Qom, Náboženské Centrum Íránu

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Qom, Náboženské Centrum Íránu Veronika Sobotková Daniel Křížek Qom, náboženské centrum Íránu Plzeň 2016 Obsah: Úvod ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 1 Geografie ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 4 Historie Qomu ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 5 1. Předislámská historie ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 6 2. Příchod islámu do Íránu ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 8 3. Formování ší‘itského islámu ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 10 4. Qom za abbásovského chalífátu ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 17 5. Mongolský vpád ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 20 6. Safíjovci ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 21 7. Qádžárovci ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 24 8. Dynastie Pahlaví ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 26 9. Revoluční hnutí 1977 - 1979 ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 32 10. Vývoj od roku 1980 do současnosti ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 36 11. Dnešní qomská hawza ( hawza ‘ilmíja Qom) ................................ ................................ ......................... 40 Islámská architektura a umění v Íránu ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 45 Architektura a kultura Qomu ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 52 12. Fátima Ma ‘ súma - hlavní posvátný okrsek a symbol Qomu ................................ .......................... 53 Život Fátimy Ma‘súmy ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 54 Historie svatyně ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 55 Současná po doba komplexu svatyně Fátimy Ma ‘ súmy ................................ ................................ ............. 57 13. Džamkarán ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 71 Historie místa ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 71 Architektura D žamkaránu ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 72 Dnešní kultura Džamkaránu ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 74 14. Další významné náboženské stavby v Qomu ................................ ................................ ........................ 75 Stará mešita / Imámova mešita ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 75 Páteční mešita ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 79 Imámzáde – hrobky světců ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 81 Zahrada zelených kupolí - Báq - e Gonbad - e Sabz ................................ ................................ .......................... 84 15. Významné civilní stavby Qomu ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 87 Bazár ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 87 Velký Tímče ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 88 Dům Hádždže ‘Alí ho Chána Zanda ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 90 Dům Jazdán Panáha ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 91 Nadžafího knihovna ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 92 16. Život a kultura v Qomu ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 100 Závěr ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 103 Přílohy ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 105 Významné osobnosti spojené s Qomem ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 105 Slovníček vybraných cizích pojmů ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 108 Použitá literatura ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 114 Abstract ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 122 Poděkovánı́ Tato kniha by nevznikla bez pomoci mnoha lidí a organizací. Poděkování patří univerzitě al - Mustafá International v Qomu, která umožnila skupině studentů a akademických pracovníků z Katedry blízkovýchodních studií Západočeské univerzity v Plzni studijní pobyty na půdě al - Mustafá International, které proběhly v únoru 2015 a 2016. Děkujeme všem vyučujícím, kteří nám připravili pestré a obohacující přednášky, a také všem pracovníkům univerzity, kteří nám organizovali doplňující poznávací a kulturní program, díky kterému jsme se seznámili blíže s historií Íránu a rovněž se současným životem v této mnohovrstevnaté zemi a zvláště v Qomu. Jsme rovněž velmi vděční za možnost přístupu ke vzácným fondům knihoven v Qomu. Zvláštní poděkování bychom rádi vyjádřili těmto lidem: H. I. ájatolláh Dr. Alireza A´rafi, prezident al - Mustafá International University H. I. Prof. Dr. Alí Abbasí, vi ce - prezident al - Mustafá International University for Research Affairs, vedoucí Sabbatical Leaves Council Dr. Hadží Dehabádí, bývalý děkan The International Institute of Short Term Education & Sabbatical Leaves, al - Mustafá International University H. I. Dr. Mohsen Malekafzali, děkan The International Institute of Short Term Education & Sabbatical Leaves, al - Mustafá International University Dr. Šahrijár Šudžájpúr, vedoucí oddělení Sabbatical Leaves, al - Mustafá International University Mahmúd Nazarí, lek tor a pracovník oddělení Sabbatical Leaves, al - Mustafá International University Mahdí Šamusiján, pracovník oddělení Sabbatical Leaves, al - Mustafá International University J. E. Alí Akbar Džowkar, Chargé d´Affaires Islámské republiky Írán v České republic e a taktéž ostatní pracovníci této ambasády J. E. Petr Štěpánek, Ph.D., velvyslanec České republiky v Islámské republice Írán a taktéž ostatní pracovníci této ambasády (foto MN) Studenti a vyučující Katedry blízkovýchodních studií s dr. Petrem Pelikánem na půdě al - Mustafá International University v Qomu v únoru 2016. Speciální poděkování patří PhDr. Petru Pelikánovi, který jednak zprostředkoval a zaštítil zmíněné výzkumné pobyty, čímž umožnil rozvinout dlouhodobou spolupráci mezi Západočeskou univerzitou v Plzni a al - Mustafá International University v Qomu, a rovněž se jako odborný konzultant
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