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Leadership Et Coopération Chez Les Inuits Du Nunavik

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Leadership Et Coopération Chez Les Inuits Du Nunavik Caroline Hervé LE POUVOIR VIENT D’AILLEURS Leadership et coopération chez les Inuits du Nunavik Mondes autochtones Collection dirigée par BERNARD SALADIN D’ANGLURE SYLVIE POIRIER FRÉDÉRIC LAUGRAND Des braves et des guerriers. Les Amérindiens du Québec et la guerre de 1812, Jean-Pierre Sawaya, 2014, La terre qui pousse. L’ethnobotanique innue d’Ekuanitshit, Daniel Clément, 2014. Nistassinan - Notre terre, Camil Girard et Carl Brisson, 2014. Sadyaq Balae ! L’autochtonie formosane dans tous ses états, Scott Simon, 2012. Innu nikamu – L’Innu chante. Pouvoir des chants, identité et guérison chez les Innus, Véronique Audet, 2012. Les pêches des Premières Nations dans l’est du Québec. Innus, Malécites et Micmacs, Paul Charest, Camil Girard et Thierry Rodon, 2012. Le Bestiaire innu. Les quadrupèdes, Daniel Clément, 2012. Jeunesses autochtones. Affirmation, innovation et résistance dans les mondes contempo- rains, Natacha Gagné et Laurent Jérôme, 2009. Autochtonies. Vues de France et du Québec, Natacha Gagné, Thibault Martin et Marie Salaün, 2009. La nature des esprits dans les cosmologies autochtones / Nature of Spirits in Aboriginal Cosmologies, Frédéric B. Laugrand et Jarich G. Oosten, 2007. Être Maya et travailler dans une maquiladora. État, identité, genre et génération au Yucatan, Mexique, Marie-France Labrecque, 2005. LE POUVoir vient d’aiLLEURS Leadership et coopération chez les Inuits du Nunavik Caroline Hervé LE POUVoir vient d’aiLLEURS Leadership et coopération chez les Inuits du Nunavik (Arctique québécois) Les Presses de l’Université Laval reçoivent chaque année du Conseil des Arts du Canada et de la Société de développement des entreprises culturelles du Québec une aide financière pour l’ensemble de leur programme de publi cation. Nous reconnaissons l’aide financière du gouvernement du Canada par l’entremise du Fonds du livre du Canada pour nos activités d’édition. Maquette de couverture : Laurie Patry Mise en pages : In Situ ISBN 978-2-7637-2559-8 PDF 9782763725604 © Les Presses de l’Université Laval 2015 Tous droits réservés. Imprimé au Canada Dépôt légal 3e trimestre 2015 LES PRESSES DE L’UNIVERSITÉ Laval www.pulaval.com Toute reproduction ou diffusion en tout ou en partie de ce livre par quelque moyen que ce soit est interdite sans l’autorisation écrite des Presses de l’Université Laval. Table des matières Remerciements . XV Introduction . 1 Le Nunavik, la « grande terre ».......................... 3 Le leadership inuit : un objet anthropologique récent......... 5 Le mystère des « sociétés sans pouvoir » ................... 11 De la catégorie à l’objet anthropologique ................. 15 Le leadership inuit comme processus historique............. 20 Une perspective réflexive et interdisciplinaire .............. 21 Organisation de l’ouvrage ............................. 28 L’usage de l’inuktitut................................. 29 PREMIÈRE partiE ENTRAIDE ET INÉGALITÉS CHapiTRE 1 Ikajuqattaniq (le fait d’aider), une valeur constitutive de l’identité inuite . 33 Aider ceux qui sont privés de nourriture .................. 36 Aider ceux qui n’ont pas de ressources.................... 47 Aider ceux qui sont seuls.............................. 54 Aider ceux qui ne savent pas ........................... 59 Conclusion ........................................ 67 CHapiTRE 2 Aider pour survivre . 69 Les différentes façons d’exprimer l’aide ................... 70 Aider pour assurer la cohésion sociale .................... 79 Conclusion ....................................... 92 VIII LE POUVoir vient d’aiLLEURS Leadership et coopération chez les Inuits du Nunavik CHapiTRE 3 Les privilèges de l’expérience . 95 Le pouvoir de l’âge .................................. 96 L’aînesse dans le contexte familial ....................... 100 La prééminence des anciens au village .................... 108 Conclusion ........................................ 120 CHapiTRE 4 L’épreuve de la dépendance . 121 Servitude et ostracisme ............................... 122 L’orphelin (iliarjuk), l’archétype du démuni ............... 127 L’idéal de l’autonomie ................................ 135 Conclusion ........................................ 141 CHapiTRE 5 « On ne fait que s’entraider .» . 143 Une terminologie du pouvoir indécise ................... 143 Le déni du pouvoir . 153 Un pouvoir hétérocentrique ........................... 161 Conclusion ........................................ 174 Conclusion de la première partie . 175 DEUXIÈME partiE TRANSFORMATIONS DU pouvoir aux niveaux local ET RÉGIONAL au NunaviK (XXe SIÈCLE-2011) CHapiTRE 6 Commerçants, missionnaires et gouvernements : de nouveaux pourvoyeurs . 179 Baleiniers et commerçants : de la relation de partenariat à l’instauration d’une hiérarchie sociale................. 180 Les missionnaires chrétiens : secourir ou responsabiliser ? ..... 194 Les gouvernements : l’angoisse du paternalisme............. 208 Conclusion ........................................ 226 CHapiTRE 7 Le développement communautaire au Nunavik . 229 La théorie ......................................... 230 Les agents ........................................ 234 Les outils.......................................... 244 Table des matières IX Les effets .......................................... 260 Conclusion ........................................ 269 CHapiTRE 8 Une rencontre difficile avec la responsabilité municipale . 273 Le profil statistique des élus municipaux (1979-2009) ....... 274 Le défi des positions de pouvoir au niveau local ............ 288 Conclusion ........................................ 295 CHapiTRE 9 La construction du leadership inuit au niveau régional . 297 Une nouvelle préoccupation collective ................... 298 Les formations en leadership ........................... 312 L’effervescence d’un leadership inuit...................... 322 Conclusion ........................................ 331 CHapiTRE 10 Les défis de l’autonomie politique au Nunavik (1970-2011) . 333 Un cheminement tortueux vers l’autonomie gouvernementale 334 Les paramètres du jeu politique inuit .................... 341 Une ontologie exprimée au cœur des conflits politiques ...... 350 Conclusion ........................................ 359 Conclusion de la deuxième partie . 361 Conclusion générale . 363 ANNEXES ANNEXE 1 Deux récits mythiques sur les orphelins..................... 373 ANNEXE 2 Tableau chronologique des différentes institutions mises en place dans les villages du Nunavik ............................. 377 ANNEXE 3 Personnel du gouvernement fédéral travaillant dans l’Arctique ... 381 ANNEXE 4 Mission du Northern Service Officer en 1960 ................ 385 X LE POUVoir vient d’aiLLEURS Leadership et coopération chez les Inuits du Nunavik ANNEXE 5 Personnel du gouvernement provincial en poste dans l’Arctique ....................................... 387 ANNEXE 6 Réflexions sur le développement communautaire au sein de la Direction générale du Nouveau-Québec (quatre documents de travail rédigés par Jean-Jacques Simard, non datés) .......... 391 Sources et bibliographie . 397 Liste des illustratrions Illustration 1 : Différentes régions de l’Arctique canadien et communautés inuites. Source : ministère des Affaires autochtones et Développement du Nord Canada.......... XVIII Illustration 2 : Carte du Nunavik. Source : Société Makivik. ..... 3 Illustration 3 : Le village d’Ivujivik est la communauté la plus septentrionale du Québec. Elle comptait autour de 350 habitants en 2009.............................. 25 Illustration 4 : Découpe du bélouga (Ivujivik, mai 2009). ....... 39 Illustration 5 : Préparation du misiraq (graisse de bélouga rancie). 40 Illustration 6 : Après avoir collaboré à la récolte d’œufs d’appait, ces hommes se les répartissent. Parfois, les chasseurs sont envoyés par la municipalité pour recueillir des œufs pour tous les habitants du village. Dans ce cas, il faut faire autant de lots qu’il y a de maisons dans le village. (Ivujivik, juin 2009)............. 45 Illustration 7 : Le plus jeune de l’équipage est placé à l’avant du canot. Il a le rôle de l’ikajuqti. On le voit ici tenter de pousser les glaces de ses pieds pour frayer un passage au canot. ............ 74 Illustration 8 : Logo de l’association des jeunes du Nunavik (Saputiit uvikkait katutjiqatigiininga). 78 Illustration 9 : Les hommes d’âge médian grimpent pour recueillir les œufs. 110 Illustration 10 : Appaq (guillemot) ......................... 111 Illustration 11 : L’aîné, propriétaire du bateau, reste en bas pour superviser le travail. ............................... 112 Illustration 12 : Le plus jeune reçoit les seaux remplis d’œufs. .... 113 Illustration 13 : Tirage au sort lors de la fête du Canada (Ivujivik, juillet 2009). ............................. 117 XI XII LE POUVoir vient d’aiLLEURS Leadership et coopération chez les Inuits du Nunavik Illustration 14 : L’ostracisme physique passe par le rejet ponctuel, parfois permanent, d’une personne. Ici, la tente d’un jeune homme rejeté par les siens. 125 Illustration 15 : Festin du Canada Day, Ivujivik (2009) ......... 136 Illustration 16 : Pendant que les représentants de la coopérative locale préparent la distribution à la volée, les gens patientent (Parlaniq, Inukjuak, 1er janvier 2013). ......................... 138 Illustration 17 : Toutes sortes d’objets sont recueillis par les plus rapides : chips, friandises, papier de toilette, vêtements, soupes instantannées (Parlaniq, Inukjuak, 1er janvier 2013). ...... 139 Illustration 18 : Affiche de recrutement de l’association des jeunes
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