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A History of Tailings1
A HISTORY OF MINERAL CONCENTRATION: A HISTORY OF TAILINGS1 by Timothy c. Richmond2 Abstract: The extraction of mineral values from the earth for beneficial use has been a human activity- since long before recorded history. Methodologies were little changed until the late 19th century. The nearly simultaneous developments of a method to produce steel of a uniform carbon content and the means to generate electrical power gave man the ability to process huge volumes of ores of ever decreasing purity. The tailings or waste products of mineral processing were traditionally discharged into adjacent streams, lakes, the sea or in piles on dry land. Their confinement apparently began in the early 20th century as a means for possible future mineral recovery, for the recycling of water in arid regions and/or in response to growing concerns for water pollution control. Additional Key Words: Mineral Beneficiation " ... for since Nature usually creates metals in an impure state, mixed with earth, stones, and solidified juices, it is necessary to separate most of these impurities from the ores as far as can be, and therefore I will now describe the methods by which the ores are sorted, broken with hammers, burnt, crushed with stamps, ground into powder, sifted, washed ..•. " Agricola, 1550 Introduction identifying mining wastes. It is frequently used mistakenly The term "tailings" is to identify all mineral wastes often misapplied when including the piles of waste rock located at the mouth of 1Presented at the 1.991. National mine shafts and adi ts, over- American. Society for Surface burden materials removed in Mining and Reclamation Meeting surface mining, wastes from in Durango, co, May 1.4-17, 1.991 concentrating activities and sometimes the wastes from 2Timothy c. -
Secretary Old Arrastra Gold Mining Co
Wednesday, March 25, 1905 THE SUMPTER MINER &XWaMWWWMto t If you will plve us just n few min- i utes of your valuable timo we will briefly set forth the Merits and Future Possibilities of Our Property. We know we have a splendid Busi- ness Proposition, and believe we are rendering good service in spreading the Untinted Facts before you. We wish we had an hour to talk the mat- ter all over with you; better still, we should like to take you to our Property and show you every Foot of Gold Bearing Ground. Since these are impossibilities, for the present at least, we kindly ask you to listen to our story. We are an Incorporated Body, known as the OLD ARRA8TRA GOLD MINING COMPANY. The Capitalization has been fixed at One Million Dollars, Divided into One Million Shares of the Par Value of One Dollar Each. One half of this stock has been Reserved as Treasury Stock, the sale of whloh will provide ample funds to Further Exploit the Property and Purchase the Necessary Machinery to make it a steady and Profitable Producer. This Stock is and carries no Personal Liabili- ties. Since our Incorporation is Under the Laws of Arizona. It is also Fully Paid when the Certificate is Issued to the Purchaser. In view of our very reasonable capitalization, Net Profit of only Ten Thousand Dol- V lars Per Month, would pay Twelve per cent per annum, on the par value of the entire stock, or the Enormous Profit of .Ono Hundred and Twenty per cent per annum on the present price of Btock. -
Treatment and Microscopy of Gold
TREATMENT AND MICROSCOPY OF GOLD AND BASE METAL ORES. (Script with Sketches & Tables) Short Course by R. W. Lehne April 2006 www.isogyre.com Geneva University, Department of Mineralogy CONTENTS (Script) page 1. Gold ores and their metallurgical treatment 2 1.1 Gravity processes 2 1.2 Amalgamation 2 1.3 Flotation and subsequent processes 2 1.4 Leaching processes 3 1.5 Gold extraction processes 4 1.6 Cyanide leaching vs. thio-compound leaching 5 2. Microscopy of gold ores and treatment products 5 2.1 Tasks and problems of microscopical investigations 5 2.2 Microscopy of selected gold ores and products 6 (practical exercises) 3. Base metal ores and their beneficiation 7 3.1 Flotation 7 3.2 Development of the flotation process 7 3.3 Principles and mechanisms of flotation 7 3.4 Column flotation 9 3.5 Hydrometallurgy 10 4. Microscopy of base metal ores and milling products 10 4.1 Specific tasks of microscopical investigations 11 4.2 Microscopy of selected base metal ores and milling products 13 (practical exercises) 5. Selected bibliography 14 (Sketches & Tables) Different ways of gold concentration 15 Gravity concentration of gold (Agricola) 16 Gravity concentration of gold (“Long Tom”) 17 Shaking table 18 Humphreys spiral concentrator 19 Amalgamating mills (Mexican “arrastra”, Chilean “trapiche”) 20 Pressure oxidation flowsheet 21 Chemical reactions of gold leaching and cementation 22 Cyanide solubilities of selected minerals 23 Heap leaching flowsheet 24 Carbon in pulp process 25 Complexing of gold by thio-compounds 26 Relation gold content / amount of particles in polished section 27 www.isogyre.com Economically important copper minerals 28 Common zinc minerals 29 Selection of flotation reagents 30 Design and function of a flotation cell 31 Column cell flotation 32 Flowsheet of a simple flotation process 33 Flowsheet of a selective Pb-Zn flotation 34 Locking textures 35 2 1. -
MINING in BAKER COUNTY, 1861 to 1959* by Norman S
Vol.21, No.3 THE ORE.- BIN 21 March 1959 Portland, Oregon STATE OF OREGON DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY AND MINERAL INDUSTRIES Head Office: 1069 State Office Bldg., Portland I, Oregon Telephone: CApitol 6-2161, Ext. 488 Field Offices 2033 First Street 239 S. E. "H"Street Baker Grants Pass *************************** MINING IN BAKER COUNTY, 1861 to 1959* By Norman S. Wagner** Introduction Baker County mining began with the discovery of gold in 'Griffin Gulch in 1861. This and the develop ment which followed at Auburn represent gold mining at its historic best. Since 1861, much water has flowed down the sluice boxes with respect to mineral resource development within the county. As a result, the dis covery story is left for historians to tell, and the following paragraphs are devoted to the high points of the many kinds of mining endeavors that occurred in Baker County between 1861 and 1959. Hydraulic and sluicing operations All of the earlier placer operations have one thing in common with Griffin Gulch and Auburn. This is that they were carried out by means of ground sluicing and hydraul icking, using generous amounts of hand labor. These means of handl ing placer ground continued in exclusive use throughout the first forty years of Baker County mining history. It wasn't until the present century that the more familiar bucket-line dredges and other kinds of mechanized digging and washing plants made their appearance. Even yet the old methods are still employed on a small scale in circumstances where ground conditions permit. The Rye Valley placers on Dixie Creek represent a notable example of an early discovery made shortly after 1862. -
Tamarack Area Facilities Task 3
TAMARACK AREA FACILITIES TASK 3 - PHASE 2 REPORT Historical Archive Research and Mapping From Hubbell Beach through Tamarack City C&H Historic Properties of Torch Lake Prepared for: MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Reclamation and Redevelopment Division 55195 US Highway 41 Calumet, Michigan 49913 Prepared by: MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Carol MacLennan, Principal Investigator With John Baeten, Emma Schwaiger, Dan Schneider, Brendan Pelto Industrial Archaeology and Heritage Program Department of Social Sciences October 2014 Contract No. Y4110 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1: Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………….5 Section 2: Narratives and Timelines ……………….……………...………………………………11 Ahmeek Mill Facilities1 - Narrative & Timeline ...……………...………………………………….12 Tamarack Reclamation Plant2 – Narrative & Timeline ………….……………………………..23 Lake Chemical Co. – Narrative & Timeline …………………………………………………………..46 Building Narratives ………………………………………………………………………………………..…55 Ahmeek Stamp Mill ………………………………………………..……………………………….58 Ahmeek Pump House ...……………………………………………………………………………60 Ahmeek Power House ……………………………………………………………………………..62 Ahmeek Transformer House ……………………………………………………………………64 Ahmeek Boiler House …...…………………………………………………………………………65 Tamarack Regrinding Plant ……………………………………………………………………..67 Tamarack Electric Sub-Station ...………………………………………………………………69 Tamarack Classifying Plant ..……………………………………………………………………70 Tamarack Flotation Plant ………………………………………………………………………..72 Tamarack Leaching Plant ...……………………………………………………………………...74 Tamarack Stamp -
THE STORY of MINING in New Mexico the Wealth Qjthe World Will B~ Jqund in New Mexico and Arizona
Scenic Trips to the Geologic Past Series: No. 1-SANTA FE, NEw MEXICO No. 2-TAos-RED RIVER-EAGLE NEsT, NEw MEXICO, CIRCLE DRIVE No. 3-RoswELL-CAPITAN-Rumoso AND BoTTOMLEss LAKES STATE PARK, NEw MExiCo No. 4-SouTHERN ZuNI MouNTAINS, NEw MExico No. 5-SILVER CITY-SANTA RITA-HURLEY, NEw MEXICO No. 6-TRAIL GumE To THE UPPER PEcos, NEw MExiCo No. 7-HIGH PLAINS NoRTHEASTERN NEw MExico, RAToN- CAPULIN MouNTAIN-CLAYTON No. 8-MosAic oF NEw MExico's ScENERY, RocKs, AND HISTORY No. 9-ALBUQUERQUE-hs MouNTAINS, VALLEYS, WATER, AND VoLcANOEs No. 10-SouTHwEsTERN NEw MExico N 0. 11-CUMBRES AND T OLTEC. SCENIC RAILROAD No. 12-THE STORY oF MINING IN NEw MExiCo The wealth Qjthe world will b~ jQund in New Mexico and Arizona. -Baron vonHumboldt, 1803 Political Essay on New Spain S.cet1ic Trips lo the (1eologi<;Pas(. N9.12 New Mexico Buteau of Mines & MineNll Resources ADIVISIQN OF NEW ME)(lCO•INS'f!TtJTE OF MINING &TECHNOtOGY The Story of Mining in New Mexico 9Y p AIG.E W. CHRISTIANSEN .lllustcr:(t~d by Neila M., P~;arsorz . -· SocoRRo 1974 NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING & TECHNOLOGY STIRLING A. CoLGATE, President NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES FRANK E. KorrLOWSKI, Director BOARD OF REGENTS Ex Officio Bruce King, Governor of New Mexico Leonard DeLayo, Supen'ntendent of Public lnstrnction Appointed William G. Abbott, President, 1961-1979, Hobbs George A. Cowan, 1972-1975, Los Alamos Dave Rice, 1972-1977, Carlsbad Steve Torres, !967-1979, Socorro James R. Woods, !971-1977, Socorro BUREAU STAFF Full Time WILLIAM E. -
Treating Gold Ores
Vol. VI, No.3 April I, 1935 Jlnintfsttp af Ari8nna iulltttn ARIZONA BUREAU OF MINES G. M. BUTLER, Director TREATING GOLD ORES (Second Edition) By T. G. CHAPMAN ARIZONA BUREAU OF MINES, METALLURGICAL SERIES NO. 4 BULLETIN No. 138 ptTBI.JSJID BY •••••lIIftIttv Iff ArtII1aa TUCSON,AlUZONA VoL VI, No.3 April 1, 1935 HOMERLERoy SHANTZ,PH.D., SC.D President of the University PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE C. Z. LEsHER, Chairman; G. M. BUTLER;P. S. BURGESS;R. J. LEONARD; M. P. VOSSKUBLER;R. H. GJELSNESS;H. A. PRAEGER ARIZONA BUREAU OF MINES STAFF G. M. BUTLER,Director E. P. MATHEWSON,Metalll1l"gist T. G. CHAPMAN,Metallurgist ELDREDD. WILSON,Geologist M.uut Em.E, Mining Engineer R. E. S. lIJ:mEMAN, Mineralogist G. R. FANSE'rr, Mining Engineer STATEMENTOF MAn:.mGPRIvn.EGE The University of Arizona Bulletin is issued semi-quarterly. Entered as second-class matter June 18, 1921, at the post office at Tucson, Arizona, under the Act of August 24, 1912. Acceptance for mailing at special rate of postage provided for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized June 29, 1921. Vol. VI, No.3 April 1, 1935 llnturrsitp of ~rt~ouu 1Bul1rtin ARIZONA BUREAU OF MINES G. M. BUTLER, Director TREATING GOLD ORES (Second Edition) By T. G. CHAf'MAN ARIZONA BUREAU OF MINES, METALLURGICAL SERIES NO.4 BULLETIN No. 138 PUBLISHED BY "niuusity of Arizona TUCSON, ARIZONA PREFACE As is stated by the author of this bulletin, it was prepared not to enable the owners of relatively small gold mines to decide what process should be used in extracting the gold from their ores, but rather, to acquaint them with the various processes available and the advantages and disadvantages of each of them. -
An Archaeologist's Guide to Mining Terminology
AUSTRALASIAN HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY, I5, I997 An Archaeologist'sGuide to Mining Terminology Ited 5as NEVILLEA. RITCHIEAND RAY HOOKER ing Iter the The authors present a glossary of mining terminology commonly used in Australia and New Zealand. The npl definitions and useagescome from historical and contemporary sources and consideration is given to those most frequently encounteredby archaeologists. The terms relate to alluvial mining, hard rock mining, ore rlll9 processing,and coal mining. rng. the \on resultantmodified landforms and relicswhich arelikely to be rnd Thereare literally thousandsof scientificand technicalterms ,of which have been coined to describevarious aspects of the encounteredby or to be of relevanceto field archaeologists processing metalliferousand non-metallic ores. working in mining regionsparticularly in New Zealandbut 1,raS miningand of M. Manyterms have a wide varietyof acceptedmeanings, or their also in the wider Australasia.Significant examples, regional :of meaningshave changed over time. Otherterms which usedto variants,the dateof introductionof technologicalinnovations, trrng be widely used(e.g. those associated with sluice-mining)are and specificallyNew 7na\andusages are also noted.Related Ito seldom used today. The use of some terms is limited to terms and terms which are defined elsewherein the text are nial restrictedmining localities (often arising from Comish or printedin italics. other ethnic mining slang),or they are usedin a sensethat While many of the terms will be familiar to Australian differsfrom thenorm; for instance,Henderson noted a number ella archaeologists,the authorshave not specificallyexamined' v)7 of local variantswhile working in minesat Reeftonon the Australian historical mining literature nor attempted to WestCoast of New T.ealand.l nla. -
Mining Archaeology in the American West
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln University of Nebraska Press -- Sample Books and Chapters University of Nebraska Press Spring 2010 Mining Archaeology in the American West Donald L. Hardesty Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/unpresssamples Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Hardesty, Donald L., "Mining Archaeology in the American West" (2010). University of Nebraska Press -- Sample Books and Chapters. 103. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/unpresssamples/103 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Nebraska Press at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Nebraska Press -- Sample Books and Chapters by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Mining Archaeology in the American West Buy the Book Historical Archaeology of the American West Series Editors Rebecca Allen Annalies Corbin Buy the Book Mining Archaeology in the American West A View from the Silver State Donald L. Hardesty University of Nebraska Press and the Society for Historical Archaeology Buy the Book © 2010 by The Society for Historical Archaeology All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hardesty, Donald L., 1941– Mining archaeology in the American West : a view from the Silver State / Donald L. Hardesty. p. cm. — (Historical archaeology of the American West) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978–0–8032–2440–7 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Nevada — Antiquities. 2. Archaeology and history — Nevada. 3. Frontier and pioneer life — Nevada. 4. Mines and mineral resources — Social aspects — Nevada — History. -
%, ^SS^-S/ 0 R~Z CITY OR TOWN: STATER >' ^ /;O/ CODE V ^ ^ S — ,DATE
Form 10-300 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STATE: (Rev. 6-72) NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Washington COUNTY: NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLAC ES Chelan INVENTORY - NOMINATION FORM FOR NPS USE ONLY ENTRY DATE (Type all entries complete applicable sectiona> SEP 1 7 W4 mmm^iiiiiimmmimimm COMMON: > Blewett Arrastra AND/OR HISTORIC: till :::;:il!IB::!!!§l;!ll!ilt:Sl^ STREET AND NUMBER: ^T ^J^ f~ ~. *.~\ ,., .^ h U.S. Route 97 CITY OR TOWN: CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT: #5 - Hon. Thomas S. Foley STATE 7 C°DE COUNTY: CODE Washington 53 litlllisiPJliiiiN;; • • •• - w- : -^;:^ ':"; ;-: ^ ^ ^- • ^ ; ' : •$$&&£% Chelan 007 STATUS ACCESS.BLE CATEGORY OWNERSHIP (Check One) TO THE PUBLIC Q District Q Building 0 Public Public Acquisitic n: Q Occupied Yes: ss i—i 1 1 • j 1 1 Restricted G Site Q Structure D Private Q ' n Proc< s J£j Unoccupied 3 Object D Both D Beip 9 C onsidered r-j Preservation work 09 Unrestricted in progress '— ' PRESENT USE (Check One or More as Appropriate) [~| Agricultural O Government [~| Park | | Transportation 1 1 Comments [~1 Commercial d Industrial [~] Private Residence f^i Other fSperfry) Q Educational 1 1 Mi itary | | Religious Roadside attraction I"! Entertainment CD Museum [~H Scientific iiillilllllllliiii^ OWNER'S NAME: STATE Washington State Department of Highways Washing STREET AND NUMBER: Highway Administration Building CITY OR TOWN: STATE: CODF rt o Olympia Washincrton 53 ^xf-^xf^wm&xxv&f&zs^^ |iiii$i*ii$i:^F:::;iis*ii: -i^^^^^-'^miiMm-^^^^M WS^.W:^\m:[:mWf:W^f^^^ COURTHOUSE, REGISTRY OF DEEDS, ETC: COUNTY: District Engineer, Washington State Department of Hiahwavs n STREET AND NUMBER: D 1551 North Wenatchee Avenue D CITY OR TOWN: STATE CODE Wenatchee Washington 53 ^.•.-.-pi*8ii8i$i*WMi*p^ .-.-.•.-.• .•^.•w.;.-.»V'?-x ! '. -
Geological Survey
WASHINGTON . GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. HENRY LANDES, STA TE GEOLOGIST. VOLUME I. ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1901. OLYMPIA, WA.Sa: GWIN HICKS, . STATE PRINTER, 1902. (} • BOARD OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. HENRY McBRIDE, Preaident. Governor of Washington. C. w. MAYNA.RD, Secretary. Treasurer of Washington. F. P. GRAVES, President of the University of Washington. E. A. BRYAN, President of the Washington Agrtoultural College and School of Soienoe. STA.FF OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. HENRY LANDES, • . State Geologist. Professor of Geology, University of Washington. SOLON SHEDD, • Geologist. Professor of Geology, Washington Agrioultural College and Sohool of Soienoe. w. s. THYNG, . Geol<Jg-ist. Professor of Mining Engineering, Washington Agrtoultural College and School of Science. D. A. LYON, Geol<Jgist. Late Professor ot Mining Engineering and Metallurgy, University of Washington. • LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. To His Excellency, HENRY McBRIDE, Governor of the State of Washing ton and President of the Board of Geological Survey: Srn-I have the honor to present herewith the annual report of the State Geological Survey for the year 1901. It embraces a preliminary account of the geology and mineral resources of the state, to which is added a bibliography of the literature re ferring to Washington geology. It is hoped that this report, while very general in its nature, may serve as a basis for more elaborate and detailed reports in future years. Very respectfully, HENRY LANDES, State Geologist. UNIVEBSITY OF W ASBING'l'ON, SJIIATTLE, March, 1902. CONTENTS. PART I. PAGEi, CREATION OF A STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,, BY HENRY LANDES, 3 Introduction . • . 3 The:La.w Establishing the Survey. 4 Organization of the Board of Geological Survey. -
Use Style: Paper Title
Comprehensive Advanced Specific Summarised Studies CASS-ISSN:2581-6403 HEB Design and Fabrication of Automatic Flour CASS Mill Plate Grinding Machine S. Arul Pradeep1*, K. Velmurugan2*, S. Gokul3*, S. Karthikeyan4*,VSK.Venkatachalapathy5* Assistant professor1,Professor2,Student 3,4, Professor5 Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering college, Puducherry Email ID: [email protected] ABSTRACT: This automated world insisting technology by which a process or procedure is performed without human assistance. Automation is the use of various control systems for operating equipment with minimal or reduced human intervention. In our daily life we come across several flour mills. Flour mills used to grind the grains or pulses and to produce flour. At present every flour mill use a pair of grinding plate inside them to grind the grains or pulses. These plates play important role in produce the fine flour in a single try. These plates contain 22sectos each contain 10 grooves which flow toward the center of plate. Nowadays the flour mill operators repeat the process s two or more times to get the desired fineness of flour. This is due to the wear of the grinding plates if the grooves on the grinding plate are in proper condition the machine can produce fine flour. After 10 cycles of grinding operation the plates has to be re-grooved. So has to produce a good final product as flour mills became the part and parcel of human life, using innovation in its structure is blindly required one. This proposed project flour mill plate grinding machine will replace the conventional machine by its cost effective way and economy of time in the process of re-grooving the plate.