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The Role of Translation in Linguistic Standardisation Across Inuit Nunangat (Le Rôle De La Traduction Dans La Standardisation Linguistique En Inuit Nunangat)

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The Role of Translation in Linguistic Standardisation Across Inuit Nunangat (Le Rôle De La Traduction Dans La Standardisation Linguistique En Inuit Nunangat) The Role of Translation in Linguistic Standardisation across Inuit Nunangat (Le rôle de la traduction dans la standardisation linguistique en Inuit Nunangat) Noelle Palmer Mémoire présenté au Département d‘Études françaises comme exigence partielle au grade de maîtrise ès Arts (Traductologie) Université Concordia Montréal, Québec, Canada Avril 2016 © Noelle Palmer, 2016 CONCORDIA UNIVERSITY School of Graduate Studies This is to certify that the thesis prepared By: Noelle Palmer Entitled: The Role of Translation in Linguistic Standardisation across Inuit Nunangat and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Maîtrise ès Arts (Traductologie) complies with the regulations of the University and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the final examining committee: Philippe Caignon_______________________ Chair René Lemieux_________________________ Examiner Sherry Simon__________________________ Examiner Debbie Folaron_________________________ Supervisor Approved by ________________________________________________ Chair of Department or Graduate Program Director ________________________________________________ Dean of Faculty Date April 11, 2016 ABSTRACT The Role of Translation in Linguistic Standardisation across Inuit Nunangat Noelle Palmer The history of translation and the history of standardisation in Inuit Nunangat, the Inuit homeland in Canada, are closely intertwined. As the Inuit language varieties continually adjust to changing circumstances, translation has triggered standardisation; concomitantly, translators have proven active agents in the creation, implementation and rejection of standards. Missionaries used translation as a tool for religious conversion, and this was soon superseded by the assimilative non-translation policy of the federal government. Unfortunately, the exogenous domination over translation by these colonisers was to the detriment of the Inuit culture, inclusive of its language varieties. Now, as the Inuit have been regaining their intrinsic right to autonomy within a federation focused on French-English bilingualism, they are also confronted with a world increasingly dominated by English. To combat diglossia and revitalise their language varieties, the governments in Inuit Nunangat have been implementing demanding translation policies, and standardisation has emerged as central to their execution. The Qallunaat missionaries who first codified the way the Inuit spoke for translation purposes assumed control over the Inuit writing systems as they split the Inuit into orthographic camps along religious boundaries. Now the Inuit are reclaiming authority over their language varieties as they contemplate the possibility of a unified writing system that preserves their valued oral diversity. The relational dynamics inherent in translation studies proves a fruitful ground for considering the implications of translating the diverse Inuit writing systems into the traditionally Qallunaat concept of a written standard. iii UUKTURAUN – ILAUQTAT IHUMAGIȒAQ Mumiktitchiȓit Ilihimaqpaktuat Malirutaqȓangat Ikaaqhaaqlugu Inuit Nunangat Translated into Inuvialuktun (Uummarmiutum) by Lillian Elias Aipaarnihaqmumiktinniqaipaapakmumiktinikuniliȓaq Inuit Nunangatavugiiktuk. Inuit uqauhingatatlakayariiktut (uqauhiqqaqtutinmiktigun) atȓamikhimiraqtuthunahunauqautigikamiȓung, mumiktitchiniqunatikitkaatatauhimiktainiqtikitkaat; taitnaitkaluaqtilugu, mumiktitchiȓitnutqalaitchutmumiktitchiniku, iliȓivlutingihumamiktigunpiiqiȓaraqhutingilihimaqpaktuatmaliquȓanginnik. Ukpirniaqtitaturugaatkangiqitquvlugiukpirniarnimi, aquvatigun, malinagutigaatmumiktitchiȓitatungaiqługitmalirutalianunilivlugit Qaukłingit Kavamatunapitquȓanguqługuiłuaqhiniq. Aglaanmumiktitchiniqaulatararigaatatlat (Ilihimaniȓuattakpavanirmiut) iłuilikangit Inuit inuuniaruhingit, uqauhingitlu. Pangma, ahiin Inuit utiqtitchinagutiȓutihumamiktigualiqhutinguumaniIniqpangmiqaunagiȓani French Tanguȓarniluuqauhipayauȓat, tutqilipkararigaitpaaqłuktararigaitnunaaqhiqpaumtaniktunuqaqtualiqhuting. Paaqłaaglugiilihimaqpaktuat (nakiqtuangiluniuqauhit) taitnahutinguqauhitingavulługititarigaat, kavamat Inuit Nunvunganiilitquvialukaatmumiktitchiniqmalirutalianun, atautchikuuliquvlugitnalunaigiagutigaatpiyumaȓamingni. Ukuattanngitukpirniaqtuat, hhiuliuȓuataglaqapialaktuat Inuit qanuqatautchimuutingatuqauhitmumiktitchiniqihumagivlugit, ihumakamingataniqhulanahuikangat Inuit aglangningatiliȓaq. Una aglangniq (aglangniqiliȓangat) taitnahivuniȓiukangatavititquvlugi Inuit ukpirniarningatig. Pangmautiqchiniagaqhiȓutinmiktigunangalaninganikuqautchimingnikavulłiigingaȓuanikunahivun irivluguatauhimikaglangnirmikatulahitquvlugihinikhaqailihaqługiuqauhiqtinginuuniarutiktingliu qaqamingtutqiutikting. Aulaȓangatmumiktitchiȓuatilitchuriniaraqtutqanuququhitatȓigiingningat. Unailitchuripkaranaqihumakaptaluhimauhirluguaglangniqihumakigutigikput Inuit atauchikuuliqulvugitaglangnimik, ukuakaturkangaktaniktunfrenchtun. iv x9MymJ5 wMq5 – bri3noxaymJ5 scsys2 É2Xzªèis2 x©tz scsy3j5 xbsysozt5yAtk5 wkw5 kNzi Translated into Inuktitut (Nunavik) by Ida Saunders x©tc5bymJw5 wk4t©o3tEi3u x©tc5bymJw9l xbsysozt5yi3u4 wkw5 kNzi xbs5yƒ3ymÔ÷3g e5/¬tymI3tg5. wkw5 sçAyq5 GNius/si3uA5 sçAyq5H ÖmÊ5 xy5pic3Xoxt9lQ5 mo5ht4 x©t/3i4, wk4t©o3tEi6 kwMet5yymK6 xbsyozt5yQx3iu4; ryxi ÖàZlx3m5, wk4t©o3tEº5 WNhxctsymJ5 kwtEi3u4, xgo3tbst5yi3u4 d/•3yi3ul scsyoEi3u Wsys§i4. s2Wo3tyZhx3†5 trZu wk4t©o3tE5ht4 s2Wi3j5 nat5yAtcChx3ymJ5, x7ml bm8N ra9oc5nstQJ[is5hi wk4t©o3tbs‡gu4 vNbs2 v?mzb moZos3izi4 Wsy3ui4 Wsy3ÌMet5yZhxDtQ5hQ5. §rx6, wk4t©o3tEi6 xsMbs8iCu bm4fkz Wsy3ui4 Wsy3ÌE/st5yZh5g[i3k5 G yMÌi5 WJ5 xzJ3csñ3g5H h3êymJ6 wkw5 wl3Dyzi4, h3Cbsctst9lA scsyz. bZbZso3g6, wkw5 st3ty?9oxymo3tlQ5 WI8NstQŒ3hA w7ui3hA8Ni3u4 kNui5 scs¥4 xg3bslx‚xt9lQ4 AwAwtg-c9l•tg9l, ñÊ/sc5bEJ5 yM3Ixu xsMAyco3Xoxgw8Ngu4 c9l•tg5 scsyc3hi. scs¥5 N9odx‣‡iq8i4 N9odx‣o3tbst5yZhx3ij5 Gscs¥5 wobE/symiq5b x5pŒ‡iq5H x7ml scsyub x5pŒ‡o‣8iq8i4 xg3bsQx9Mt5yi3j5, v?à5 wkw5 kNzi €3ehw?9oxymo3g5 moZ5nbo7mE8i4 wk4t©o3tEi3ËozJi4, x7ml xbsysozt5yQx3i6 gÊ[Q/s?l5hi bm4fx vIytbsiq8k5. c9l•5 s2Wo3tyZhx3t[î5, x9MymJosExÊg[î5 wkw5 scsyq8i4 ÖÅyq8il wk4t©o3tEi6 W5JtQ5hA, whmAyc3imb xsM5yA8N[c3gE5ht4 wkw5 x9MAyzi4. x9MymJosD¥5 Gx9Mi3j5 xg3bs§5H kwt3b[iq5 wk8i4 x[5tyJ[î5 s2Wi6 mo5hA. bZbZsJ3o wkw5 tAyQx9Mo3g5 xzI3cs[cD8Ni3u4 scsy3ub x5pŒ‡o‣8iq8k5 whm5nys3iui4 x9MAy3u4 xbsysoztbsymJu4 w9oE/q8i4 sçi4f5 x5pŒ‡i3u4 Wsox5yxgu4. scsys2 É2Ùªèis2 wo8ixt5yAtsiq8i5 eu3DQx5nltryxisJ5 ck6 scs¥5 xg3bsctŒ7m¯b. bm8N v bfQx5yxt5yJ6 whm5nysDbsiq8k5 ck6 h3êiE/sgw8NExo8i4 xy5pgwJc3iX5 xuhwo3ezJi4 wkw5 x9MAyq8i4 xbsyso3tlQ5, Öµ5ãN6 c9l•t©3g5 AwAwt©3gwl xbsysoztbs5ht4 x9MbsAyc3mt4. vi RÉSUMÉ Le rôle de la traduction dans la standardisation linguistique en Inuit Nunangat Noelle Palmer En Inuit Nunangat, la patrie des Inuit au Canada, l‘histoire de la traduction est intimement liée à celle de la standardisation linguistique. Tandis que les variétés de la langue inuite s‘adaptent continûment aux circonstances, la traduction entraîne la standardisation; en outre, les traductrices et les traducteurs ont toujours tenu un rôle important dans la création, la mise en œuvre et le refus de tels standards. Les missionnaires utilisaient la traduction comme un outil pour la conversion religieuse, ce qui était suivi par une politique d‘assimilation et de non-traduction de la part du gouvernement fédéral. Malheureusement, cette domination exogène de la traduction par les colonisateurs a nui à la culture inuite, ses variétés de langue incluses. Aujourd‘hui, les Inuit reprennent leur droit intrinsèque d‘autonomie dans une fédération axée sur le bilinguisme français-anglais et doivent faire face à un monde de plus en plus dominé par l‘anglais. Afin de combattre la diglossie et de revitaliser leurs variétés de langue, les gouvernements en Inuit Nunangat sont en train de mettre en œuvre des politiques de traduction exigeantes, et la standardisation s‘est révélée centrale à leur exécution. Les missionnaires qallunaats qui ont codifié la parole des Inuit pour faciliter la traduction ont aussi régenté leur façon d‘écrire, en divisant ainsi les Inuit dans différents camps orthographiques selon leurs religions. Aujourd‘hui, les Inuit rétablissent leur autorité linguistique alors qu‘ils songent à la possibilité d‘un système d‘écriture unifié qui conserverait la diversité orale qui leur est chère. La dynamique relationnelle qui fait partie intégrante de la traductologie est une terre fertile pour examiner les implications de la traduction des systèmes d‘écriture divers des Inuit vers un standard écrit qui ressemble davantage à une langue qallunaate. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................ x 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 What the Inuit Use for Speaking ..................................................................................... 1 1.2 Inuit Nunangat ................................................................................................................ 6 1.3 Standards and Norms ...................................................................................................... 8 1.4 Translation in Polyphony, Polyphony in Translation ................................................... 11 2. The Role of Translation Studies .......................................................................................
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