CHAPTER III

MA TER1ALS & METHODS INDEX CHAPTER - III MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sr.No Description Page Nos 3.1 Study Area 51 3.2 Hydrology 51 3.3 Geology 52 3.4 Soils 52 3.5 Climate 53 3.6 Forest Types 54 3.7 Wild Animals 54 3.8 Agriculture 55 3.9 Materials Used 55 3.10 Methodology 57 3.10.1 Database Organization and Design Specifications 57 3.10.2 Database Design Specifications 57 3.10.3 Digitization of various layers and GIS Development 58 3.10.4 Analysis of satellite Images 59 3.10.5 Vegetation Classification Scheme 60 3.10.6 Satellite Data Analysis for Vegetation Classification 60 3.10.7 Forest Resource Base Calculation 61 3.10.7a Basis for Stratification of Forests 61 3.10.7b Field Survey and Data Recording 64

Tables

Tables Description Page Nos Table 3.1 Geographic Area, Forest Area and Population in Study Area 51 Table 3.2 Location Details of Sample Plots in Study Area 61 Table 3.3 Sample Plot Data Collection Form 66 Maps Maps Description MapNo-3.1 Map Showing the Study Area Location MapNo-3.2 Drainage Network and Water Bodies in Study Area MapNo-3.3 Thematic Map Showing Soil Depth in Study Area

Plates Plate Description Plate No. 1 Forest types in Sampling sites with Location in Lat/Long Plate No.2 Forest types in Sampling sites with Location in Lat/Long Materials and Methods

CHAPTER - III MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1.Study Area The study area is located in district of state, and it includes the , Haveli talukas and Pune Municipal Corporation(PMC) areas. The study area has 23,798. lOh'a of Government forests in these three areas and is situated between 18°16'45"N and 18°44'15" North latitudes and between 73°19'25"E and 74°12'00" East longitudes. It is bounded on the North by the Vadgaon, Khed and Shirur talukas, on the East by , on the South by Velhe, Bhor and Purandar talukas of and on the West by Mangaon and Sudhagad talukas of . The location of the study area is shown in Map No-3.1 The number of villages, towns, forest area, and human population as per 2001 census (Anonymous, 2001)are given in table No-3.1. Sr.No Sub- Geographic Forest area No of Population as district / Area in Ha in Ha Villages per 2001 taluka census. 1 Pune city 18400 235.0 PMC part 26,96,868 2 Haveli 133700 9967.2 133 13.46,346 3 Mulshi 103900 13595.9 147 1.27,305 Total= 256000 23798.1 281 41,70,519 > / Table No-3.1: Area Details of Study Area For the management, the forest department classified the area territorially into Pune, and forest ranges. The area included in the Pune range is in Haveli and Pune city talukas and the area of Paud forest range is in . These forest ranges are part of Pune forest division under Forest department. Government of Maharashtra. The western part of the study area is rugged. In the eastern part of the study area, the smaller chains of hills sink slowly into the plain, valleys become straighter and wider and the larger spurs spread into plateau.

3.2.Hydrology:-The stud} area is crossed by rivers and streams which take their rise in and near the Sahyadris and flow east. The chief river is the Bhima which crosses Northern part of the area. The main tributaries of the Bhima are Mula or Mula-Mutha and the Rauna. During the rainy season all of these rivers flow with a magnificent volume of water and during the hot season shrink to a narrow stream in broad

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3 Materials and Methods stretches of gravel. The study area has no natural lakes but several artificial lakes provide a considerable supply of water for drinking, irrigation and for the generation of electricity. Several noted water works and irrigation schemes are in existence, in the study area. These are, right and left bank Canal works for Irrigation, Khadakvasala reservoir for Supply of drinking water to Pune city and irrigation, and lake in . In Mulshi taluka, Mulshi reservoir is utilized for water storage, irrigation and Generation of hydro, electricity at Bhira in Raigad district. Temghar dam for Drinking water and Irrigation. Besides these lakes there are many locally important tanks used mainly for drinking water purposes( Anonymous, 1963). 5.3. Geology : The area is covered by thick pile of Basaltic lava flows of Deccan Trap of Upper Cretaceous to '"Palaeogene" age. The basaltic flows are of two type viz.compound "pahoehoe" and "aa" flows. The pahoehoe flows contain several units which vary in thickness from less than a meter to several meters. The compound pahoehoe flows generally underlie or overlie a thick succession of aa flows, thereby constituting a regional marker for correlation. The thick lava succession has been grouped into seven formations. The oldest Lower -ratangarh formation comprises of two compound pahoehoe flows and is restricted to the western boundary of the study area. The upper Ratangarh Formation, consisting only of compound pahoehoe flows are restricted to the central part in the Bhima valley. The basalts are essentially, tholeiites \Vithout any marked chemical variation. The basalts are intruded by dykes varying in thickness from 5-10 meters and at right angles to the walls besides horizontal joints. The dyke rocks are fine to medium grained and show sparse phtfmocrysts ( Anonymous. 2001a). The rocks exhibit a tendency to spheroidal weathering by the exfoliation of roughly concentric shells and hence rounded weathered masses called "boulders"" are very common. These are seen generally scattered along the foot hills of the hilly terrain throughout the area. Another structural feature is the prismatic and columnar jointing. These are generally observed in the step like series of perpendicular escarpments on the hill sides and slopes of the narrow winding valleys.

3.4.Soils: The soils .of the study area belong broadly to three classes, namely black, red and brown. In some places one class of soil blends with another in varying

52 Materials and Methods proportions and is in turn modified by sand, gravel, lime salts and other ingredients. The following are various soils in the study area. The black soil, is generally black or nearly black and has sometimes a grayish or bluish tinge. It is commonly found in layers several feet deep. The black soil belongs to the plain, comprising the eastern portion. The black soil by the side of rivers and large streams is usually of the great and uniform depth. It is sometimes found mixed with lime nodules, and occasionally from the action of water or the presence of mineral salts, it becomes stiff and clayey which except in years of heavy rainfall, lessens its richness. Excellent black soil of small and varying depth, with its surface covered with black basalt stones, is found on tablelands. These are particularly suited for the afforestation, because of their quality 1 of retaining moisture for longer time and crumbling instead of becoming hard due to the sun. The brown soil is found in the transition tract viz., the eastern part of Haveli taluka . These soils are always shallower and coarser than the black soils. They are often impaired by mixture of gravel but when watered by frequent showers, are generally well suited for afforestation. Due to soil erosion especially on steep slope lands, considerable loss of soil takes places, at times only bare rocks are exposed in the brown soil traps. The red soil, covers a considerable area, and is commonly found in the western portions of the study area. There are three varieties of red soils, pure red, upland and sandy. The pure red is lighter and richer than the others. The uplands is a reddish soil thickly spread over rock, and has been further classified into two classes according to the its depth and quantities of sand and friable stones, plain red land and hilly red land. Sandy The problems of erosion is most acute and severe in this type because of the slope of lands mostly unprotected by natural vegetation due to overgrazing. A rich alluvial soil ranging in color from pale yellow to dark brown, is deposited on the banks of the rivers, the Mutha and Indrayani in Haveli talukas. It is the richest soil of the area but it covers only a limited area( Annonymous, 1963). 3.5.Climate:- The maximum and minimum temperatures in the area are 40°C and 8'C. In April and May the maximum temperature at Pune often rises above 41°C and temperature as high as 41.8°- 42.2°C have been recorded. The annual total rain fall in the western part of the study area is 1500 mm to 2100mm and in the east it is between 300 mm to 600mm. The mean relative humidity varies from 21% to 81% in a year. In the year, 2005 The highest maximum temperature was 4 1.8 C. occurred in

53 Materials and Methods the month of May, lowest minimum temperature was 5.7 C, the maximum relative humidity was 90% , in the month of September(IMD,2006). Thunderstorms occur generally during the hot months of April and May before the onset of the monsoon in June, and in September and October associated with the withdrawal of the monsoon. Some of the thunderstorms in April and May are accompanied by squally winds, heavy rain and hail. Dews appear in the latter part of October and last till the end of February. The difference between the percentages of relative humidity in the morning and in the evening goes on increasing from October. The range of temperature between the daily maximum and daily minimum is fairly high. All these contributes to the formation of dew. Fogs are rare in the eastern plains. They occur in the early mornings in September, October, November, December and January (Annonymous, 1963).

3.6. Forest types:-

The types of vegetation occurring in the study area as per the 'Revised Classification of Indian Forest types' by Champion & Seth (Champion,1968) are, 1.Western Sub Tropical Hill Forests (8A/C2) and occur in the heavy rainfall tract in the West, occupying the higher elevations of the Sahyadri ridges and extending to some distance on the out lying spurs of the eastern flanks. It occurs as a strip between 650 to 1300, meters altitude. 2.Southern Dry Mixed Deciduous Forests(5A/C3), Teak (Tectona grandis) is the principal species, its proportion with other species, varies from place to place and forms the main timber bearing forest of this tract, 3.Southern Thorn Forests(6A/C|), are found in the Eastern part of the Haveli taluka. in all isolated blanks which are surrounded on all sites by revenue villages and subjected to excessive grazing and browsing. The vegetation is characterized by sparse stunted growth of Neem, Bor, Hivar, Henkal, and other deciduous species and the other forest type is, 4.Babul Forests (5/E3) occur in small patches in the rich alluvial deposits along the river banks.

3.7.Wild Animals: -Occurrence of wildlife in the area is now confined to some pockets which are located in inaccessible hilly areas or valleys of the where human population is scanty. The common wild animals found in the study area and their status and distribution is as follows. The leopard (Panthera parchts) is found in the forests of. Paud ranges. Striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) is a carrion eater which is found all over the area even in

54 Materials and Methods open grass pastures. The jungle cat (Felis chans), is found in large number, as it can thrive in open-grass pastures dotted with bushes, and in scrub jungle around human habitations. The common mongoose {Herpestes edwardsi) is common all over this region.The jackal (Cams aureus) and Indian fox (Vulpes bengalensis) are quite common in this area. Barking deer ( Muntiacus mimtjak) are found in small numbers in the Western Ghats .Wild Boar (Sits scrofa) is also seen in large numbers in the hilly forests in Paud ranges. They damage the bamboo plantations and adjoining agricultural fields. The mouse deer (Tragulus meminna) is reported to occur in higher reaches of Sahyadris but is very rarely seen. In addition to the above, Indian hare ( Lepus nigticollis), common Langur ( Presbytis entellus) are found through out the study area.

3.8.Agriculture :- The major crops in the study area are wheat, paddy, and pulses like black gram, yellow gram. In the Western part of the study area rice, is produced in hilly region of the terraces, in narrow valleys, and their bottoms also the millets such as nachni (hill millets), is cultivated. There is very good network of rivers and canals . they supply abundant water to the area for agriculture purpose, because of this abundant cultivation of vegetables, onions and sugar cane is practiced in the eastern part. A small proportion of linseed and groundnuts are taken out intermittently.

3.9.Materials Used:- In the following paragraphs description of different Maps, satellite images, ancillary data, instruments and software used and various steps and activities involved to carryout the research are explained .

3.9.1. Maps Follow ing maps covering the study area used. • Topographical maps of 1:50.000. scale prepared by Survey of India. • Topographical maps of 8inch to a mile ( 1:7920). 4inch to mile ( 1:15840) scale

ii Materials and Methods

• Forest Atlas of India .Prepared by the National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organization in 1976 showing forest resources map and forest type maps on 1:20,00,000 scale. • Forest management map as per the previous working plan for the period 1981-2001, showing forest compartments allotted to various working circles . • Forest Stock Maps prepared for all compartments during the years 1973 to 1978 and used for the previous working plan for the period 1981 -2001. • Thematic maps on 1.50000 scale for partial study area ( western part of the study area ) prepared by the Forest Survey of India in 1971 using Aerial photographs , depicting forest types by major species and density classes. • Map showing Forest Territorial Boundaries viz. Ranges, Blocks, Rounds, Beats and compartments. • The Pune district soil map prepared on 1:2,50.000 scale and printed on 1:500000 scale by the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSSLUP). • Digital Village maps for the Haveli and Mulshi taiukas excluding old villages, showing village boundaries and parcel boundaries (survey numbers) within each village prepared by the Maharashtra State Remote Sensing Application Centre ( MRSAC ), Nagpur. 3.9.2. Satellite Data Products: - To obtain the change in forest density during the last 30 years . and to study the impacts of population growth , development and forest management practices on the forests multi date satellite mages were obtained. Landsat MSS multispectral digital image covering the study area ( path 158. row 47. acquisition date, 26th January 1973) and IRS IC, LISS-I1I multispectral digital satellite image mosaics covering the study area pertaining to January 2004 are used.

3.9.3. Ancillary Data • Soil data:-Type , depth , erosion status ,drainage ,etc for each polygon type prepared by the National Bureau of Soil Survey and land Use Planning, Nagpur for each soil type polygon shown soil maps. • Details of Endemic, endangered, threatened flora ( BSI.2001)

56 Materials and Methods

• Census data for each villages in the study are for the years 1971 and as per year 2001 census and socioeconomic data. • Cattle population as per 2003 census. • Climate data - rain fall, temperature. • Extent of damage due to fire, grazing illegal cutting and other offences, etc • Previous forest working plan and the prescriptions given thereof. • Compartment History forms for the previous working plan • The land record of forest areas in the study area for newly included but not shown in the 8 inch to 1 mile and 4 inch to one mile topographical maps. 3.9.4. Instruments:- Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, magnetic compass, calipers, tapes 5mtr, 20 mts and 30 mtr, tree Altimeter to measure tree height, were used for field work. 3.9.5. Software:- GIS software - Geomedia Professional 5.2. Geomedia Grid 5.2, terrain analysis software, ARC GIS 9.1. ERDAS Imagine 8.4 image processing software, Microsoft Excel and Access data base software were used.

3.10. Methodology :

3.10.1.Database Organization and Design Specifications of GIS Layers To maintain accuracy and consistency, before starting the digitization work the database organization and design specifications for the GIS layers was planned and decided. The database for the research was organized by incorporating inputs from various sources. Geomedia Professional and Geomedia Grid GIS software(lntergraph,2004). were used to digitize various layers and for analysis and querying ERDAS. Imagine 8.4 satellite image processing software is used to classify and vectorise the digital satellite images. The input layers part of research database are. roads, villages, contours, compartment boundaries, drainage, range, round . beat and forest block boundaries, settlements, archeological and cultural sites. This includes the usage of spatial and non-spatial data from primary and secondary sources.

3.10.2.Database design Specifications

The following design specifications arc maintained while creating GIS database . • Location reference included Latitude- Longitude/Permanent features.

57 Materials and Methods

• Spatial data at 1:50,000 scale has been followed for all layers except forest compartments. • Forest Compartment boundaries were digitized from the 1:7920 , and 1:15840 Scale topographical maps. • Map projection: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection system , zone 43 and WGS84 datum have been used. • Map sheet-wise database creation was done • Pixel resolution is compatible to 1:50,000 mapping (0.5 mm = 25 m) • Registration accuracy of thematic layers has been within 1 pixel (RMS). 3.10.3.Digitization of Various Layers and GIS Development The topographical maps were scanned and the scanned individual topographical maps were geo referenced by creating a separate warehouse for each topographical maps. The projection system used was UTM. zone 43 and datum is WGS84. The following features from the 1:50000 scale .Survey of India topographical maps were digitized. ljStudy area boundary , taluka boundaries. 2.Transportation network- national highways, state highways, district highways. Seasonal roads, foot paths, cart tracks, and railways. 3)Drainage network, from this watersheds of reservoirs were delineated. 4) Water bodies (rivers , Reservoirs and canals) 5) Settlements - Point features. 6) Contours. 7) The archeological structures like forts, culture sites like temples were digitized as point features. 8) From 1:7920 and 1:16840 scale forest topographical the forest territorial Boundaries viz. Ranges. Blocks. Rounds. Beats and compartment boundaries were digitized. 9) Forest type maps by NATMO, F SI and forest working plan maps were scanned and digitized , to derive the forest types. The digitization work was checked for overshoots, undershoots, using GIS software tools, validate geometry, fix geometry, fix connectivity etc, and digitization errors were fixed. The water bodies and drainage network in the study are shown in Map No-3.2. Digital village maps from the Maharashtra Remote Sensing Application

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Center, (MRSAC), Nagpur showing the village boundaries with village names and parcel boundaries with survey numbers for the study area excluding Pune city taluka are available for the study area. These digital village maps were obtained for the study area from the MRSAC and geo-referenced them to the WGS84 datum and UTM projection system, zone 43, of the study area. The Pune district soil map obtained from NBSS&LUP(1995) on 1:250000 scale was digitized and soil attributes for each soil type polygon like parent material, soil depth class, particle size class, mineralogy class, calcareousness class, soil temperature regime, soil PH class, soil drainage class, ground water depth, surface texture, slope class, erosion class, surface stoniness, were linked to create a soil layer. A soil thematic map based on soil depth is given in Map No-3.3. Contours were digitized with the contour value as an attribute value to the contours, using Geomedia Grid tools the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for the study area was prepared .Average slope map was generated from the DEM and classified it into six slope classes , Level- (0° to 5°), Gentle (5.01° to 10°), Steep (10.01° to 15°). moderately steep (15.01° to 25°), Very steep (25.01° to 45°), and precipitous slope (over 45°), as given in the working plan code Maharashtra State for the forest management. The average slope map was vectorised using raster to vector tools in the Geomedia Grid terrain analysis software and the slope values were transferred to the vector layer by assigning grid code numbers. Aspect map was generated for the area for all the eight cardinal directions- N, NE. E. SE, S. SW, W and NW directions and flat lands, land with zero slope. From the DEM a three dimensional map is generated for visualizing the forest areas on different slopes and watersheds. 3.10.4. Analysis of Satellite Images :

Two multi date satellite images pertaining to the study area were obtained one of Landsat-MSS image acquired on 26th January 1973 and the other is IRS, L1SS-III image acquired in January 2004. From both the images subset maps were produced using ERDAS imagine 8.4 software. Radiometric and geometric distortions in Landsat 1973 data and JRS, L1SS-I11 data were corrected( Lillesand and Kiefer,2000)." Geometric distortions were removed by geo-referencing the image to map registration using Survey of India topographic maps on 1:50000 scale. The registration of image was performed using the nearest neighborhood re-sampling algorithm with first order polynomial. The root-mean square (RMS)error in registering the image is less than one pixel.

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3.10.5.Vegetation Classification Scheme The land cover has been classified into forests and non forests. Forests were again classified into forest density classes. The classification scheme used for digital satellite image classification is as follows. 1.Western Sub Tropical Hill Forests - dense and open forests, 2.Southern Dry mixed deciduous Forests - dense and open forests,, 3.Southern thorn forests - dense and open forests, 4.Scrub- dense and open, 5.Pasture lands, 6.Babul forests. 7.Agriculture , 8. Stone quarry and Water bodies. 3.10.6.Satellite Data Analysis for Vegetation Classification :- This process involved digital classification of two satellite images pertaining to January, 1973 January 2004. 3.10.6.a.Classification of Landsat image 1973 To classify the January 1973. Landsat image ancillary data is used. The ancillary data used are , forest stock maps prepared for the forest compartment during the years 1973 to 1976 for preparing the forest working plan for the period 1981 to 2001. stock map analysis details from the working plan showing the compartment wise forest types and density classes, forest vegetation maps prepared by the Forest Survey of India . only for the Western part of the study area showing forest types and density and Forest Atlas Map showing forest types of India as per Champion and Seth(1968), prepared by the NATMO.(1973). Using these maps training sites were given and the Landsat image was classified into the above land cover classes using supervised classification method in the FRDAS imagine 8.4 image processing software. The classified image results were compared with the ancillary data for verification. The classified image was vectorised using raster to vector tools in FRDAS imagine 8.4 .and the classified satellite raster image classification codes were transferred to these vector layer as an attribute. 3.10.6.^Classification of IRS , LISS-III , January 2004 image : Reconnaissance field survey was undertaken to get acquainted with the general patterns of vegetation in the study area. Major vegetation types and a few prime localities of characteristic types were recorded. The variations and patterns were observed on existing maps ' images. Traverse all along roads major drainage . and hilltops were made for collecting ground truth. Ten channel Magellan GPS hand set was used to collect latitude and longitude of "round truth data locations. An existing

60 Materials and Methods literature survey and interaction with field staff of forest department was also made for collecting existing knowledge database , and the Survey of India topographical maps were used for collecting ground truth and other ancillary data in conjunction with the GPS. Using the supervised classification tool in the ERDAS 8.4, the satellite image was classified into various forest and non forest types as mentioned in the vegetation classification scheme. The classification results were verified in the field with the GPS to check the classification accuracy. The classified image was vectorised using raster to vector tools in ERDAS imagine 8.4, and both the classified satellite raster images were brought into the GIS ,after projecting them to the study area coordinates. The 1973 and 2004 classified image results were used to compare the change in forest density during the period. 3.10.7.Forest Resource Base Calculations : 3.10.7.a. Basis for Stratification of Forests To estimate the growing stock from the forests, sample plots were laid in the forests j by stratified random sampling method. The reasons for the selection of this method are l.Staratification of the population into homogeneous strata can considerably improve the accuracy of the sample estimates, and 2.Staratified sampling provides a better cross-section of the population than the procedures of simple random sampling ( Chacko.V.J, 1965). The classified satellite image of IRS , LISS 111 ,2004 image was used to lay stratified random sampling plots in the forests . based on forest type and density .Sample plots were laid only in forest areas in proportion to their forest type area to estimate the growing stock . A total of 162 sample plots were laid in the study area based on the forest type and density stratification. The details of sample plots collected from each compartment are given Table No. 3.2. Table - 3.2 : Location of Sample Plots in the Study Area

PlotNo Longitude Latitude Compt No Date Village Taluka 1 73:41 32 18 27:01 176 9 Oct,2004 Aglambe Havel) 2 73.40:40 1 8.25 37 175 9 Oct,2004 Bahuh Haveh 3 73:40 51 18 25.54 175 9 Oct.2004 Bahuli Haveh 4 73:39:13 18 26:42 170 1 1 Dec. 2004 Bhagatwadi llaveli 5 73 39 05 1 8 27 29 193 1 1 Dec. 2004 Mulslii 6 73.38 53 18 27 59 193 1 1 Dec, 2004 Marnewadi Mulshi 7 73 38 34 1 S 29 24 158 11 Dec 2004 Ambeeaon Mulshi S 73 43 13 ^ ,8 23 53 217 8 Jan.20"5 Manewadi Ha\cli

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PlotNo Longitude Latitude C ompt No Date Village Taluka 9 73:43:17 18 19:58 202 8 Jan, 2005 Mogarvvadi Maveli 10 73:44:54 18:1951 203 8 Jan, 2005 Kalvan Haveli 11 73:45:55 18:19.54 180 8 Jan, 2005 Kalyan Havel i 12 73:44:19 18:20:25 205 9 Jan, 2005 Mordhari NV Haveli 13 73:43:41 18:20:24 204 9 Jan, 2005 Mogarwadi Haveli 14 73:43:38 18:20:52 206 9 Jan, 2005 Mogarvvadi Haveli 15 73:44:58 18:21:30 209 9 Jan, 2005 Mordhari NV Haveli 16 73:44:27 18:21 30 208 10 Jan, 2005 Ghera Singhagad Haveli 17 73:43:37 18:2235 215 10 Jan,2005 Sambarewadi Haveli 18 73:46:51 18.21 32 225 16 Jan,2005 Mordhari NV Haveli 19 73 46:40 18:21.17 212 16 Jan, 2005 Mordhari NV Haveli 20 73:45:52 18:21:49 223 16 Jan, 2005 Ghera Singhagad Haveli 21 73.46:58 18:22 11 225 17 Jan, 2005 Mordhari NV Haveli 22 73:47:13 18:22:39 227 17 Jan, 2005 Donje Haveli 23 73:48:40 18 23 08 231 17 Jan, 2005 Tanajmagar Haveli 24 73:48:17 182321 230 17 Jan, 2005 Sanasnagar Haveli 25 73:48:42 18:24:02 234 22 Jan, 2005 Sanasnagar Haveli 26 73:49:22 18:25 04 238 22 Jan, 2005 Haveli 27 73:50:03 18 26:04 237 22 Jan, 2005 Narhe Havel i 28 73:47:43 18 24 31 236 23 Jan, 2005 Nandoshi Haveli 29 73:47:12 18 23 45 229 23 Jan, 2005 Don|e Havel i 30 73:46.41 18 2351 229 23 Jan, 2005 Donie Haveh 31 73:45:09 18 22 58 219 6 Feb, 2005 Sambarewadi Haveli 32 73:45:28 18:24:17 220 6 Feb, 2005 Ghera Singhagad Haveli 33 73:45:23 18:23:22 220 6 Feb, 2005 Ghera Singhagad Haveli 34 73:51.09 18 24:45 240 13 Feb, 2005 Bhilarewadi Haveli 35 73:51:28 1 8 24 04 241 13 Feb, 2005 Bhilarewadi Haveli 36 73:53:12 18 2348 245 19 Feb, 2005 Goealvvadi Haveh 37 73 53:09 182426 243 19 Feb, 2005 Bhilarewadi Haveli 38 73:53:36 1824:52 244 19 Feb, 2005 Yavalewadi Haveh 39 73:25 50 18:36 30 102 20 Feb,2005 Pompgaon Mulshi 40 73:26 03 18:37:06 102 20 Feb, 2005 Kolwadi Mulshi 41 73:25:56 18:37 53 103 25 Feb, 2005 Visakhar Mulshi 42 73:25:01 18 3901 104 25 Feb, 2005 Mulshi 43 73:24:52 18:39 34 104 26 Feb, 2005 Devghar Mulshi 44 73:25:17 18:39 39 104 26 Feb, 2005 Devghar Mulshi 45 73:24:08 18 39 52 104 27 Feb, 2005 Devghar Mulshi 46 73:25 06 18:40 00 104 27 Feb, 2005 .lainbulne Mulshi 47 73 25:25 18 39 58 104 27 Feb, 2005 .lainbulne Mulshi 48 73:23:46 18 39 16 105 28 Feb, 2005 Peth Shahapur Mulshi 49 73:23.28 18 39 40 105 28 Feb, 2005 Peth Shahapm Mulshi 50 73 22.52 18 38 36 106 6 March, 2005 Peth Shahapur Mulshi 51 73:22:13 18.38:06 107 6 March, 2005 Mulshi 52 73:22:02 183729 107 7 March, 2005 Ambavane Mulshi 53 72:21 42 18 37 29 107 7 March, 2005 Ambavane Mulshi 54 73:21:56 18 37 02 107 12 March, 2005 Ambavane Mulshi 55 73:21:23 18 36 35 109 12 March, 2005 Ambavane Mulshi 56 73:20:13 18 35 55 1 19 12 March, 2005 Mulshi 57 73:23 34 18 35 35 120 13 March, 2005 Ambavane Mulshi 58 73 23:20 18 36 03 120 13 March, 2005 Ambavane Mulshi 59 73:21 37 18 36 34 1 10 13 March. 2005 Maigaon Mulshi 60 73 21 32 18 34 27 117 20 March. 2005 Telbaila Mulshi 61 73:20.01 18 34 45 121 20 March. 2005 Telbaila Mulshi 62 73 20:31 18 34 47 1 18 20 March. 2005 Telbaila Mulshi 63 73:28:38 18 30 35 139 26 March. 2005 Vandre Mulshi 64 73 28.05 18 30 20 138 26 March, 2005 Vandre Mulshi

62 Materials and Methods

PlotNo Longitude Latitude Compt No Date Village Taluka 65 73.26:58 18:30:15 137 27 March, 2005 Vandre Mulsln 66 73:27:13 18:30:07 137 27 March, 2005 Vandre Mulsln 67 73:55:06 18:30:07 1 15 3 April, 2005 Havel i 68 73:54:45 18:30:07 114 3 April, 2005 Mohamadwadi Havel i 69 73:55:05 18:27:47 265 3 April, 2005 Konve Bk Haveli 70 73:58:27 18:25:27 112 8 April, 2005 Wadki Havel i 71 73:59:11 18:25:01 111 8 April, 2005 Wadki Haveli 72 74:00:53 18:25:54 247 9 April, 2005 Lonikalbhor Haveli 73 74:00:26 18:25 28 111 9 April, 2005 Wadki Havel i 74 74:00 15 18:26.03 247 9 April, 2005 Lonikalbhor Haveli 75 74:01 25 18:26:00 248 16 April, 2005 Lonikalbhor Haveli 76 74:02:14 18:25:35 251 16 April, 2005 Lonikalbhor Haveli 77 74:0222 18:26:19 251 16 April, 2005 Lonikalbhor Haveli 78 73:57:20 18:28:06 264 17 April, 2005 Fursungi Haveli 79 74:04:59 18:31:24 258 17 April, 2005 Majgaon Haveli 80 74:07:25 18:31:36 257 17 April, 2005 Koregaon Mill Havel i 81 73:58:07 18:31:59 252 20 April, 2005 Maniri Bk Haveli 82 73:58:36 18:32:29 256 20 April, 2005 Manjn Kh Haveli • 83 73:58:56 18:32:44 256 20 April, 2005 Manjn Kh Haveli 84 74 01.09 18:35:10 254 23 April, 2005 Kesnand Haveli 85 7401:37 18:35:15 254 23 April, 2005 Kesnand Havel i 86 74:05:17 18:37:44 259 23 April, 2005 Dongargaon Haveli 87 74:06:33 18:37:25 259 23 April, 2005 Dongargaon Haveli 88 74.01:08 18:3803 255 28 April, 2005 Lomkand Haveli 89 73:53:09 18:37:28 246 28 April, 2005 Dighi Haveli 90 73 26:03 18:24 54 183 8 Mav, 2005 Dhamanhol Mulsln 91 73:25:39 18:24:23 149 8 May, 2005 Tamini Bk Mulshi 92 73:24:22 18:24:41 150 14 May, 2005 Tamini Bk Mulshi 93 73 24:35 18:24 53 150 14 May, 2005 Tamini Bk Mulshi 94 73:24 57 18:24 42 150 14 Mav, 2005 Tamini Bk Mulshi 95 73:26:46 18:25:55 147 14 May, 2005 Tamini Bk Mulshi 96 73:25.57 18:25:52 147 15 May, 2005 Tamini Bk Mulshi 97 73:24 38 18:25:37 152 15 May, 2005 Tamini Bk Mulshi 98 73:24 32 18:27:47 151 15 Mav. 2005 Tamini Bk Mulshi 99 73:24 51 18:28:03 154 22 May, 2005 Nive Mulshi 100 73:24 42 18:28:13 154 28 Mav. 2005 Nive Mulshi 101 73:25 03 18:28:48 155 28 May. 2005 Nive Mulshi 102 73:27 03 18:27:05 146 29 Mav, 2005 Tamini Bk Mulshi 103 73:27 18 18:26:56 146 29 May, 2005 Warak Mulshi 104 73:27 48 18:27:05 144 29 Mav, 2005 Warak Mulshi 105 73:27 30 18:25 47 184 30 Mav, 2005 Mulshi 106 73:30 09 18:25 29 182 3 June, 2005 Mulshi 107 73:31 17 18:25 38 192 3 June, 2005 Temghar Mulshi 108 73:29 58 18:21 10 186 5 June, 2005 Tav Mulshi 109 73:28:45 18:21 32 186 5 June, 2005 Tav Mulshi 110 73:28:26 18:21 52 186 11 June, 2005 Tav Mulshi II 1 73.27:07 18:21 41 200 1 1 June, 2005 Mulshi 1 12 73 27:51 182207 200 1 1 June, 2005 Gadale Mulsln 1 13 7331:16 18:23:50 179 2 Oct, 2005 Padalghar Mulsln 1 14 73 31:54 18:24 03 179 2 Oct, 2005 Mulsln 1 15 73 32:04 18:23 49 179 2 Oct, 2005 Admal Mulsln 1 16 73:36 15 18:25 44 189 3 Oct, 2005 Maleeaon Mulsln 1 17 73 3632 18:25 36 189 3 Oct, 2005 Malegaon Mulsln 1 18 73.35 01 18:28.11 194 8 Oct, 2005 Khaiavade Mulsln 119 73:34:46 1828 15 195 8 Oct. 2005 Kolwade Mulsh!

63 Materials and Methods

PlotNo Longitude Latitude Compt No Date Village Taluka 120 73:31:37 18 29:05 142 9 Oct, 2005 Male Mulshi 121 73:38:51 18 31.08 159 16 Oct, 2005 Daravvali Mulshi 122 73:38:54 18 31:28 159 16 Oct, 2005 Mulshi 123 73:36:33 18 31:06 157 17 Oct, 2005 Paud Mulshi 124 73:35:50 18 30:34 156 17 Oct, 2005 Kondavale Mulshi 125 73:37:31 18 33:45 197 22 Oct, 2005 Padalgharwadi Mulshi 126 73:38:02 18 33:45 197 22 Oct, 2005 Padalgharwadi Mulshi 127 73:39:00 18 33:30 199 23 Oct, 2005 Bhegadewadi Mulshi 128 73:38:55 18 33:00 199 23 Oct, 2005 Bhagadewadi Mulshi 129 73:37:05 18 35:30 179 24 Oct, 2005 Kemsewadi Mulshi 130 73:39 30 18 3429 164 24 Oct. 2005 Materwadi Mulshi 131 73:39:31 18 35.07 164 29 Oct, 2005 Mulshi 132 73:39:56 18 34:58 164 29 Oct. 2005 Ghotwadi Mulshi 133 73:41:47 18 33:16 166 30 Oct, 2005 Chande Mulshi 134 7340:49 18 34:18 165 30 Oct, 2005 Godambewadi Mulshi 135 73:49:22 18 31:20 169 6 Nov, 2005 PMC Havel i 136 73:44:17 18 33:55 167 6 Nov, 2005 Mulshi 137 7342:14 18 36:13 163 20 Nov, 2005 Marun|i Mulshi 138 73 21:52 18 3331 123 23 Nov, 2005 Bhambharde Mulshi 139 73:20:51 18 33:43 122 23 Nov, 2005 Telbai!?. Mulshi 140 73:2028 18 33:18 122 23 Nov, 2005 Telbaila Mulshi 141 73 21:31 18 33:16 123 26 Nov. 2005 Ekole Mulshi 142 73:20:45 18 32:22 124 26 Nov, 2005 Ekole Mulshi 143 73 21:02 18 32:01 124 26 Nov, 2005 Ekole Mulshi 144 73 22:02 18 32:05 125 27 Nov. 2005 Ekole Mulshi 145 73 22:07 18 32:16 125 27 Nov, 2005 Ekole Mulshi 146 73 25:01 18 32:18 134 4 Dec, 2005 Pnnpri Mulshi 147 73 25:17 18 31.04 135 4 Dec, 2005 Pimpn Mulshi 148 732406 18 31:06 131 10 Dec, 2005 Pimpn Mulshi 149 73:24:13 18 30:44 131 10 Dec. 2005 Piinpri Mulshi 150 73 2442 18 30:23 127 10 Dec. 2005 Pimpn Mulshi 151 7323:59 18 30:02 127 1 1 Dec. 2005 Mulshi 152 73:23.44 18 30:27 126 11 Dec. 2005 Ghutake Mulshi 153 73'23:20 18 30:44 126 11 Dec. 2005 Ghutake Mulshi 154 73:23 33 18 31.24 129 18 Dec. 2005 Adgaon Mulshi 155 73 23:20 18 31:12 129 1 8 Dec. 2005 Ghutake Mulshi 156 73:22:24 18 3055 126 18 Dec. 2005 Ghutake Mulshi 157 73:50:30 18 27 59 239 22 Dec, 2005 Parvati Havel i 158 73:50 11 18 28:11 239 22 Dec, 2005 Parvati Haveli 159 73:50:38 18 28:44 239 13 Jan. 2006 Parvati Haveli 160 73:50 12 18 29:07 239 13 Jan. 2006 Parvati Haveli 161 73:44:42 18 40:22 101 1 4 Jan. 2006 Parvati Haveli 162 7344:13 18 40.47 101 14 Jan,2006 Parvati Haveli

The locations of sample plots in the study area, road and rail network in the study area are given in Map No- 3.4.Photographs of forest types in a few sampling sites are given in Plate No. 1 and Plate No.2 . 3.10.7.b. Field Survey and Data recording Sample plots were laid in the forest areas following the stratified random sampling technique.

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r- CD CO 3 CO Sampling Site Photographs in Study Area

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PlotNo.5 :- 18:27:29,73:39:05 PlotNo.l7:-18:22:35;73:43:37

!••• PlotNo.22:- 18:22:39;73:47:13 PlotNo.32:-18:24:17;73:45:28

PlotNo.35 :- 18:24:04;73:51:28 PlotNo.136 :- 18:33:35;73:44:17 Plate No- 1. Sampling Site Photographs in Study Area Sampling Site Photographs in Study Area

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PlotNo.132:- 18:34:58; 73:39:56 Plot No. 124:- 18:30:34; 73:35:50

PlotNo.123 :-18:31:06; 73:36:33 PlotNo.87:- 18:37:25;74:06:33

PlotNo.l26:-18:33:45;73:38:02 PlotNo.160 :- 18:29:07;73:50:12

Plate No-2: Sampling Site Photographs in Study Area Materials and Methods

Figure 3.1: Arrangement of Sample Plot and Sub Plots

1m x -• Herbs Plot 1m lm ~ 1 m x 1 m

Shrubs & Natural "*"Regeneration Plot 5m x 5 m

Tree Plot 25m x25m

Im x lm x lm Im 25 Mtr

Sample plots of size 25mx25m size were laid in each forest type based on density of forests. The location ( latitude and longitude ) of the center of the sample plot was recorded with GPS handset. Forest type in the sample plot and canopy density in the sample plot were noted. All the trees in the sample plots were enumerated The tree species, tree height, girth at the base and breast heights, first branch height and the total top height of the tree from the base were recorded in the plot. Within each sample plot again four sample plots of size lmtr x 1 mtr size in all four corners of each 25 mtr plot and again one sample plot of 5meter x 5 meter size in the center of 25 mtr x 25 mtr plot were laid. The layout of sample plot and sub-plots within the sample plot are given in Figure-3.1.

In all the four corner plots, the herbs found and their numbers, were counted. In the center plot of 5mtr x 5mtr all the shrubs, natural regeneration found and their number were collected. Similarly occurrence of bamboo in the plot and its regeneration status was noted wherever found . This data was entered into Excel sheets for each plot and growing volume estimates were calculated. The tree volume regression equations for a few species developed by FSI, Dehradun were used and for other species for which these volume equations are net available, mensuration

65 Materials and Methods formulae were used to derive the tree volume. The data collection form used to collect sample plot data in the field is given in Table No 3.3.

Table No - 3.3 : Sample Plot Data Collection Form l.Location

Plot No : Compartment No : Village : Latitude : - : : Longitude: - : : Date : Forest Type : Crop Age Crop Density : - Notes :

2.Tree Measurements : ( Tree Altimeter Readings in %)

Tree Species Base GBH lsl Branch First Tree Top Tree top Remarks No Girth in Height ,in % Branch Height, in Height in Cms of Base Height % of base in Mtrs Cms Distance in Mtrs Distance 1 of of 2 of of of of

3.Shrubs : - Shrubs Plot:- 5m x 5m Plot Species Nos Remarks Species Nos Remarks Species Nos Rem

4.Regeneration of Tree Species

Regeneration of Tree Species :- 5m x 5m Plot , (Use Abbreviations for 1.Origin = Seedling/Coppice ; 2.Status : Write E = Established , U = Un-established , R = Recruit) ..Species Nos Origin Status Species Nos Origin Status Species Nos Origin Status

5. Occurrence of Bamboo

Code Class No of Clumps / hectare Status in the Plot 1 Pure 200 or more clumps / ha 2 Dense 100-200 clumps/ha 3 Medium 50-100 clumps/ha 4 Scattered Less than 50 clumps / ha 5 Absent No Bamboo

66 Materials and Methods

.6. Regeneration of Bamboo

Regeneration of Bamboo :- 5m x 5m Plot , Origin = Seedling/ Coppice

Code Class Description Status 1 Profuse More than 75% area covered with regeneration 2 Adequate 50 - 75% area covered with regeneration 3 Inadequate Less than 50% area covered with regeneration 4 Absent No Bamboo

7. Herbs Plot :-

Corner Plot- 1 , ( lm xlm) Corner Plot- 2, ( lm xlm) Species Nos Remarks Species Nos Remarks

Corner Plot - 3, (lm xlm) Corner Plot-4, ( lm xlm) Species Nos Remarks Species Nos Remarks

The compartment level incidence data regarding , weeds , tire incidence , grazing incidence , illicit cutting encroachments were collected from the stock maps prepared by the forest department during the periods 2004 to 2005 for the working plan. The data regarding social, economic conditions and the culture of local people and its influence on forest management were collected from secondary data available with the forest department and other Government records, published reports .etc. The forest types . and status were correlated with this information.

•i* *p *r *t*

67