Chapter 4 Profile of the Study Area, Educational

CHAPTER 4 PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA, EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF THE SCHEDULED CASTE STUDENTS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POST-MATRIC SCHOLARSHIP SCHEME AND THE GOVERNMENT HOSTEL FACILITY IN AND AROUND PUNE CITY CHAPTER 4 PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA, EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF THE SCHEDULED CASTE STUDENTS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE POST-MATRIC SCHOLARSHIP SCHEME AND THE GOVERNMENT HOSTEL FACILITY IN AND AROUND PUNE CITY

4.1 INTRODUCTION: The present chapter is related with profile of the Study Area selected for the Research about the status of the Higher Education of the Scheduled Castes in Pune district and implementation the of Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme for the Scheduled Caste Students and the Government Hostel Facility. As the title of the research "Socio Economic Assessment of Higher Education among Scheduled Caste Students in and around Pune City in the Period 2001-2010" suggests, Pune City and the Area around the City is Study Area of the present study. But, to study all the tehsils around the Pune city is not possible due to large scope of the study area. Hence, only Pune City, Baramati and Purandar Tehsils have been selected for the Study and mainly for the assessment of the Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme and the Government Hostel Facility. The assessment of the Schemes is based on the responses of the students and hostellers, which are discussed in the next Chapter 5 of the Data Analysis and Interpretation.

Following paragraphs give brief introduction of Pune city, Baramati and Purandar tehsils. Before this, it is necessary to see briefly, the profile of Maharashtra and Pune District in Maharashtra.

4.2 PROFILE OF MAHARASHTRA STATE AND PUNE DISTRICT :

4.2.1 Profile of Maharashtra State : • Location and Geography of Maharashtra : Pune city, Baramati and Purandar are tehsils of Pune District. The District is located in the Maharashtra State. Maharashtra state is located in the Western India and has a long shore-line to its West. The State is bordered by Chhattisgarh in the East, Madhya Pradesh in the North, Karnataka in the South, Goa in the South-West,

(119) Andhra Pradesh in the South-East and Gujarat in the North-West. The total area of Maharashtra is 3,07,713 sq.km. The state is divided into four Physical regions i.e. Sahyadri Mountains, Coastal Region or Konkan, Plateau Region, Satpura Mountains and Tapi-Puma Valley. The map of the Maharashtra State is given below.

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Source: www.googleniapoflndia.co.in

Population of Maharashtra State : According to the Census 2011, the population of the Scheduled Castes in Maharashtra was 1,32,75,898 out of which 67, 67,759 were males and 65,08,139 were females. The proportion of the Scheduled Castes in the total population of the State was 10.2 per cent in 2001; it has increased to 11.8 per cent in 2011 in 2 Maharashtra. In the year 2001, out of the 59 Scheduled Castes in Maharashtra, Mahar, Mang, Chamar and Bhangi together constitute 92.4 per cent of the Scheduled Caste population. Mahars are numerically the largest in the Scheduled Caste population. Mahars constitute 57.7 per cent of the Scheduled Caste

(120) population; followed by 20.3 per cent Mang, 12.5 per cent Chamar, and 1.9 per 3 cent Bhangi.

• Education in Maharashtra : Literacy rate in Maharashtra is 82.34 per cent as per 2011 Population Census. Apart from universalization of Elementary Education, the State Government of Maharashtra is working for the expansion of opportunities in Higher Education. It covers Agriculture, Medical, Veterinary, Pharmaceutical, Engineering etc. along with general higher education. There are twenty Universities in Maharashtra, out of which, four universities are related to Agriculture; one for Health Sciences, one for Veterinary Science and one for Technology and other 13 universities are General universities. In addition to this, there are 21 Deemed Universities in the State.

For the educational development of Backward Class boys and girls, the Government of Maharashtra is implementing various schemes; it includes Free Education to Girls, Free Uniforms and Educational Equipment, Class Attendance Allowance to Tribal Students, various Scholarship Facilities, and Hostel Facilities for the Scheduled Caste students taking education in Primary to Higher Education Institutions.

In Maharashtra, there are 2,387 institutions for the Arts, Science, Law and Commerce, etc. and enrolment in these institutions is 15,06,275 students in the year 2012-13. The Educational Development Index is the new concept in the field of education adopted by Maharashtra for the improvement in the educational sector. The state has ranked 17"^ in the Educational Development Index at National level in 2010- 11; the Educational Development Index Value of the Pune district is 0.705, Ratnagiri district is showing highest Educational Development Index Value of 0.855 and Beed district is the lowest i.e. 0.591. There are 35 districts in Maharashtra of which Pune District is located in Western Maharashtra.

• Profile of the Pune District; The Pune District in Maharashtra has an old and bright history. It is an educational hub in Western Maharashtra. Baramati and Purandar tehsils and Pune City have played a significant role in the Maratha history and are developed tehsils in Pune district.

(121) Following paragraph describes the profile of the Pune district together with the Pune City, Baramati and Purandar tehsils. The map of the Pune District is given below. It also shows area selected for the present study.

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Pune City Purandar Baramati

Source: www.googlemapofIndia.co.in

Location and Geography : Pune district is located between 17° 14' and 10° 24' North latitude and 73° 19' and 75° 10' East longitude. It is located in the Central Western part of Maharashtra. The District has a Geographical area of 15.642 sq.km. Shirur taluka covers the largest i.e. 10 per cent area of the district. Pune district is bound by Ahmednagar district on North-East, Solapur district on South-East, Satara district on South, Raigad district on the West and Thane district on the North-West. Pune is the second largest district in the State. It covers 5.10 per cent of the total Geographical area of the State. The district is divided into three parts, viz, Ghatmatha, Maval and plateau .

(122) • Population: According to 2011 Census, the total population of Pune district is 94.27 lakhs consisting of 49.36 per cent males and 44.91 per cent females, 39.00 per cent population is living in the Urban area, where as, 61 per cent population is living in the Rural area. The density of Population of Pune district is 603 per sq.km. The total Scheduled Caste population in Pune district is 11.28 lakhs; this is 12.52 per cent of the total population of the District. The information about the Scheduled Caste population in tehsils of district is given in the Table - 4.1 of this Chapter.

• Administration: According to 2011 Census, the District has 14 Talukas. Pune City is the Head quarters of the Pune District. The District has 1 Zilla Parishad, 2 Municipal Corporations, 3 Cantonment boards, 11 Municipal Councils, 13 Panchayat Samitis and 1,407 Gram Panchayats. Local government is liable to provide essential services and implement various development plans and schemes sponsored by Central and State governments.

• Economic Scenario : Net income of the State at current prices for the year 2009-10 and 2010-11 was Rs. 1,06,957 and Rs.l, 27,176 respectively. It was 11.43 per cent and 11.08 per cent of Net State Income. The Per Capita Income of the District was Rs. 1,11,637 in the year 2009-10, which was higher than the Average Per Capita Income of Maharashtra i.e. Rs.74,027.

• Educational Institutions : Savitribai Phule Pune University, Bharati Vidyapeeth, Symbiosis etc. provide courses in Arts, Commerce, Science, Medical Science, Engineering, Computer Technology, etc. Other than these, Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, Karve Women's Education Institute, C-DAC, lUCCA, Bhandarkar Oriental Institute, Gokhale Institute, SNDT University, etc. are the Unique educational and research institutes. There are 48 Grantable Colleges of Arts, Science and Commerce, Education and Law in Pune Urban area and 49 Grantable Colleges in the Rural area.

(123) 4.3 PROFILE OF STUDY AREA - PUNE CITY, BARAMATI AND PURANDAR TEHSIL :

4.3.1 Profile of Pune City : • Historical Background of the Pune City : Pune was referred as 'Punaka Vishay' and 'Punya Vishay' and the City itself was known as Punakawadi. According to the historical evidences, the original name of the City may be Punyapur. For a long time, Pune was ruled by Muslim rulers. Shahaji Bhonsale {Chatrapati Shivaji's father) was Subhedar of Pune till the year 1630. After the end oi Peshwa rule in the year 1818, Pune was ruled by British. Today Pune city is famous as IT hub and an industrialized city.

• Location, Geography and Climate : Pune City is a plateau city, located near the Western margin of the Deccan plateau at 18° 13' North latitude and 73° 51' East longitude and about 160 km South-East of Mumbai. Pune city lies around the banks of Mula and Mutha rivers. Two other rivers, Pavana and Indrayani, flow to the North-Eastem borders of the Pune Urban area. The Pune city is surrounded by hills on the East and South. The climate of the City is moderate and pleasant. The average temperature of the City ranges between 11°C and 44°C. The rainfall occurs between June and October.

• Population: According to the 2011 Census, the population of the Pune City is 31,15,431 and Pune Metropolitan Region is 50,49,968. The City has the largest population in the district. There is a rapid growth in the population of Pune city. After 1991, there was rapid expansion in Information Technology (IT) industry and several Service Sectors. There are some reasons for the rapid population growth in Pune city.

• Economic Scenario: Only 3 per cent population of Pune city depends on Agriculture. 23 per cent of total working population is employed in IT sector and remaining was engaged in professional or business activities during the year 2008-09.

(124) Per Capita Income of the City in the year 2004-05 was estimated to Rs.36,500 and recorded an increase to Rs.60,000 i.e. by 1.8 times in the next five years. In the year 1985, there were a number of Manufacturing Units (4,529) and a turnover of these Manufatcuring Units was Rs.2,749 lakhs. In 2007, the number of manufactur ing Units have increased to 9,500 and its Turnover was Rs.52,000 lakhs. Other than this, the City has emerged as an important trading centre since a good banking system, communication, transportation, marketing and other facilities are available in the City.

• Administration of the City : The Poona Municipal Corporation was established in 1950 under the Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporation Act, 1949. According to the 74* Amendment, change in the Constitution of Pune Municipal Corporation took place in 1994. The Corporation constitutes of deliberative wing and administrative wing. Delibera tive wing is responsible for policy-making functions and administrative wing is the Executive wing. The Municipal Commissioner is the Head of the Administrative g Wing and has important powers and rights.

• Education: According to the 2001 Census, the Literacy Rate of the population in Pune was 77 per cent. The Literacy Rate for the Females was 72.2 per cent and for Males, it was 81.4 per cent. In 2011 Census, the Literacy Rate increased to 82.07 per cent Q with 84.96 per cent Males and 79.0 per cent Females being literate.

4.3.2 Proflle of Baramati: • Location, Geography and Climate : Baramati tehsil is located in the Eastern part of the Pune district of Maharashtra. It lies between 18° 2'44" N to 18° 23^19" North latitudes and 74° 13'8" E to 74° 42' 47" East longitudes. The river Nira flows West to East forming the Southern boundary of the Tehsil and the river Karha flows North-West to South-East. The tehsil is bounded by Indapur tehsil towards the East, Purandar tehsil towards the West, Satara district towards the South, and Daund Tehsil towards the North. The total Geographical area of Baramati tehsil is 1,382 sq.km., which is, about 8.80 per cent of total Geographical area of the Pune district. According to 2011 Census, there are 116 villages in the Baramati tehsil. The weather in Baramati is

(125) hot and dry. It is located in the rain shadow area and hence, rainfall is scanty. Shirsufal Lake is in this region.

History: Baramati is a well-known historical place in Maharashtra. It was ruled by the Yadavas of Devgiri and was later taken over by the Bahamani rulers of Gulbarga. Baramati was ruled by Bhonsale and was the part of supremacy of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. Around the year 1745, Shahu Maharaj handed over the charge of Baramati to Babuji Naik.

Population : The total population of Baramati is 4,30,010 among this 2,21,626 are Males and 2,08,384 are Females. Total Rural population is 3,56,253 and Urban population is only 73,757. The Sex Ratio in Baramati is 957.

Economic Scenario: The main occupation of the people in the Baramati tehsil is Agriculture. Wheat, Jawar, Sugarcane, Grapes and Cotton are the main crops grown here. Grapes and Sugar is exported from here. There is a huge Market place for Cotton and food grains. Many Sugar factories have been set-up in this area. Baramati uses 800 hectares of land as MIDC Industrial Area. The City hosts an agriculture development radio channel, first of its type in India. The name of the channel is 'Vasundhara Krishi Vahini' (tunes on 90.4 MHz locally). Another radio channel named 'Sharada Krishi Vahini' (tunes on 90.8 MHz locally); both have been started with the purpose of providing the farmers with reliable and latest information on climate, plant nutrition, production of seeds, fertilizers, markets, etc. Total 69,891 households are availing Banking Services in Baramati.

Education : 12 Literacy rate of the population in the tehsil is 83.43 per cent. Baramati has created a position for itself in the field of education. Baramati has three well- known education centers in the State. These are Vidya Prathishan Educational Institutes, Anekant Education Trust's Tulajaram Chatiirchand College and colleges of the Agricultural Development Trust. These offer various educational courses ranging from Schools to Junior College, General Higher Education, Engineering,

(126) Bio-technology, Agriculture and many more Professional, Technical and Manage ment courses. Other than these Vidya Prasarak Mandal's institutions, Malegaon, Maharashtra Education Society's Educational Institutions, Shri Chatrapati Shahu High School and Junior College, established by, Padmabhushan Dr. Karmveer Bhaurao Patil are some of the renowned educational institutions here. Podar International School in Baramati City is established in the year 2014 is a CBSE 13 affiliated school. It represents Baramati at International level.

4.3.3 Profile of Purandar : • Location, Geography and Climate : Purandar Taluka lies between 18°-17'-20" and 18°-17'-34" North latitudes and 73°-58'-29" East Longitude. Purandar Taluka is surrounded on the North by Haveli, and Daund Taluka on the East, on the South by Satara District and on the West by Bhor Taluka. Total geographical area of Purandar Taluka is 1099.73 sq.kilometers. The climate of Purandar Taluka is hot and dry. The West side of Purandar Taluka gets ample rain and East side of Purandar Taluka is getting less rainfall. The climate of Purandar Taluka is suitable for Horticulture.re..= There are two towns viz. Saswad, 15 Jejuri and 108 villages in Purandar Taluka.

History : The famous fort of Purandar was the main centre of activities in the Maratha period. Purandar is famous for the Purandar treaty which was signed by Shivaji and Mirja Raja Jai Singh. The first Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath lived here for a long time and died in Saswad, his 'Samadhi'is on the confluence of the Karha and Chambli River. Thus, Purandar tehsil was the main center of activities of the Marathas for Swarajya and hence is important historically.

Population : According to the 2011 Census, the total population of Purandar is 2,36,152; male population is 1,20,574 and female population is 1,15,578. The Sex Ratio in Purandar is 959.

Economic Scenario : In this region, crops like Jawar and Bajara are grown. The vegetables like Onions are also grown here. Climate oi tehsil is useful for Kharijf crops, i.e. Rice, Jawar,

(127) Bajra. The climate is also suitable for Horticulture, mainly for fruits like Figs, Pomegranates, Custard Apples, etc. In the tehsil, a total of 40,764 households are availing of banking facilities. Saswad is the market place in Purandar. Saswad and 17 Jejuri are the most developed towns of the Purandar tehsil.

Education: In the tehsil, many aided and un-aided educational institutions are functioning. Among the Higher Education Institutions, Acharya Atre (P.K. Atre) Vikas Pratishthan's Purandar College of Arts, Pune Zilha Shikshan Prasarak Mandal's Waghire Arts and Commerce College, Shri Shivaji Shikshan Prasarak Mandal's College, Shikshan Shastra Mahavidyalaya, etc. are well known.

4.4 TEHSILWISE POPULATION OF THE SCHEDULED CASTES IN PUNE DISTRICT : The following table indicates the tehsil-w'ise distribution of Scheduled Caste people.

Table - 4.1 POPULATION OF SCHEDULED CASTES IN PUNE DISTRICT (Figures in per cent)

Tehsil Census Years Tehsil Census Years 2001 2011 2001 2011 • Ambegaon 3.4 4.1 • Khed 3.9 6.7 • Baramati 14.1 14.9 • Maval 5.3 9.6 • Bhor 4.4 5.9 • Mulshi 8.4 10.5 • Daund 14.2 15.0 • Pune City 11.9 13.5 • Haveli 13.2 15.4 • Purandhar 6.6 7.2 • Indapur 14.7 15.9 • Shirur 7.3 8.5 • Junnar 4.2 4.4 • Velhe 5.0 4.8

Source : Pune District Socio-Economic Review, 2009-10, 2013-14.

The above table shows, the highest population of the Scheduled Castes is in the Indapur tehsil. The lowest population percentage is in the Ambegaon tehsil is 3.4 per cent. Pune City has 13.5 per cent of the Scheduled Caste population, Baramati has 14.9 per cent and Purandar tehsil has 7.2 per cent Scheduled Caste population.

(128) Compared to the previous 2001 Census, population in the 2011 Census of Scheduled Castes has increased. The following point describes the Educational Status of Scheduled Castes in the Study Area.

4.5 EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCHEDULED CASTES IN STUDY AREA: The following table indicates the strength of the Scheduled Caste students in Pune District, Pune City, Baramati and Purandar tehsils.

Table - 4.2 STRENGTH OF THE STUDENTS ACCORDING TO EDUCATIONAL LEVEL (No.of Students)

Educational Regions Reference Years Level 2002-03 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 • Primary • Pune District 99,095 1,47,652 1,65,969 2,05,532 • Pune City 40,415 55,123 74,880 1,20,410 (41.0%) (37.0%) (45.0%) (59.0%) • Baramati 4,817 6,774 9,134 10,074 (5.0%) (5.0%) (5.5%) (5.0%) • Purandar 1,725 1,715 2,295 2,736 (2.0%) (1.0%) (1.4%) (1.3%) • Senior • Pune District 12,177 14,865 16,341 15,441 Secondary • Pune City 1,909 6,871 9,082 7,435 (15.0%) (46.0%) (56.0%) (48.0%) • Baramati 944 262 1,004 774 (7.0%) (2.%0) (6.0%) (5.0%) • Purandar 519 277 452 397 (4.0%) (2.0%) (3.0%) (3.0%) • Higher • Pune District 3,723 3,388 9,672 9,745 Education • Pune City 3,023 1,972 6,567 6,587 (81.0%) (58.0%) (67.0%) (68.0%) • Baramati 193 297 762 770 (5.0%) (9.0%) (8.0%) (8.0%) • Purandar 14 22 189 198 (0.37%) (0.65%) (2.0%) (2.0%)

Source : Compiled and calculated from District Socio-Economic Review, Pune, 2006, pg 110-11, 2009 pg. 110-11, 2010, pg 136-37,2011 pg. 136-37, 2012 pg. 137-38.

(129) In the above table, the strength of the students according to the educational levels i.e. Primary, Higher Secondary and Higher Education levels have been indicated. The figures in the bracket indicate percentages to the total students in the District.

It can be seen from the table that, the total strength of the Scheduled Caste students enrolled in the Pune District for the Primary Education level are 99,095 in the year 2002-03. Out of this 41 per cent students are of Pune city, 5 per cent students belong to Baramati and 2 per cent are of Purandar tehsil. In the same year 12,177 students in the District enrolled for Higher Secondary; among these 15 per cent are of Pune city, 7 per cent are of Baramati tehsil and 4 per cent students are of Purandar tehsil. The students enrolled for Higher Education were 3,723 in the district; from Pune City 81 per cent, from Baramati 5 per cent and from Purandar 0.37 per cent students have enrolled.

It is reflected from the table that, as educational level increases, the strength of the Scheduled Caste students is decreasing, i.e. at Primary level, strength of the students is more compared to Higher Education level. It is also observed that every year students' strength at all educational level is increasing. The strength of the students is always higher in Pune city compared to Baramati and Purandar.

The information regarding the drop-out of the students is not available; hence, it is not possible to see how many Scheduled Caste students do not complete their education.

The details of Higher Education in Pune District and study area is not available, hence, following data of the Savitribai Phule Pune University is used for the study purpose. The data regarding enrollment and stagnation is also not available in the Savitribai Phule Pune University, so the Study has been conducted with the help of proxy data. Here registration percentage (registration for examination) is considered as enrollment of the students and failure percentages are assumed as Stagnation Percentages.

(130) 4.6 TRENDS OF THE REGISTRATION FOR EXAMINATION AND THE FAILURE RATE IN THE SAVITRIBAIPHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY FOR B.A., B.COM., AND B.SC. DEGREE COURSES :

The students at every stage of education are expected to pass the examination within the prescribed period. But if they fail and remain in the same class, repeat the same class and course, this process has been called the process of stagnation. Frequent stagnation leads to premature withdrawal of the student before completion of a course and leads to wastage. The wastage is of public money, wastage of 18 time, money and energy of the students is the effect of the stagnation. If failure increases, stagnation also increases and wastage of money invested by government in the form of scholarship and other incentives also increases. Hence failure among the Scheduled Caste students should decrease. The increasing enrollment shows the level and spread of education among the Scheduled Castes, hence, it is essential to study it as well.

In the following table, various percentages are shown. The purpose of showing and studying the percentages is discussed below for better understanding the data in the table.

• In the table, the percentages of the Scheduled Castes registered to total registration for examination is calculated. The purpose of showing these percentages is to study that among total students how many percentages of the Scheduled Castes have registered for exam and whether their percentages have increased or decreased.

• The purpose of showing percentages of the Scheduled Castes failed to total failed is that these percentages can show that among total students how many percentage of the Scheduled Castes have failed in the examination.

• The purpose of showing the percentages of Scheduled Castes failed to Scheduled Castes registered is to see what percentage of Scheduled Castes registered for the examination failed; it can show whether the failure and stagnation percentage is increasing or decreasing.

(131) In the data percentage of Scheduled Castes failed to Registered is considered as failure / stagnation. Also, if students registered for the October exams are included in the data, then the percentages of failure will be higher.

The following table indicates the number of students registered for and failed at F.Y.B.A. level examination in Pune University exam from 2001 -02 to 2010-11.

Table - 4.3 NUMBER OF STUDENTS REGISTERED FOR EXAM AND FAILED IN THE EXAM AT F.Y.B.A. LEVEL IN UNIVERSITY OF PUNE

Year Registered for ixam Failed in Exam. Percentage of Total Sche Percen Total Sche Percen Scheduled Nos. duled tage of Nos. duled tage of Castes failed Castes Scheduled Castes Scheduled to Scheduled Castes to Castes to Castes Total Total Registered 2000-01 43,394 4,827 11.12 24,034 2,775 11.55 57.49 2001-02 54,047 5,577 10.32 33,171 3,516 10.60 63.04 2003-04 44,077 4,675 10.61 27,410 3,032 11.06 64.86 2004-05 10,907 368 3.37 6,610 214 3.24 58.15 2007-08 44,862 763 1.70 27,988 515 1.84 67.50 2008-09 53,345 778 1.46 34,716 600 1.73 77.12 2009-10 61,689 1,020 1.65 41,414 737 1.78 72.25 2010-11 9,183 892 9.71 5,985 606 10.13 67.94 Source : Compiled and Calculated from the Reports of the University of Pune, for the years 2000-01, 2001-02, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2007-08, 2008-09, 2,009-10 and 2010-11.

From the above table, it can be observed that percentage of the Scheduled Caste students registered for examination has declined from 11.12 per cent to 9.71 per cent during the period of 2001-02 to 2010-11. The percentage of the failed Scheduled Caste students to total failed, total students has declined from 11.54 per cent to 10.13 per cent. The percentage of the failed Scheduled Caste students to registered Scheduled Castes in the year 2000-01 was 57.49 per cent increased to 67.94 per cent in the year 2010-11. This rate shows that among the Scheduled Caste students, who have registered for exam, most of them, i.e. 77.12 have failed

(132) in the year 2008-09. It is also observed that the percentage of the Scheduled Caste students registered and failed was similar. Also there is a lot of fluctuation in the data available in the table.

It is found that at F.Y.B.A level registration of students for exam or roughly enrollment has increased and stagnation has also increased.

Following table shows Number of students Registered for Exam and Failed in the exam at T. Y. B. A. level in University of Pune exam.

Table - 4.4 NUMBER OF STUDENTS REGISTERED FOR EXAM AND FAILED IN THE EXAM AT T.Y.B.A. LEVEL IN UNIVERSITY OF PUNE

Year Registered for ixam Failed in Exam. Percentage of Total Sche Percen Total Sche Percen Scheduled Nos. duled tage of Nos. duled tage of Castes failed Castes Scheduled Castes Scheduled to Scheduled Castes to Castes to Castes Total Total Registered 2001-02 25,704 2,166 8.43 12,087 1,084 8.97 50.05 2003-04 27,945 2,945 10.54 12,653 1,374 10.86 46.66 2004-05 25,104 2,589 10.31 10,911 1,212 11.11 46.81 2007-08 30,091 3,656 12.15 13,020 1,718 12.43 44.26 2008-09 28,572 3,388 11.86 9,950 1,229 12.35 36.28 2009-10 31,491 3,375 10.72 10,532 1,357 12.88 40.21 2010-11 33,009 3,789 11.48 11,987 1,484 12.38 39.17 Source : Compiled and Calculated from the Reports of the University of Pune, for the years 2001-02, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2007-08, 2008-09, 2,009-10 and 2010-11.

The above table shows that the percentage of the Scheduled Caste students registered for examination at T.Y.B.A. level has increased during the above mentioned years. There is continuous increase in the number of students registered for the exam. It is also observed that, the percentage of the failed Scheduled Caste students has increased in the given period. The registration percentage of the Scheduled Caste students and percentages of failed students are similar. The

(133) percentage of the failed Scheduled Caste students to registered Scheduled Caste students in the year 2001 -02 has declined from 50.05 per cent to 39.17 per cent in the year 2010-11. Thus, it can be said that failure or stagnation in the exam has declined in the given period among T.Y.B.A. students of University of Pune.

The following table shows the number of students registered for and failed in the exam at F.Y.B.Com. level in the University of Pune.

Table - 4.5 NUMBER OF STUDENTS REGISTERED FOR EXAM AND FAILED IN THE EXAM AT F.Y.B.COM. LEVEL IN UNIVERSITY OF PUNE

Year Registered for Exam Failed in Exam. Percentage of Total Sche Percen Total Sche Percen Scheduled Nos. duled tage of Nos. duled tage of Castes failed Castes Scheduled Castes Scheduled to Scheduled Castes to Castes to Castes Total Total Registered 2001-02 31,676 2,572 8.12 17,761 1,767 9.95 68.70 2003-04 34,531 2,643 7.65 20,209 1,830 9.06 69.24 2004-05 8,047 827 10.28 3,862 420 10.88 50.79 2007-08 35,664 3,369 9.45 15,907 1,870 11.76 55.51 2008-09 46,284 4,474 9.67 29,237 3,231 11.05 72.22 2009-10 53,011 5,530 10.43 34,941 4,186 11.98 75.70 2010-11 4,327 386 8.92 2,848 281 9.87 72.80 Source : Compiled and Calculated from the Reports of the University of Pune, for the years 2001-02, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2007-08, 2008-09, 2,009-10 and 2010-11.

The above table indicates the number of students registered and failed in the FY B.Com examination during the above mentioned years. It can be easily seen from the data that in the given period registration rate is showing negligible increase and fail percentages has showed negligible decline. But the percentages of the Scheduled Castes failed to Scheduled Castes registered have increased significantly in the given period. This shows higher stagnations among the students studying in FY. B.Com.

(134) The following table shows the number of students registered and failed in S.Y. B.Com. / T.Y.B.Com. examination.

Table - 4.6 NUMBER OF STUDENTS REGISTERED FOR EXAM AND FAILED IN THE EXAM AT S.Y.B.COM. / T.Y.B.COM. LEVEL IN UNFVERSITY OF PUNE

Year Registered for Exam Failed in Exam. Percentage of Total Sche Percen Total Sche Percen Scheduled Nos. duled tage of Nos. duled tage of Castes failed Castes Scheduled Castes Scheduled to Scheduled Castes to Castes to Castes Total Total Registered 2001-02 33,163 2,105 6.35 14,140 1,213 8.58 57.62 2003-04 44,571 3,167 7.11 10,762 1,025 9.52 32.37 2004-05 49,166 3,294 6.70 23,442 2,061 8.79 62.57 2007-08 23,534 853 3.62 6,294 665 10.57 77.96 2008-09 30,946 2,567 8.30 9,611 1,003 10.44 39.07 2009-10 30,933 2,666 8.62 10,697 1,229 11.49 46.10 2010-11 29,048 2,552 8.79 13,533 1,460 10.79 57.21 Source : Compiled and Calculated from the Reports of the University of Pune, for the years 2001-02, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2007-08, 2008-09, 2,009-10 and 2010-11.

The above table makes it clear that there is an improvement in the registration of the Scheduled Caste students i.e. from 6.35 per cent in the year 2001-02 to 8.79 per cent in the year 2010-11 in S.YB.Com. / T.Y.B.Com. examination and an increase in the percentage in the number of failed students to total failed students. The percentages of the Scheduled Castes failed to Scheduled Castes registered shows negligible decline.

The following table shows the number of students registered and failed F.Y. B. Sc. examination.

(135) Table - 4.7 NUMBER OF STUDENTS REGISTERED FOR EXAM AND FAILED IN THE EXAM AT F.Y.B.SC. LEVEL IN UNIVERSITY OF PUNE

Source : Compiled and Calculated from the Reports of the University of Pune, for the years 2000-01, 2001-02, 2007-08, 2008-09 and 2,009-10.

The table makes it clear that the number of students registered for the exam has increased in the given period. The percentage of the Scheduled Caste failed students has increased from 7.94 in the year 2000-01 to 10.06 per cent in the year 2009-10. It is also found that, out of the Scheduled Caste students, who have registered for the examination, only 21.7 per cent have passed out and 78.31 per cent have failed in the year 2000-01. These numbers were low during the years 2007-09, and again increased to 83.38 per cent in the year 2009-10. This shows highest stagnation among the students taking education in first year for science.

The following table shows the number of students registered and failed in T.Y.B.Sc. Exam of Pune University.

(136) Table - 4.8 NUMBER OF STUDENTS REGISTERED FOR EXAM AND FAILED IN THE EXAM AT T.Y.B.SC. LEVEL IN UNIVERSITY OF PUNE

Source : Compiled and Calculated from the Reports of the University of Pune, for the years 2000-01, 2001-02, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2007-08, 2008-09, and 2,009-10.

The data given in the table above, shows that, the number of the Scheduled Caste students registered for T.Y.B.Sc. has increased in the given period and the percentages of failed students have also increased. It is easily said that the percentages of the Scheduled Castes failed to register has declined significantly over a period of time, which leads the researcher to conclude that there is a decline in stagnation.

Above data shows the need of proper compilation of data regarding the enrollment, registration for exam and failure of the Scheduled Caste students. From the above trends it is also found that there is a need for more efforts to increase enrollment and registration of students in higher education and to dechne the failure rate among the Scheduled Caste students at University level.

The following part of the Chapter focuses on the implementation of the Post- Matric Scholarship Scheme and the Scheme of Government Hostels in Maharashtra.

(137) 4.7 IMPLEMENTATION AND FUND FLOW OF THE POST-MATRIC SCHOLARSHIP SCHEME FOR THE SCHEDULED CASTES IN MAHARASHTRA AND IN STUDY AREA :

In Maharashtra state, Centrally sponsored Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme is an important scheme. Therefore, it is relevant to see the implementation process, physical and financial performance of the Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme for the Scheduled Caste Students and the Scheme of the Government Hostels in Pune. The criteria set for availing the Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme for the Scheduled Castes at National level and the Hostel facility at the State level are applicable to the students in Pune District, Pune city, Baramati and Purandar tehsil.

In Maharashtra, Social Justice and Special Assistance Department is responsible for promoting social, educational, economic interests of the weaker sections and in particular, welfare of the Scheduled Castes and Neo Buddhists (Scheduled Castes), Denotified Tribes (DTs), Nomadic Tribes (NTs), Other Backward Classes (OBCs), Special Backward Classes (SBCs) and Physically Disabled persons in the Society. The department is also accountable for protecting the above groups from 19 social injustice and all forms of exploitation.

The department is monitoring various Educational and Economic Development Programmes of the Government of India and the Government of Maharashtra. Other than these functions, establishment and maintenance of Government Hostels, verification of caste certificates issued by the competent authorities' are some of the important functions of the Department, which the Department executes through district administration.

4.7.1 Implementation and Fund Flow for the Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme in Maharashtra State and in the Study Area : The Ministry of Social Justice and Special Assistance Department implements the Post-Matric Scholarship for the Scheduled Castes and the Government Hostel Facility in Maharashtra. The Office of the Directorate and the District Welfare Offices help in the implementation of the Schemes.

(138) The following paragraph gives the details of the implementation Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme for Scheduled Castes.

On the basis of Funds Flow Chart-1 in the Chapter 3, it can be seen that in the State of Maharashtra, the funds for the Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme for the Scheduled Castes, flow from the Central Government to the beneficiaries' through six stages. The State receives the funds from the Central Government through the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. The funds in Maharashtra are passed on to the Directorate /Commissioner Office, Church Road, Pune. The Directorate of Social Welfare Department, Pune, is the State Nodal Department and responsible for the implementation of the Scheme in the entire state. It has the sole responsibility of disbursing the funds of the Scheme to all the Districts in the State.

Thus, the funds are transferred to the Divisional Office and further to District Social Welfare offices from the Directorate. The District Social Welfare Offices issues the cheques in the name of the respective educational institutions, who have applied for the funds under the Scheme and finally the institutions disburse the funds to the Scheduled Caste student beneficiaries by cheque. Frequency of scholarship given to the beneficiaries is normally once a year except payment of tuition and other non-refundable fees directly to the institutions. This system is applicable for the District Social Welfare Office of Pune District also.

The District Social Welfare Offices receive the Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme fund in two installments from the Directorate's Office of Pune. The District Social Welfare Officers are the Nodal Officers for the disbursement of funds to the various educational institutions, accounting and monitoring of the scheme. The District Social Welfare Officer arranges meetings with the principals of colleges to discuss the requirements of scholarship fund. Before releasing the scheme funds to the educational institutions, the Social Welfare Officer ensures about the last year utilization certificate and after verification, releases the scheme fund to the eligible institutions. After receiving the proposal from the institutions, the Social Welfare Department releases the first installment of the fund and the rest of the fund by cheque in the name of institutions.

(139) The State government has started a new procedure called the 'Budget Distribution System' for the disbursal of funds to the District Welfare Offices, where, the amount is paid in two installments. Every year, the first installment is given in the month of June and second installment in the month of July or September. This procedure is followed by the Government to avoid irregularities in the disbursement of the Scheme.

In most of the educational institutions, the Scholarship Section is responsible for the disbursal of the Scheme. It issues cheques in the names of eligible Scheduled Castes Sscholar Students. The manual process regarding the scholarship was in the existence till 2010.^^^

The System became online in July 2010 in Maharashtra, as e-scholarship scheme. Tuition and examination fee are released to the college through Electronic Clearance System (ECS) and maintenance allowance is released directly to the students' account. This e-scholarship system enables online application, automated approval, cancellation, verification and disbursal of scholarships. The system is adopted in Pane since 2010.

4.7.2 Process of Availing Scholarship : The students have to follow the online process, where they have to fill online application and submit certain documents for getting the Scholarship. The students have to furnish all the details about the academic qualifications, educational institutions etc. The basic certificates required for the scholarship is caste certificate, income certificate or declaration about income. Caste certificate is a proof showing that the student belongs to a particular caste ategory and is eligible for applying for the scholarship. Income certificate is a proof of the income of parents or guardian of the student. It shows that the income of the parents or the guardian is not more than the prescribed limit of the rules for getting the Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme for the Scheduled Caste students. If it is more than the prescribed limit, student will not be eligible for the Scheme. The Caste Certificate is valid if it is duly signed by the Tehsildar.

(140) After submission of the form, the time required for the disbursal of funds is generally 8 to 10 months in Pune. The District Social Welfare Office for Pune is at Swargate; it implements the Scheme, accepts grievances or doubts about the Post-Matric 22 Scholarship Scheme for the Scheduled Caste students and tries to clear them.

4.7.3 Physical and Financial Performance of the Scheme : The following table indicates the Budgetary Provision, Total Expenditure and Number of Beneficiaries of the Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme in Pune District. Tehsil-'wise data for the Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme for the Scheduled Caste students is not available, hence data regarding Pune District is included in the Study.

Table 4.9 PHYSICAL AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF THE POST-MATRIC SCHOLARSHIP SCHEME FOR PUNE DISTRICT

Year Budgetary Provision Total Expenditure Number of (Rs.in lakhs) (Rs.in lakhs) Beneficiaries 2001-02 26,230 26,230 5,683 2002-03 15,721 15,721 4,838 2003-04 27,713 27,713 5,730 2004-05 71,647 71,647 3,954 2005-06 53,268 53,268 7,851 2006-07 1,10,000 1,10,000 4,961 2007-08 6,65,000 6,65,000 16,142 2008-09 2,42,500 2,42,500 31,610 2009-10 6,80,658 6,80,658 46,396 2010-11 3,85,283 3,85,283 14,518 2011-12 6,67,854 6,67,854 16,831 Total 29,45,874 29,45,874 1,63,914

Source : Data collected under RTI (on 26/08/2013), from Social Justice and Welfare Department, Swargate, Pune.

(141) It is observed from the above table that, the Budgetary Allocation and the Total Expenditure and Number of Beneficiaries under the Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme for the Scheduled Caste Students are increasing every year. The beneficiaries of the Scheme which were only 5,683 in the year 2001-02 in Pune District have increased to 16,831 in the year 2011-12. The Budget and Expenditure was Rs.26,230 lakhs in the year 2001-02 has increased to Rs.6, 67,854 lakhs in the year 2011-12. This shows that due to the efforts taken by the Government, Expenditure and Number of Beneficiaries have increased for the Scheme in Pune District.

From the above information, it can be clearly seen that there is a well-defined structure for the implementation of the Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme for the Scheduled Castes. It is also clear that, despite certain fluctuations in the Number of Beneficiaries, Budgetary Provision and Total Expenditure on the Scheme in the period mentioned in the above table, the numbers of beneficiaries, budgetary provision and expenditure of the Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme for the Scheduled Castes has been increased.

The data available above in the above Table - 4.9 about the Physical and Financial Performance of the Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme for Scheduled Castes, process of availing Scholarship and Machinery of Service Delivery and Flow of Funds discussed in the point 3.5 of Chapter - 3 and point 4.7 of Chapter - 4, clearly shows that, the Hypothesis No.2, i.e. 'Implementation of the Post-Matric Scholar ship Scheme for Scheduled Caste Students is Effective' can be accepted easily.

The following paragraph discusses implementation of the Hostel Scheme in Pune and the process for getting admission in the hostels in Pune.

4.8 IMPLEMENTATION AND FUND FLOW OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSTEL SCHEME IN PUNE AND IN STUDY AREA : The Ministry of Social Justice and Special Assistance Department and Regional Department of Pune, look after the implementation of the Hostel Facility Scheme at State level in Maharashtra. The Department is assisted by District level Social Welfare Officers.

(142) The responsibility of the implementation of the Hostel Scheme at district level lies with the District Social Welfare Officers. The District Social Welfare Officers play an important role in the management and maintenance of the hostels in Pune. They are responsible for the routine maintenance of the hostel buildings. They are supposed to visit the hostels, make sure that the government rules are implemented in the hostels, make provision for hygienic food, release funds for the salary of hostel staff, etc. The welfare department at district level is also involved in monitoring and evaluation of the hostel construction. The officers of the Public Works Department and Rectors are also supposed to monitor the hostel construction. Without complete and satisfactory construction of the hostel building rectors of the hostels do not take charge. The social welfare department provides feedback on functioning of hostels to the higher authorities.

For the management of the Hostel Scheme, there is a requirement of certain expenditure, which is provided by the State Government. It is provided to the nodal department in the districts and the District Social Welfare Officers provide the grants for staff salary and routine maintenance of hostel buildings and other ancillary activities and to the hostel wardens. It is reported by two wardens of the hostel in the Pune city that the funds for salary and maintenance are received in time. The stipends for the students are received quarterly.

The management and maintenance of the hostels is the responsibility of the State Government and therefore, the state formulates the necessary guidelines to maintain inter-district uniformity in the maintenance of hostels. The guidelines framed for this purpose are given to the hostel wardens who have to look after the hostels on a day to day basis. It is found that in and around Pune city, all the guidelines are provided to hostel wardens regarding management of hostels, procedures for admission of students, appointment of hostel staff, management of the mess, etc.

4.8.1 Admission of Hosteller Students in the Hostels : The Government Hostel facility in the Pune, provides accommodation for all outstation students on the basis of merit. Other than Backward Class Students; Orphan Students, Handicapped Students and Special Case Students are also

(143) considered for the admissions as per government rules. Earlier, the admission process was being done manually and the main office for admission related work was the Sant Dnyaneshwar Hostel in the campus of Directorate of Social Welfare 23 Department, Church Road, Pune. Later on, students were applying to the hostels in which they want to take admissions. In the year 2014, online application and admission facilities for the hostels started in Pune. The website address for online admission in the Government hostels is http://mahaeschol.maharashtra.gov.in. The admission is based on the criteria of the Government discussed in the Point 3.8 of Chapter - 3 of this Thesis. Thus, the Hostel Scheme is implemented in and around Pune City according to the norms laid down by the State Government.

4.8.2. Performance of the Scheme of Government Hostels : In the following paragraphs. Physical and Financial performance of the Scheme is studied to get an idea of the implementation and success of the Scheme. But, the data about the Number of Beneficiaries, Total Expenditure on Girls' and Boys' Hostels is not made available by the Social Justice Department, Pune; hence the data available in Pune District Socio-Economic Review from the year 2009-10 to 2011 -12 has been used here, for the understanding of total seats allotted and number of Hostellers in all the hostels of Pune. Also, the data made available by the wardens of three hostels is used for the purpose of the study.

The strength of the Government Hostels in Pune District and tehsilsis discussed in the Table - 4.10 on the next page.

In the Table - 4.10 on the next page, the strength of the Government and the Aided- Hostels is shown for the years 2009-10, 2010-11 and 2011-12. In the Government Hostels, the Government is providing all the facilities to the students, free of cost, whereas, in Aided Hostels run by the private institutions, NGOs, etc. the students have to take care of their mess bills, and the state government only provides, the salary of the staff in the form of a grant. Hence these hostels are called as Grant-in-Aid or Aided Hostels.

(144) Table - 4.10 STRENGTH OF THE GOVERNMENT HOSTELS IN PUNE DISTRICT

Name of 2009-10 2010-11 201 1-12 the Tehsil Govt. Aided Govt. Aided Govt. Aided Hostels Hostels Hostels Hostels Hostels Hostels Junnar 0 26 0 27 0 27 Ambegaon 0 12 1 11 0 11 Shirur 1 3 1 3 1 3 Khed 2 8 2 8 2 8 Maval 0 1 0 1 0 1 Mulshi 0 1 0 1 0 2 Haveli 0 3 0 6 0 6 Pune City 7 10 8 8 7 8 Daund 1 7 1 8 1 8 Purandhar 1 1 2 1 1 1 Velhe 0 1 0 1 0 1 Bhor 1 1 1 1 1 1 Baramati 2 2 3 2 3 2 Indapur 2 6 2 9 2 9 Total 17 82 21 87 18 88

Source : Socio-Economic Review, Pune for the Years 2009-10, 2010-11 and 2011-12.

In the year 2009-10, there were total 17 government hostels, which became 21 in the year 2010-11 and further reduced to 18 in 2011-12. Till the year 2015, a total of 18 Government Hostels are functioning in Pune district.

A total of 82 Aided Hostels were functioning in the Pune District in the year 2009- 10 and their number has increased to 88 in 2011 -12. The number of Government Hostels in the year 2012-13 was 18 and the number of Aided-Hostels was 89, one additional Aided Hostel is functioning in Shirur tehsil as compared to 2011-12. 25 The highest number of Government Hostels i.e. 7 hostels are situated in Pune city. In Khed and Indapur 2 hostels each, in Baramati 3 and in remaining every tehsil one hostel each is functioning.

(145) According to the information in the above Table 4.10, Aided Hostels are more in Pune compared to the Government Hostels and in some tehsils, the Government Hostels are not available at all.

The following table indicates the Intake Capacity of the Government Hostels in Pune District for the four years i.e. 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12 and 2012-13.

Table - 4.11 INTAKE CAPACITY OF GOVERNMENT HOSTELS IN PUNE DISTRICT

Name of 2009-10 2010-11 201] -12 2012-13 the Tehsil Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Ambegaon 0 0 42 0 0 0 0 0 Shirur 0 75 0 75 0 100 0 100 Khed 75 75 100 75 75 75 100 75 Pune City 470 210 400 220 680 240 515 220 Daund 0 75 0 75 0 100 0 75 Purandhar 75 0 75 0 100 0 50 0 Bhor 75 0 75 0 100 0 75 0 Baramati 75 75 125 75 150 100 150 100 Indapur 75 75 80 75 75 75 100 80 Total 845 585 897 595 1,180 690 990 650

Source : Socio-Economic Review, Pune, for the Years 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12 and 2012-13.

In the above table, the intake capacity of the Government Hostels is given. Intake Capacity of the Government Hostels shows the total available seats in the hostels. It can be easily seen from the table that, the Intake Capacity of the Government Hostels has increased from the year 2009-10 to 2012-13. It is highest in the Pune City and Baramati.

It is very important to see the actual admissions given in the Government Hostels with the help of following table.

(146) Table - 4.12 ADMISSIONS GIVEN IN THE GOVERNMENT HOSTELS

Name of 2009-10 2010-11 2011 -12 2012-13 the Tehsil Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Shirur 0 21 0 50 0 50 0 40 Khed 75 75 85 75 75 75 75 66 Pune City 470 210 400 220 400 220 421 189 Daund 0 75 0 75 0 75 0 65 Purandhar 75 0 75 0 75 0 36 0 Bhor 75 0 75 0 75 0 48 0 Baramati 75 75 125 75 125 75 127 78 Indapur 75 75 80 75 75 75 96 78 Total 845 531 840 570 825 570 803 516

Source : District Socio-Economic Review, Pune, for the Years 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12 and 2012-13.

In the above Table - 4.12, the actual admissions given in the Government Hostels are mentioned. Compared with the Intake Capacity of students and Actual Admissions given in the hostels, it can be concluded that, in the year 2009-10, the admissions given in the Government Hostels are less than the Intake Capacity, though not much gap is seen in this year, a big gap between Intake Capacity and the Actual Admissions is observed in the year 2011 -12.

In the year 2009-10, compared to total Intake Capacity, 100 per cent admissions are given in the Boys' Hostels and 95.80 per cent admissions are given in the Girls Hostels. 100 per cent of admissions are given to the students in the Government Hostels of Boys, whereas, in the Government Hostel for Girls 90.77 per cent admissions of total Intake Capacity is given in the District. In the Pune City 100 per cent admissions against the total Intake Capacity of the Government Hostels are given. In the Baramati and Purandhar tehsil, fewer admissions are given compared to the Hostel Intake Capacity.

Thus, comparing the year-wise Intake Capacity in the Hostels, Intake Capacity is fully utilized in the year 2009-10 and 2010-11. In the year 2011-12, 2012-13 compared to Intake Capacity, fewer admissions were given to the students.

(147) The following Table-4.3 consists of the information collected from three Boys' Hostels named Sant Dnyaneshwar Hostel, Church Road, Pune, B.C. Boys Government Hostel (New) Yerwada, Pune, and B.C. Boys Government Hostel (Old) Yerwada, Pune. The remaining hostels have not sent the data regarding the total Hostellers admitted and the expenditure which government is doing on maintenance of the hostel.

Table - 4.13 CATEGORYWISE STRENGTH OF THE STUDENTS Categorywise Strength of the Students in Three Boy's Hostels

Year o 1 e U Z :3 § 00 z U U w O ca CL, E2 ^E2 C/3 CO > 00 O o 00 a o 2001-02 94 51 33 4 39 5 5 6 0 237 39.66 2002-03 89 39 34 5 34 1 5 8 0 215 41.39 2003-04 80 44 32 5 37 3 4 8 0 213 37.55 2004-05 98 50 55 6 38 1 8 8 5 269 36.43 2005-06 110 42 40 6 47 10 9 12 5 281 39.14 2006-07 116 52 52 3 45 10 — 7 6 291 39.86 2007-08 93 61 46 14 46 9 — 9 6 284 32.74 2008-09 129 52 32 3 53 7 — 12 11 299 43.14 2009-10 118 41 38 1 53 10 0 12 11 284 41.54 SC = Scheduled Castes; ST = Scheduled Tribe; VJNT = Vimukta Jati and Nomadic Tribes, SBC = Special Backward Class; OBC = Other Backward Class Source : Data collected from the District Social Welfare Department, Pune, under Right to Information (ITR).

The data in the above table, reveals that, in the period of 9 years, i.e. from the year 2001-02 to 2009-10, the total admissions and admissions of the Scheduled Caste students in the hostels have increased. The percentage of seats allotted to the Scheduled Caste is varying every year. From lowest 32.74 per cent seats allotted in the year 2007-08 to the Scheduled Caste students and highest 43.14 per cent seats allotted in the year 2009-10 are the range seen. Thus, average seats allotted in the mentioned years in the above Table are 35 per cent seats to the Scheduled Caste students, which are actually more than the percentages of Scheduled Caste population in the District.

(148) The expenditure on behalf of these students is given below in the Table-4.14. This is the amount, which, the State Government has provided for maintenance and facilities given to the students on food, mess, etc. The data is related to the three hostels mentioned above.

Table - 4.14 TOTAL EXPENDITURE ON SALARY AND MAINTENANCE ON THE HOSTELS OF PUNE CITY

Year Expenditure (Rs.) 2002-2003 18,65,492

2003-2004 30,64,036

2004-2005 39,83,587

2005-2006 44,43,489

2006-2007 52,06,361

2007-2008 47,74,413

2008-2009 50,50,093

2009-2010 75,43,776

Source : Data collected from the District Social Welfare Department, Pune, through an application made under the Right to Information (RIT) in 2013.

The expenditure shows an increasing trend from the year 2003-04 to 2009-10. In the year 2002-03 expenditure was only Rs. 18,65,492 and increased to Rs.75,43,776 in the year 2009-10.

From the above data, it can be seen that, the number of the Schedulec Caste bene ficiaries are more in the Government Hostels. Also the expenditure on the three hostels shows that expenditure is increasing in the given period. Hence it can be seen that the 'Implementation of the Scheme of the Government Hostels is Effective' in the Pune and in the Study area. This is supportive to accept Hypothesis No. 4 of the present study.

(149) SUMMARY: The present Chapter has introduced the Geographical, Demographic and Educational profile of the Study Area selected for research. It has also discussed the Higher Education Status of the Scheduled Castes in the Study area and implementation of the Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme and the Scheme of Government Hostels in the Pune District and the Study area. It is observed in the Chapter that, the enrollment of the Scheduled Castes in Higher Education is increasing gradually, but, overall educational development of the Scheduled Castes in the University of Pune, is not very impressive. It is also clear from the Study that, implementation of the both the Schemes in the Study Areas, is effective, as expenditure under the Schemes has increased, as well as, the Number of Beneficiaries of the Schemes has also shown an increasing trend, though this trend is very impressive in the Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme and it is not very effective, in the case of. Government Hostel Scheme in Maharashtra.

REFERENCES:

1 Patil Jyoti, (2013), 'The Pune Municipal Corporation : A Study of the Expenditure on Roads, During the Period from 1985-86 to 2008-09", A Thesis, Issue Date : 24- 01-2013, Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth, (www.shodhganga. inflibnet. in). 2 Census of India 2011, PCA Maharashtra 2011, (Release of Data) May 23, 2013, Director of Census Operations, Maharashtra. 3 Maharashtra, Data highlights : Scheduled Castes, Census of India 2001. 4 Economic Survey of Maharashtra, 2012-13. 5 Patil Jyoti, (2013), A Thesis. 6 Directorate of highr and Technical Education, District Socio-Economic Review, Pune, 2012, Maharashtra website. 7 Socio-Economic Survey of Pune City, 2008-2009, A report by B.D. Karve Resesach and Consultancy Cell, Karve Institute of Social Service, Pune. 8 Patil Jyoti, (2013), A Thesis. 9 Census of India 2011, Tehsil Profile. 10 Ogale S., Nagarale V., (2014), 'Agricultural Productivity of the Baramati Tehsil, Pune District (Maharashtra), lOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, Volume 7, Issue 5, Ver. II, May 2014, pg. 25. 11 http://www.punediary.com/html/Baramati.html

(150) 12 Census of India 2011, Tehsil Profile, Baramati. 13 Wikipedia. 14 http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/5896/ll/ll_chapter%203pdf 15 Census of India 2011, Tehsil Profile, Purandhar. 16 Waydande D., (2012), 'Historical Importance of Purandar Taluka of Pune District, Golden Rsearch Thoughs, Solapur, Vol.1, Issue. VIII, Feb 2012, pp. 1-4. 17 Census of India 2011, Tehsil Profile, Purandhar. 18 Report of Hartog Committee, 1929. 19 Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India in General and Social Sector for the year ended March 2013, Government of Maharashtra, Report No. 4 of the Year 2014. 20 Ministry of Social Justice and Special Assistance Department, Maharashtra, (Website for e-scholarship maha.gov.in) 21 A report on Evaluation of Post-Matric Scholarship (PMS) Scheme and Its Impact on the Scheduled Caste Students in the States of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhatisgarh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, Planning Commission, India, and PR. Memorial Foundation, New Delhi, February 2008, pg 4-8. (Also confirmed from the Officer Mr. Rahul of Social Justice Department, Swargate, Pune.) 22 Ministry of Social Justice and Special Assistance Department, Maharashtra (Website for e-scholarship maha.gov.in) (Confirmed from Social Welfare Officers). 23 Discussion with Hostel Rectors in the Pune City and Officers in the Directorate Office, Pune. 24 A booklet - Ministry of Social Justice and Special Assistance Department, Maharashtra, the Government on the Schemes of Social Justice Department, 2009-10. 25 District Socio-Economic Review, 2013, Pune, (Marathi).

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