DOCSLIB.ORG

THE STORY of MINING in New Mexico the Wealth Qjthe World Will B~ Jqund in New Mexico and Arizona

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE STORY of MINING in New Mexico the Wealth Qjthe World Will B~ Jqund in New Mexico and Arizona Scenic Trips to the Geologic Past Series: No. 1-SANTA FE, NEw MEXICO No. 2-TAos-RED RIVER-EAGLE NEsT, NEw MEXICO, CIRCLE DRIVE No. 3-RoswELL-CAPITAN-Rumoso AND BoTTOMLEss LAKES STATE PARK, NEw MExiCo No. 4-SouTHERN ZuNI MouNTAINS, NEw MExico No. 5-SILVER CITY-SANTA RITA-HURLEY, NEw MEXICO No. 6-TRAIL GumE To THE UPPER PEcos, NEw MExiCo No. 7-HIGH PLAINS NoRTHEASTERN NEw MExico, RAToN- CAPULIN MouNTAIN-CLAYTON No. 8-MosAic oF NEw MExico's ScENERY, RocKs, AND HISTORY No. 9-ALBUQUERQUE-hs MouNTAINS, VALLEYS, WATER, AND VoLcANOEs No. 10-SouTHwEsTERN NEw MExico N 0. 11-CUMBRES AND T OLTEC. SCENIC RAILROAD No. 12-THE STORY oF MINING IN NEw MExiCo The wealth Qjthe world will b~ jQund in New Mexico and Arizona. -Baron vonHumboldt, 1803 Political Essay on New Spain S.cet1ic Trips lo the (1eologi<;Pas(. N9.12 New Mexico Buteau of Mines & MineNll Resources ADIVISIQN OF NEW ME)(lCO•INS'f!TtJTE OF MINING &TECHNOtOGY The Story of Mining in New Mexico 9Y p AIG.E W. CHRISTIANSEN .lllustcr:(t~d by Neila M., P~;arsorz . -· SocoRRo 1974 NEW MEXICO INSTITUTE OF MINING & TECHNOLOGY STIRLING A. CoLGATE, President NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES & MINERAL RESOURCES FRANK E. KorrLOWSKI, Director BOARD OF REGENTS Ex Officio Bruce King, Governor of New Mexico Leonard DeLayo, Supen'ntendent of Public lnstrnction Appointed William G. Abbott, President, 1961-1979, Hobbs George A. Cowan, 1972-1975, Los Alamos Dave Rice, 1972-1977, Carlsbad Steve Torres, !967-1979, Socorro James R. Woods, !971-1977, Socorro BUREAU STAFF Full Time WILLIAM E. ARNOLD, Scientific lllustrat<ff LESLIE S. MaTT, Clerk-typist GEoRGES. AusTIN, Ind. Minerals Geologist NEILA M. PEARSON, Draftswmnan RoBERT A. BIEBERMAN, Petroleum Geologist THOMAS M. PLOUF, Research Extractive Met. LYNN A. BRANDVOLD, Chemist JAcQUES R. RENAULT, Geologist CoRALE BRIERLEY, Chemicall'Vlicrobiologist JAMES M. RoBERTSON, Mining Geologist CHARLES E. CHAPIN, Geologist RoNALD J. RoMAN, Chief Research Metallurgist RicHARD R. CHAVEZ, Technician JuDY RussELL, Editorial Assistant ]ILL CoLLIS, Secretary JAcKIE H. SMITH, Laboratory Assistant Lms M. DEVLIN, O$ce Manager WILLIAM J. SToNE, Hydrogeologist Jo DRAKE, Administrative Ass't & Sec'y JosEPH E. TAGGART, JR., Ass't 1\!Iineralogist RoussEAU H. FLoWER, Senior Paleontologist SAMUEL THOMPSON HI, Petroleum Geologist RoY W. FosTER, Petroleum Geologist RoBERT H. WEBER, Senior Geologist JoHN W. HAWLEY, Geologist SHIRLEY WHYTE, Stenographer RoBERT W. KELLEY, Edit<ff & Geologist MICHAEL W. WooLDR1DGE1 Scientific Illustrator Part Time CHRISTINA L. BALK, Geologist JAcK B. PEARCE, Director, Information Services RicHARD E. BEANE, Geologist JuDY PERALTA, Secretary CHARLES 0. GrucsBY, Ass't Curator JoHN REICHE, Instrument Manager CHARLES B. HuNT, Environmental Geologist ALLAN R. SANFORD, Geophysicist Graduate Students DAVID BRAUN DAVID L. HAYSLIP RoGER LEONARD DWIGHT CoLES STEPHEN C. HooK TERRY SIEMERS JosEPH DAUCHY JOSEPH !OVINI'ITI WILLIAM WILKINSON PluS more than 35 undergraduate assistants Published by Authority ofState of New-Mexico. NMSA 1953 Sec. 63-1-3 Printed by University of New Mexico Printing Plant. January. 1975 Available from New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources. Socorro. N.M. 8780 I Price $2.50 Contents Indian andSpa~11hMi~~~g ··~·····. Tfie. Fortnatfv<;: Ye!J.rs,)820 to ).8~0 · ..·. 23 Decade oftheSixties'-'fliepoorQp<;:us jl A Genuine E~cit~men( I ~70 to: 1~8.8.0' .42 TheApex, 1880 fc;> 1900 '58 ~iniig Potpourh · . 85 Epil()gue JOi · · Bibliography imdSources 106 IJ!deJ\ 111 PHOTOGRAPHS Relics from Santa Rita mine 21 AdoBe ftfrn~ee 22 ~ot:loc mihe · · 29· Elizab<;thtown, 1880 37 Old-time prospectors 40 Elizab.ethtown.l870's 44 ~axweH La:nd.Grant•mining districts, I 897 46 Cerrillos mining camp 49 One day's produclion, Golden 51 Ore wagons 52 Shakespeare camp 55 Silvercity, 1880 56 Locomotive "Baby" 60 Freight wagons 62 Hydi:aulic placer mining 64 .Bland, 1890's . 67 White 0 al.<s, .1890• 6.8 Coone~, f9 rs · . 7I U:S. Trea:suty·mine, Chloride 72 ·chlt>ridir,.l890 .75 Kingston, 189.0 ·.77 Stagecoach; lafe 19th century 78 Lake Vall<;:y, I.890's . 79. ''Br1dat9h~m.bex,".. Lakey~Jley 81 Madrid.coalmil1es 82 F;krning ealhp, I.88.0's · ~3 •• ':Wotk'in'g.the ''rocker" · 90· P.lacer operationusin.g asfuke 92 First Daily Newspaper, .Kingston 100 MAFS Maj~rrrii~ingcamps ~~lfpriitCip~l tr~d~centers vm 19th century railroads and flow of mirteral respurces 57 ~ineral Resources of New ~exico, 1974 103 Pro.logu(:! ·Asalit:ntf<\:ets.tC:lnds out in tne'bro~dly rd.manticand always exciting histocy of New Mexico, anddhat fact is dear and ~ure: mineral resources a:nd mining, at everyJevel a:nd in every perjod; ate central to the 'theme and story. A persistent th~me, onethM tmnscen.dslndian:, Spa!liatd.and American; and s11~ms to grow in strength and vitality with passage of time, it shows up in legends and folklore, and in a. small degree, gave the Indians of New Mexico and'the Southwesfa unique position in trade with other Indians. It laid the fcmndation fm the exploration and conquest of New Mexico, was the ·basis for a continuin:g 'dream of wealth in the minds of the Spanish, and has been a constant and vital theme dur!ngJhe c~ntilty'atig ahalfofAinetit;anoccup'ation in.New·Mex!co. The story has many facets. There is a: naturalness and simplicity in the Indian story .• T:he Spanish period smacks of legend rather than reality; of constant search and corrstant Jr~sttatioil arnid a. mrxtlir¢ ()f. reJigion, ·limited .technology and stubborn courag~. Yet . wiih jil the searching, the b.oi?e, tht:. ~ureness . that somewhere .near •was the outcrdp that spelled glory in Hie service .of Cath0lic Sp;tin, little or nothing of value was found. Change came quickly in the 19th century· as th.e westward movement of the American people swept across. New Mexico. Again the theme came alive; with more 0f 1:111 things needed to make the search exciting-even dramatic-if not always successful: technology, capital, increasing population, transportation, means to settle the hostile Indian question, and a culture that came to dominate and tame the environment. The mining history of New Mexico has the bulk of its detai1 in this century. In terms of production, only an insignificant amount of the total predates 1880. The epic tale sweeps headlong toward the last quarter of the 20th century with no weakening of theme. The reality of copper, uranium, petroleum, and other products that we equate with the great commercial enterprises so much a part of American society, did not dampen the persistent belief in the minds of the sean;hers that tliis W<lS the lanp of.quick. wealth, that i11 some refi10te ~avyon they W911ld ..fiud the s~ven Gold~n;Cities ofqibola; th~'my~hical band of.Quivita,m: th~ A. dams Piggings. The pinoned hills and t:ed {;)luffed canyons would then echo with tlie cries of "GOLD!"; cities would rise from the desert and mouptai~s,and . New ..Mexico woulcl take her rightful pla~e amo'ng, the .great bonanza.s. of the world: The story of mining in New. MeXico must be told in this framework-a rra:mewark that cotJ:di:tions th~ acts of men, the pplicies of nations, anp .the flow of empit:e.Ttis an iwperial theme.. · AckNOWLEDGMENrs-.-·-The author wishes to thank the following for their coopera~iori in the research and preparation of this book: The New Mexico State Records Center and Archives; The Bancroft Library, University of California at B.e.FkeJey; .. ·'Fhe :S peciat•Ce>llectioii6: Library;· ~imna-srma11·•hi•b>racy, Univetsi•ty•of N ew•. Mexico;" Speare·· Memorial• Libnrry;~ New· Mexico ; Institute C!!f Mining &: Technology; The U.S. Buteau of Mines; The Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe; and the New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources. My particular thanks to the staff of the New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources for reading the manuscript and making many valuable suggestions. Funds supplied by the New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources made the research possible. I I I. ··---.. -···--··-·-~- .. .. _ .. J MAJOR MINING <;:AMPS AND PRINCIPAL TRADE CENTERS. Indian and Spani~h M!1li11.g. To the Indraa.,'mines and mir1ei:al re~6urc~s calll~~ftom.b~M~oten(gpdsi arid were, like the Indiansfhemselves, a· part of rultu~e.llurtng th~: thov.sand·s·,ofyears wl\en the Indians· Were the sole occupants oft}ie .SouthWest,. their use 9fnrin~ral resources. was rudintentary :(;lndJargely acciden.tal: Prinritive:m.an sa~.tlrec~Hgfi,ting of a.fi:re OF use of a i:n.irieraf in the same senseth~t lie sl;lWhisabi.!ityt.crWlJ.lkorto use his arms. In the course· oLc.onstant mariipilla·tion of a·ni ~ti tude.~f.tlj)J~.9ts in nature, he chanced upon a new and useful resource_;mrneta:ls,, liJ.:V~ntion'i:rt primitive sqciety ·wasjpst al).other.aspect ofn:ature: a.' par1:uf nature's>power· tO. furnish man with certain novel devic:~s.. The·.Indian utilized whit h.efound in nature, foqools, decoration, tJade; aifdinhis telig~on; · · ·... .. .. /. .· , The Indians of New Mexico use.d a ni:lmber of mineral p:nt>d ucts. ¥any of the. silic:a. minerals, because of ha.rdness coupled with conchoidal fracJure,. have. the longest history ofco11ti~uous •use,. Jhe•. H\lalities. qfchert,. fliJ1t, · 9bsidi~n,. jasper, and ~ertaiir other.minerals meap.;t that witb. skilled handling; t1ley co~ld. be shaped into various toofs such as arrowheads: scrapers, sp·e~tpoints, and drills: Basic tools of various types were made during the long twilight of primitive man's. emergence in New Mexico.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times
    Growth under Extractive Institutions? Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times LETICIA ARROYO ABAD AND JAN LUITEN VAN ZANDEN This article presents new estimations of per capita GDP in colonial times for the WZRSLOODUVRIWKH6SDQLVKHPSLUH0H[LFRDQG3HUX:H¿QGG\QDPLFHFRQRPLHV DV HYLGHQFHG E\ LQFUHDVLQJ UHDO ZDJHV XUEDQL]DWLRQ DQG VLOYHU PLQLQJ 7KHLU JURZWK WUDMHFWRULHV DUH VXFK WKDW ERWK UHJLRQV UHGXFHG WKH JDSZLWK UHVSHFW WR 6SDLQ 0H[LFR HYHQ DFKLHYHG SDULW\ DW WLPHV :KLOH H[SHULHQFLQJ VZLQJV LQ JURZWKWKHQRWDEOHWXUQLQJSRLQWLVLQVDVERWWOHQHFNVLQSURGXFWLRQDQG ODWHUWKHLQGHSHQGHQFHZDUVUHGXFHGHFRQRPLFDFWLYLW\2XUUHVXOWVTXHVWLRQWKH notion that colonial institutions impoverished Latin America. Q WKH WDOHV RI XQGHUGHYHORSPHQW /DWLQ $PHULFD LV D IUHTXHQW FKDU- IDFWHU6FRUHVRIDUWLFOHVDQGERRNVDUHGHYRWHGWRWKHSUREOHPRIWKH /DWLQ$PHULFDQHFRQRPLFODJ*LYHQWKHULFKHQGRZPHQWVZK\GLGWKH UHJLRQIDLOWRFRQYHUJHWRWKHVWDQGDUGVRIOLYLQJRIWKHGHYHORSHGZRUOG" &RPSDULVRQVWRDYDULHW\RIGHYHORSHGDQGGHYHORSLQJFRXQWULHVDERXQG ZLWKWKHREOLJDWRU\FRQFOXVLRQRIWKHUHJLRQ¶VVTXDQGHUHGRSSRUWXQLWLHV WR MXPS RQ WKH JURZWK ZDJRQ ([SODLQLQJ WKH HFRQRPLF JDS EHWZHHQ /DWLQ$PHULFDDQGWKHGHYHORSHGZRUOGKDVPRWLYDWHGDODUJHVKDUHRIWKH UHFHQWVFKRODUVKLSRQWKHHFRQRPLFKLVWRU\RIWKHUHJLRQ VHH&RDWVZRUWK DQG6XPPHUKLOO +LVWRULFDOZRUNRQ/DWLQ$PHULFDKDVRIWHQORRNHGDWWKH³SDWKGHSHQ- GHQFH´ZKHUHWKHRULJLQRIWKHGHYHORSPHQWSDWKLVWUDFHGEDFNWRWKH FRORQLDOSHULRG (QJHUPDQDQG6RNRORII$FHPRJOX-RKQVRQDQG 5RELQVRQ $V -RVp 0DUWt QRWHG RQFH 1RUWK $PHULFD ZDV ERUQ ZLWKDSORXJKLQLWVKDQG/DWLQ$PHULFDZLWKDKXQWLQJGRJ &HQWURGH The Journal
    [Show full text]
  • An Environmental History of the Middle Rio Grande Basin
    United States Department of From the Rio to the Sierra: Agriculture Forest Service An Environmental History of Rocky Mountain Research Station the Middle Rio Grande Basin Fort Collins, Colorado 80526 General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-5 Dan Scurlock i Scurlock, Dan. 1998. From the rio to the sierra: An environmental history of the Middle Rio Grande Basin. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-5. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 440 p. Abstract Various human groups have greatly affected the processes and evolution of Middle Rio Grande Basin ecosystems, especially riparian zones, from A.D. 1540 to the present. Overgrazing, clear-cutting, irrigation farming, fire suppression, intensive hunting, and introduction of exotic plants have combined with droughts and floods to bring about environmental and associated cultural changes in the Basin. As a result of these changes, public laws were passed and agencies created to rectify or mitigate various environmental problems in the region. Although restoration and remedial programs have improved the overall “health” of Basin ecosystems, most old and new environmental problems persist. Keywords: environmental impact, environmental history, historic climate, historic fauna, historic flora, Rio Grande Publisher’s Note The opinions and recommendations expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the USDA Forest Service. Mention of trade names does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the Federal Government. The author withheld diacritical marks from the Spanish words in text for consistency with English punctuation. Publisher Rocky Mountain Research Station Fort Collins, Colorado May 1998 You may order additional copies of this publication by sending your mailing information in label form through one of the following media.
    [Show full text]
  • The Economics of Mining Evolved More Favorably in Mexico Than Peru
    Created by Richard L. Garner 3/9/2007 1 MINING TRENDS IN THE NEW WORLD 1500-1810 "God or Gold?" That was the discussion question on an examination that I took many years ago when I started my studies in Latin American history. I do not recall how I answered the question. But the phrase has stuck in my mind ever since. And it has worked its way into much of the history written about the conquest and post-conquest periods, especially the Spanish conquests. From the initial conquests in the Caribbean and certainly after the conquests of Mexico and Peru the search for minerals became more intensive even as the Spanish Crown and its critics argued over religious goals. In the middle of the sixteenth century after major silver discoveries in Mexico and Peru the value of the output of the colonial mines jumped significantly from a few million pesos annually (mainly from gold) to several tens of millions. Perhaps “Gold” (mineral output) had not yet trumped “God” (religious conversion) on every level and in every region, but these discoveries altered the economic and financial equation: mining while not the largest sector in terms of value or labor would become the vehicle for acquiring and consolidating wealth. Until the late seventeenth century Spanish America was the New World’s principal miner; but then the discovery of gold in Brazil accorded it the ranking gold producer in the New World while Spanish American remained the ranking silver producer. The rise of mining altered fundamentally the course of history in the New World for the natives, the settlers, and the rulers and had no less of an effect on the rest of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Division of Mines and Mining
    STATE OF WASHINGTON ARTHUR B. LANGLIE, GOVERNOR Department of Conservation and Development JOHN BROOKE FINK, Director THIRD BIENNIAL REPORT of the DIVISION OF MINES AND MINING For the Period Commencing January 1, 1939 and Ending January 1, 1941 By THOMAS B. HILL, SUPERVISOR J . w. MELROSE, GEOLOGIST OLYMPIA STATE PRI NTINC PLANT DIVISION OF MINES AND MINING Hon. John Brooke Fink, Director, Department of Conservation and Development, Olympia, Washington. Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith the third biennial report of the Division of Mines and Mining, covering the period from January l, 1939, to January 1, 1941. Respectfully, THOMAS B. HILL, Supervisor. DIVISION OF MINES AND MINING THOMAS B. HILL Supervisor SUMMARY OF MINERAL INFORMATION The present widespread interest in the mineral resources of Washington had its beginning in 1933 when the Director of the Department of Conserva­ tion and Devlopment devoted a substantial part of an allocation of $80,000 from Washington Emergency Relief Administration to mineral investigations. Two years later, the Division of Mines and Mining was created, and has continued the investigations, the work of compiling information and promoting the development of the mineral resources. Extensive information had been developed on the mineral resources of the State in the previous twenty-five years, largely through the Washington Geological Survey and the Division of Geology. This information had been published in some 50 or more bulletins and 1·eports, about half of which are now out of print. The information, while extensive, was scattered and in many instances fragmentary. The result of the work begun by the Department in 1933, and continued by this Division since 1935, is that now information is available on all the known mineral occurrences of the State.
    [Show full text]
  • New Mexico New Mexico
    NEW MEXICO NEWand MEXICO the PIMERIA ALTA THE COLONIAL PERIOD IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEst edited by John G. Douglass and William M. Graves NEW MEXICO AND THE PIMERÍA ALTA NEWand MEXICO thePI MERÍA ALTA THE COLONIAL PERIOD IN THE AMERICAN SOUTHWEst edited by John G. Douglass and William M. Graves UNIVERSITY PRESS OF COLORADO Boulder © 2017 by University Press of Colorado Published by University Press of Colorado 5589 Arapahoe Avenue, Suite 206C Boulder, Colorado 80303 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America The University Press of Colorado is a proud member of Association of American University Presses. The University Press of Colorado is a cooperative publishing enterprise supported, in part, by Adams State University, Colorado State University, Fort Lewis College, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Regis University, University of Colorado, University of Northern Colorado, Utah State University, and Western State Colorado University. ∞ This paper meets the requirements of the ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). ISBN: 978-1-60732-573-4 (cloth) ISBN: 978-1-60732-574-1 (ebook) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Douglass, John G., 1968– editor. | Graves, William M., editor. Title: New Mexico and the Pimería Alta : the colonial period in the American Southwest / edited by John G. Douglass and William M. Graves. Description: Boulder : University Press of Colorado, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016044391| ISBN 9781607325734 (cloth) | ISBN 9781607325741 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Spaniards—Pimería Alta (Mexico and Ariz.)—History. | Spaniards—Southwest, New—History. | Indians of North America—First contact with Europeans—Pimería Alta (Mexico and Ariz.)—History.
    [Show full text]
  • Two New Mexican Lives Through the Nineteenth Century
    Hannigan 1 “Overrun All This Country…” Two New Mexican Lives Through the Nineteenth Century “José Francisco Chavez.” Library of Congress website, “General Nicolás Pino.” Photograph published in Ralph Emerson Twitchell, The History of the Military July 15 2010, https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/congress/chaves.html Occupation of the Territory of New Mexico, 1909. accessed March 16, 2018. Isabel Hannigan Candidate for Honors in History at Oberlin College Advisor: Professor Tamika Nunley April 20, 2018 Hannigan 2 Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 2 I. “A populace of soldiers”, 1819 - 1848. ............................................................................................... 10 II. “May the old laws remain in force”, 1848-1860. ............................................................................... 22 III. “[New Mexico] desires to be left alone,” 1860-1862. ...................................................................... 31 IV. “Fighting with the ancient enemy,” 1862-1865. ............................................................................... 53 V. “The utmost efforts…[to] stamp me as anti-American,” 1865 - 1904. ............................................. 59 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 72 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • (LOWER PENNSYLVANIAN) in the PERMIAN BASIN Wayne R. Wright Bureau of Economic Geol
    DEPOSITIONAL HISTORY OF THE ATOKAN SUCCESSION (LOWER PENNSYLVANIAN) IN THE PERMIAN BASIN Wayne R. Wright Bureau of Economic Geology Jackson School of Geosciences The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas ABSTRACT Atokan-age units in the Permian Basin record a 2nd-order transgression, with aerially restricted, lower Atokan fluvial to shallow-marine siliciclastics followed by pervasive carbonate deposition. In general, Atokan-age siliciclastics dominated deposition in the west of the Permian Basin while carbonate deposition dominated throughout the rest of the basin. Predominance of carbonate facies across most of the Permian Basin is due to (1) lack of siliciclastic supply, (2) overall 2nd-order rising sea level, and (3) progradation of the Upper Marble Falls Formation onto the Eastern Shelf. Progradation was due partly to lower accommodation to the west and backstepping/retreat from encroaching Atokan deltaics to the east. The beginning of the Atokan is marked by a sea-level drop and subsequent lowstand conditions. A sequence boundary separates the Atokan from the underlying Morrowan carbonate section throughout the Permian Basin. Siliciclastic deposition in and around the Permian Basin is more aerially restricted than in the Morrowan. The earliest Atokan lowstand event is manifested in alluvial and fluvial incised-valley sediments in Lea County, New Mexico, and the Broken Bone Graben (Cottle County, Texas); fan- delta deposits in the Palo Duro Basin and Taylor Draw field (Upton County, Texas); and 1 post-Lower Marble Falls–pre-Upper Marble falls conglomerates (Gibbons Formation?) on the Llano Uplift. Following the lowstand event, a 2nd-order transgression appears to have dominated throughout the rest of the Atokan; however 3rd- and 4th-order, high- amplitude, sea-level fluctuations also occurred.
    [Show full text]
  • Billy the Kid and the Lincoln County War 1878
    Other Forms of Conflict in the West – Billy the Kid and the Lincoln County War 1878 Lesson Objectives: Starter Questions: • To understand how the expansion of 1) We have many examples of how the the West caused other forms of expansion into the West caused conflict with tension between settlers, not just Plains Indians – can you list three examples conflict between white Americans and of conflict and what the cause was in each Plains Indians. case? • To explain the significance of the 2) Can you think of any other groups that may Lincoln County War in understanding have got into conflict with each other as other types of conflict. people expanded west and any reasons why? • To assess the significance of Billy the 3) Why was law and order such a problem in Kid and what his story tells us about new communities being established in the law and order. West? Why was it so hard to stop violence and crime? As homesteaders, hunters, miners and cattle ranchers flooded onto the Plains, they not only came into conflict with the Plains Indians who already lived there, but also with each other. This was a time of robberies, range wars and Indian wars in the wide open spaces of the West. Gradually, the forces of law and order caught up with the lawbreakers, while the US army defeated the Plains Indians. As homesteaders, hunters, miners and cattle ranchers flooded onto the Plains, they not only came into conflict with the Plains Indians who already lived there, but also with each other.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Tailings1
    A HISTORY OF MINERAL CONCENTRATION: A HISTORY OF TAILINGS1 by Timothy c. Richmond2 Abstract: The extraction of mineral values from the earth for beneficial use has been a human activity- since long before recorded history. Methodologies were little changed until the late 19th century. The nearly simultaneous developments of a method to produce steel of a uniform carbon content and the means to generate electrical power gave man the ability to process huge volumes of ores of ever decreasing purity. The tailings or waste products of mineral processing were traditionally discharged into adjacent streams, lakes, the sea or in piles on dry land. Their confinement apparently began in the early 20th century as a means for possible future mineral recovery, for the recycling of water in arid regions and/or in response to growing concerns for water pollution control. Additional Key Words: Mineral Beneficiation " ... for since Nature usually creates metals in an impure state, mixed with earth, stones, and solidified juices, it is necessary to separate most of these impurities from the ores as far as can be, and therefore I will now describe the methods by which the ores are sorted, broken with hammers, burnt, crushed with stamps, ground into powder, sifted, washed ..•. " Agricola, 1550 Introduction identifying mining wastes. It is frequently used mistakenly The term "tailings" is to identify all mineral wastes often misapplied when including the piles of waste rock located at the mouth of 1Presented at the 1.991. National mine shafts and adi ts, over- American. Society for Surface burden materials removed in Mining and Reclamation Meeting surface mining, wastes from in Durango, co, May 1.4-17, 1.991 concentrating activities and sometimes the wastes from 2Timothy c.
    [Show full text]
  • Secretary Old Arrastra Gold Mining Co
    Wednesday, March 25, 1905 THE SUMPTER MINER &XWaMWWWMto t If you will plve us just n few min- i utes of your valuable timo we will briefly set forth the Merits and Future Possibilities of Our Property. We know we have a splendid Busi- ness Proposition, and believe we are rendering good service in spreading the Untinted Facts before you. We wish we had an hour to talk the mat- ter all over with you; better still, we should like to take you to our Property and show you every Foot of Gold Bearing Ground. Since these are impossibilities, for the present at least, we kindly ask you to listen to our story. We are an Incorporated Body, known as the OLD ARRA8TRA GOLD MINING COMPANY. The Capitalization has been fixed at One Million Dollars, Divided into One Million Shares of the Par Value of One Dollar Each. One half of this stock has been Reserved as Treasury Stock, the sale of whloh will provide ample funds to Further Exploit the Property and Purchase the Necessary Machinery to make it a steady and Profitable Producer. This Stock is and carries no Personal Liabili- ties. Since our Incorporation is Under the Laws of Arizona. It is also Fully Paid when the Certificate is Issued to the Purchaser. In view of our very reasonable capitalization, Net Profit of only Ten Thousand Dol- V lars Per Month, would pay Twelve per cent per annum, on the par value of the entire stock, or the Enormous Profit of .Ono Hundred and Twenty per cent per annum on the present price of Btock.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Fort Bascom in the Canadian River Valley
    New Mexico Historical Review Volume 87 Number 3 Article 4 7-1-2012 Boots on the Ground: A History of Fort Bascom in the Canadian River Valley James Blackshear Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmhr Recommended Citation Blackshear, James. "Boots on the Ground: A History of Fort Bascom in the Canadian River Valley." New Mexico Historical Review 87, 3 (2012). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nmhr/vol87/iss3/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in New Mexico Historical Review by an authorized editor of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. Boots on the Ground a history of fort bascom in the canadian river valley James Blackshear n 1863 the Union Army in New Mexico Territory, prompted by fears of a Isecond Rebel invasion from Texas and its desire to check incursions by southern Plains Indians, built Fort Bascom on the south bank of the Canadian River. The U.S. Army placed the fort about eleven miles north of present-day Tucumcari, New Mexico, a day’s ride from the western edge of the Llano Estacado (see map 1). Fort Bascom operated as a permanent post from 1863 to 1870. From late 1870 through most of 1874, it functioned as an extension of Fort Union, and served as a base of operations for patrols in New Mexico and expeditions into Texas. Fort Bascom has garnered little scholarly interest despite its historical signifi cance.
    [Show full text]
  • Treatment and Microscopy of Gold
    TREATMENT AND MICROSCOPY OF GOLD AND BASE METAL ORES. (Script with Sketches & Tables) Short Course by R. W. Lehne April 2006 www.isogyre.com Geneva University, Department of Mineralogy CONTENTS (Script) page 1. Gold ores and their metallurgical treatment 2 1.1 Gravity processes 2 1.2 Amalgamation 2 1.3 Flotation and subsequent processes 2 1.4 Leaching processes 3 1.5 Gold extraction processes 4 1.6 Cyanide leaching vs. thio-compound leaching 5 2. Microscopy of gold ores and treatment products 5 2.1 Tasks and problems of microscopical investigations 5 2.2 Microscopy of selected gold ores and products 6 (practical exercises) 3. Base metal ores and their beneficiation 7 3.1 Flotation 7 3.2 Development of the flotation process 7 3.3 Principles and mechanisms of flotation 7 3.4 Column flotation 9 3.5 Hydrometallurgy 10 4. Microscopy of base metal ores and milling products 10 4.1 Specific tasks of microscopical investigations 11 4.2 Microscopy of selected base metal ores and milling products 13 (practical exercises) 5. Selected bibliography 14 (Sketches & Tables) Different ways of gold concentration 15 Gravity concentration of gold (Agricola) 16 Gravity concentration of gold (“Long Tom”) 17 Shaking table 18 Humphreys spiral concentrator 19 Amalgamating mills (Mexican “arrastra”, Chilean “trapiche”) 20 Pressure oxidation flowsheet 21 Chemical reactions of gold leaching and cementation 22 Cyanide solubilities of selected minerals 23 Heap leaching flowsheet 24 Carbon in pulp process 25 Complexing of gold by thio-compounds 26 Relation gold content / amount of particles in polished section 27 www.isogyre.com Economically important copper minerals 28 Common zinc minerals 29 Selection of flotation reagents 30 Design and function of a flotation cell 31 Column cell flotation 32 Flowsheet of a simple flotation process 33 Flowsheet of a selective Pb-Zn flotation 34 Locking textures 35 2 1.
    [Show full text]