer different cartographic explanations. There are profound differences between those who research mapping as a practical form of applied knowledge, and those who seek to critique the map and the mapping process. (Perkins 2003: 341-342) Cartography is the study of maps and map-making. Classically, it focused on the art of the map-maker; today it includes the history of maps and their use in society. A map, as defined by the International Cartographic Association (2009), is ‘a symbolised image of geographical reality, representing selected features or characteristics, resulting from the creative effort of its author's execution of choices, and is designed for use when spatial relationships are of primary relevance’. While this definition eloquently indicates the varying constructions of maps, leading to the different ways maps are conceptualised and produced within society, its basic premise -- that a map is first and foremost ‘a symbolised image of a geographical reality’ -- has been challenged with the rise of a critical cartography/geography. Taking this definition as a starting premise, this chapter will seek to illustrate the ‘creativity’ and ‘selectivity’ of maps through a brief history of cartography, before embarking in later sections on a more critical analysis of the debates that surround the subject. The primary goal here is to understand the lessons that can be drawn from the historical development of cartography in a bid to assist contemporary criminologists in the development of more appropriate questions about maps and ultimately the process of crime mapping itself.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Cartography, Volume Six: Cartography in the Twentieth Century
    The AAG Review of Books ISSN: (Print) 2325-548X (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rrob20 The History of Cartography, Volume Six: Cartography in the Twentieth Century Jörn Seemann To cite this article: Jörn Seemann (2016) The History of Cartography, Volume Six: Cartography in the Twentieth Century, The AAG Review of Books, 4:3, 159-161, DOI: 10.1080/2325548X.2016.1187504 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/2325548X.2016.1187504 Published online: 07 Jul 2016. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 312 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rrob20 The AAG Review OF BOOKS The History of Cartography, Volume Six: Cartography in the Twentieth Century Mark Monmonier, ed. Chicago, document how all cultures of all his- IL: University of Chicago Press, torical periods represented the world 2015. 1,960 pp., set of 2 using maps” (Woodward 2001, 28). volumes, 805 color plates, What started as a chat on a relaxed 119 halftones, 242 line drawings, walk by these two authors in Devon, England, in May 1977 developed into 61 tables. $500.00 cloth (ISBN a monumental historia cartographica, 978-0-226-53469-5). a cartographic counterpart of Hum- boldt’s Kosmos. The project has not Reviewed by Jörn Seemann, been finished yet, as the volumes on Department of Geography, Ball the eighteenth and nineteenth cen- State University, Muncie, IN. tury are still in preparation, and will probably need a few more years to be published.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is Geovisualization? to the Growing Field of Geovisualization
    This issue of GeoMatters is devoted What is Geovisualization? to the growing field of geovisualization. Brian McGregor uses geovisualiztion to by Joni Storie produce animated maps showing settle- ment patterns of Hutterite colonies. Dr. Marc Vachon’s students use it to produce From a cartography perspective, dynamic presentation options to com- videos about urban visualization (City geovisualization represents a change in municate knowledge. For example, at- Hall and Assiniboine Park), while Dr. how knowledge is formed and repre- lases require extra planning compared Chris Storie shows geovisualiztion for sented. Traditional cartography is usu- to individual maps, structurally they retail mapping in Winnipeg. Also in this issue Honours students describe their ally seen a visualization (a.k.a. map) could include hundreds of maps, and thesis projects for the upcoming collo- that is presented after the conclusion all the maps relate to each other. Dr. quium next March, Adrienne Ducharme is reached to emphasize or compliment Danny Blair and Dr. Ian Mauro, in the tells us about her graduate research at the research conclusions. Geovisual- Department of Geography, provide an ELA, we have a report about Cultivate ization changes this format by incor- excellent example of this integration UWinnipeg and our alumni profile fea- porating spatial data into the analysis with the Prairie Climate Atlas (http:// tures Michelle Méthot (Smith). (O’Sullivan and Unwin, 2010). Spatial www.climateatlas.ca/). The combina- Please feel free to pass this newsletter data, statistics and analysis are used to tion of maps with multimedia provides to anyone with an interest in geography. answer questions which contribute to for better understanding as well as en- Individuals can also see GeoMatters at the Geography website, or keep up with the conclusion that is reached within riched and informative experiences of us on Facebook (Department of Geog- the research.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring GIS and Maps As a Teaching Tool for Social Change
    273 Maps, Mapmaking, and Critical Pedagogy: Exploring GIS and Maps as a Teaching Tool for Social Change Denise Pacheco University of California, Los Angeles Graduate School of Education and Information Studies Veronica Nelly Velez University of California, Los Angeles Graduate School of Education and Information Studies I was nervous standing in front of my family, over one hundred community members, and the Pasadena School Board.1 I checked and double-checked my computer, power point slides, and notes one last time. The GIS maps I had spent months creating were ready to go—but was I? I gazed out into the audience at each one of the parents, students, and community members. Their lives and struggles were embedded in these maps that visually portrayed how race has shaped the demographics and opportunities available in Pasadena schools over the last fifty years. Yet, I knew as I looked out at the hopeful faces of my community that this information could not stand alone. Today the burden was on me to give a voice to the maps and to narrate a story of how parents and students experienced racism in Pasadena schools. Not only was I using statistical data to argue that the spaces students occupy in public and private schools within our “City of Roses” are heavily racialized, I was also telling an important counter-story of possibility. It was conveying the complexity of so many people’s experiences that made me the most nervous. Who was I to speak for so many? 274 SEATTLE JOURNAL FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE Slowly I began, explaining map after map.
    [Show full text]
  • Remote Sensing
    remote sensing Article Quantitative Assessment of Vertical and Horizontal Deformations Derived by 3D and 2D Decompositions of InSAR Line-of-Sight Measurements to Supplement Industry Surveillance Programs in the Tengiz Oilfield (Kazakhstan) Emil Bayramov 1,2,*, Manfred Buchroithner 3 , Martin Kada 2 and Yermukhan Zhuniskenov 1 1 School of Mining and Geosciences, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; [email protected] 2 Methods of Geoinformation Science, Institute of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science, Technical University of Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany; [email protected] 3 Institute of Cartography, Helmholtzstr. 10, 01069 Dresden, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This research focused on the quantitative assessment of the surface deformation veloci- ties and rates and their natural and man-made controlling factors at Tengiz Oilfield in Kazakhstan using the Small Baseline Subset remote sensing technique followed by 3D and 2D decompositions and cosine corrections to derive vertical and horizontal movements from line-of-sight (LOS) mea- Citation: Bayramov, E.; Buchroithner, surements. In the present research we applied time-series of Sentinel-1 satellite images acquired M.; Kada, M.; Zhuniskenov, Y. during 2018–2020. All ground deformation derivatives showed the continuous subsidence at the Quantitative Assessment of Vertical Tengiz oilfield with increasing velocity. 3D and 2D decompositions of LOS measurements to vertical and Horizontal Deformations movement showed that the Tengiz Oil Field 2018–2020 continuously subsided with the maximum Derived by 3D and 2D annual vertical deformation velocity around 70 mm. Based on the LOS measurements, the maximum Decompositions of InSAR annual subsiding velocity was observed to be 60 mm.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Cartography by Trista L
    Name Date History of Cartography By Trista L. Pollard Our view of the world has changed since 1500 years ago. The maps and globes we use today are very accurate. They show more details. You can see cities and countries. They show landforms and landmarks. Our maps now have a standard coordinate or grid system. This measurement system helps us to locate places on Earth. But what about the first maps? What are they like? How were they made? Let's take a journey into the history of cartography. Cartography is the science of making maps. Today's cartographers use computers and cameras to help make maps. This is called remote sensing. Cameras are placed or mounted on airplanes. These cameras take pictures of the Earth's surface. Satellites in space are also used for cartography. Mapmakers in the past had much less technology. They used observation and stories from sailors to make maps. Most early scientists believed the Earth was flat. Imagine sailing from your country and falling over a cliff! That's what people thought. They also thought Earth was a flat disc. The center of the disc was filled with people. The outer edges of the Earth were empty. A world map made as early as 500 B.C. showed a disc with two continents. These continents were Europe and Asia. Both were surrounded by an ocean. That makes sense! Most people only knew about their surrounding or immediate area. Geographers also found early maps of the Pacific Ocean. They were made by navigators from Polynesia or the Pacific Islands.
    [Show full text]
  • Leveraging Styles in Arcgis
    Leveraging Styles in ArcGIS Pro Edie Punt Kenneth Field John Nelson Line symbols What’s in a style? Polygon symbols Point symbols Text symbols Label placements Colors N Color schemes North arrows Scale bars 0 1 2 km Why use styles? • Organize & reuse - Categories & tags • Match specifications - Colors, color models, line weights • Share - SQLite database stored as a single file - *.stylx file - File share or ArcGIS Online item Beer style Kenneth Field Styles are project items • They populate the galleries • System styles – installed with ArcGIS Pro • Custom styles – make your own or add from somewhere else • Favorites style – tied to your user account, always available • Top of galleries • Sandbox to experiment Manage styles in Catalog view • Add and import styles • Create and modify style items • Copy & paste items between styles • Manage tags and other metadata • Upgrade to current version Search for symbols in a gallery • Name, Category, and Tags all used as search terms • Use Category to rearrange galleries • Search Project styles or All styles Redlands Historical Map Kenneth Field Import ArcMap styles - .style file extension - Creates an ArcGIS Pro stylx version and adds it to the project - ArcMap styles in *.stylx format at https://esri-styles.maps.arcgis.com Styles on ArcGIS Online - ArcMap styles converted to the ArcGIS Pro *.stylx format and are accessible from https://esri-styles.maps.arcgis.com - PDF catalogs of many Esri styles are here Firefly style John Nelson Color - Save to Favorites to make accessible in galleries - Use
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER 9 DATA DISPLAY and CARTOGRAPHY 9.1 Cartographic
    CHAPTER 9 DATA DISPLAY AND CARTOGRAPHY 9.1 Cartographic Representation 9.1.1 Spatial Features and Map Symbols 9.1.2 Use of Color 9.1.3 Data Classification 9.1.4 Generalization Box 9.1 Representations 9.2 Types of Quantitative Maps Box 9.2 Locating Dots on a Dot Map Box 9.3 Mapping Derived and Absolute Values 9.3 Typography 9.3.1 Type Variations 9.3.2 Selection of Type Variations 9.3.3 Placement of Text in the Map Body Box 9.4 Options for Dynamic Labeling 9.4 Map Design 9.4.1 Layout Box 9.5 Wizards for Adding Map Elements 9.4.2 Visual Hierarchy 9.5 Map Production Box 9.6 Working with Soft-Copy Maps Box 9.7 A Web Tool for Making Color Maps Key Concepts and Terms Review Questions Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Applications: Data Display and Cartography Task 1: Make a Choropleth Map Task 2: Use Graduated Symbols, Line Symbols, Highway Shield Symbols, and Text Symbols Task 3: Label Streams Challenge Task References 1 Common Map Elements zCommon map elements are the title, body, legend, north arrow, scale, acknowledgment, and neatline/map border. zOther elements include the graticule or grid, name of map projection, inset or location map, and data quality information. Figure 9.1 Common map elements. 2 Cartographic Representation zCartography is the making and study of maps in all their aspects. zCartographers classify maps into general reference or thematic, and qualitative or quantitative. Spatial Features and Map Symbols zTo display a spatial feature on a map, we use a map symbol to indicate the feature’s location and a visual variable, or visual variables, with the symbol to show the feature’s attribute data.
    [Show full text]
  • Beginning Spatial Analysis
    What Do You Want to Know? Beginning Spatial Analysis By Monica Pratt, ArcUser Editor New GIS users who are just getting to know the ArcGIS suite of tools for capturing, managing, and presenting geospatial data sometimes overlook one of the most exciting, powerful, and distinctive capabilities of GIS—spatial analysis. This article introduces new users to some basic spatial analysis concepts and techniques using ArcMap, one of the desktop applications of ArcGIS. Although the ArcGIS Spatial Analyst and ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst extensions supply additional tools, the basic spatial analysis functionality of ArcGIS is powerful and directly available through tools and menu choices. Simply put, spatial analysis encompasses all the operations performed on geographic data that add value. GIS is an information system, and like any information system, it is designed to produce answers. Spatial analysis can be used in an inductive, deductive, or normative manner. Inductive analysis studies the data to discern patterns that might be used to support theories or derive general principles. It can be used to help answer questions such as “Why do some areas have especially high rates of a certain type of cancer?” Deductive applications use geospatial Symbolizing earthquake events using a single point symbol does show where earthquakes have data to test existing theories or principles. These occurred—but not much more. However, the MAG (magnitude) fi eld can be used to fi lter the applications might be used to test the validity data and display it more meaningfully. of relationships between risk factors and the occurrence of a type of cancer. Normative uses is especially adept at visually perceiving both Where Is the Data? identify the best solution to spatial-dependent patterns and anomalies.
    [Show full text]
  • 3D Display Techniques for Cartographic Purposes: Semiotic Aspects
    Buchroithner, Manfred 3D DISPLAY TECHNIQUES FOR CARTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES: SEMIOTIC ASPECTS Manfred F. Buchroithner*, Robert Schenkel**, Sabine Kirschenbauer*** Dresden University of Technology, Germany Institute of Cartography *[email protected], **[email protected], ***[email protected] KEY WORDS: 3D-Display Techniques, Cartographic Semiotic, Psychological Cues, Cognition ABSTRACT The variety of the cartographic 3D-visualisation is constantly increasing and thereby more and more fields of application are being developed. These facts require that the coherence of technical, perceptive-psychological and cartographic-theoretical aspects has to be subdivided and classified. Through these formulations of interdependence of the single parameters shall be pointed out. The consideration of communication-theoretical and perceptive-theoretical aspects shall lead to a purpose-oriented realisation of the 3D-visualisation techniques according to the user’s necessities. KURZFASSUNG Das thematische Gebiet “Kartographische 3D-Visualisierung”, dessen Vielfältigkeit ständig zunimmt und dem immer mehr Anwendungsbereiche erschlossen werden, erfordert, daß die Zusammenhänge von technisch- verfahrensspezifischen, wahrnehmungspsychologischen und kartographisch-theoretischen Faktoren aufgeschlüsselt und klassifiziert werden. Hierdurch sollen Ansätze einer Interdependanz der einzelnen Parameter aufgezeigt werden. Die Berücksichtigung kommunikationstheoretischer und wahrnehmungstheoretischer Aspekte soll zu einer anwendergerechten
    [Show full text]