Jurnal Ilmiah Econosains E-ISSN: 2252-8490 Vol. 15 No. 2 Agustus 2017 https://doi.org/10.21009/econosains.015.2.7

Crowds Management In Indonesian Football Event Case Study : Policing Management

Andry Wibowo Pascasarjana Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kepolisian, , [email protected]

ABSTRACT Crowds become an important issue in policing research and practice. Crowds phe- nomena become a challenge for police management to make an order, safety and secu- rity in public issue. Crowds in football event bring some problems related to problem of order, safety and security and become a developing research object in football in- dustry. This paper describe crowds problems in sport could transforms into identity problem. Problem orientated policing is a modern thought who give police to under- stand root of causes from social problem. This paper describe and explore condition from group of crowds Viking (Persib) and Jakmania (Persija) in Indonesia who have an identity conflict among them and have been distrubing public order, safety and se- curity for almost to decade until now. Relate to those problems this paper also de- scribe and explorw how Indonesian police management handle this problem as part of a policing models.

Keywords: crowds; incident drivent policing; identity conflict; problem oriented po- licing; crowds cycle

Availabel at: 249 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/econosains/article/view/5460/4068 Introduction forms, activities, and problems. Crowds Crowds policing is the art of can be viewed in heterogeneous and policing and characterized as important homogeneous characters. Policing on and evolutionary, adaptive, and contex- football‟s fanatical conflicts in this tual crowd based on historical perspec- study (Viking and Jakmania conflicts) tives, social milieu, crowds character was chosen because the conflict was and policy in the police organization. one of the social problems that affected Evolutive characteristic is a basic func- social order, security and safety and tion of the police force (Tamara.D. and had not found yet a solution for those Johannes Knutsson, 2011), policing of conflicts. the crowds developed since the French Le Bon's perspective on today revolution of 1799 and the birth of Brit- remains dominantly used when the Po- ish policing initiated by Sir Robert Phill lice are confronted with Persib and Per- in the form of the Metropolitan Police sija crowds in their matches. The anxie- Act, 1829 (in Braiden, 1992). ty that existed in the Police influenced The militaristic approach to the decision-making related to the location crowds is gradually abandoned and is of the match and the prohibition of the constantly changing through a more presence of one of the supporters. The law-oriented approach to the prevailing study found that there has been a trans- laws of the country, including political formation or metamorphosis of conflict and security policies. Le Bon's way of in sport‟s events into identity conflicts. viewing the crowds as a frightening, The triangulation analysis, Police, Vi- dangerous, irrational, anonymous and king and Jakmania through the analyti- violent entity can have a collective ef- cal approach (Brown, 2011) to prove fect on the perspective of police organi- that prejudice (negative) has occurred zations in the world until this day, be- reciprocally between Police - Viking - ginning to get criticized, due to the im- Jakmania. plications of the militaristic approach This identity conflict has impli- by the police. cations like widespread conflict that Critics of policing in the context becomes unpredictable, done by any- of concept require governments, aca- one, anytime and anywhere. I compared demics and police organizations en- the phenomena of hooliganism in Eu- dorsement to do research in various rope that have been crystallized and phenomena of crowds in many social easily classified, but „hooliganism‟ in perspectives. The researches have influ- Indonesia became the opposite, because enced and encouraged by police organi- hooliganism‟s values in Indonesia has zations around the world to change the become a general belief for the commu- approach to see crowd‟s management nity. to be more adaptive and contextual Thus, the concept of prevention- based on the characters possessed by oriented policing that has been used as the crowds that they are (according to a conceptual formula for security plan- Canetti, 1973) metamorphose and pos- ning is ineffective and efficient in re- sess the power which is not always con- solving conflicts of identity‟s issues verted to be a threat. and creating a cycle of conflict between Crowds phenomenon is part of Vikings and Jakmania. This study of- the daily portrait of society in various fers alternative policing art using the

Availabel at: 250 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/econosains/article/view/1065 problem-oriented policing paradigm the Viking imagination as an elemen- that according to (Goldstein, 1979) The tary value of the supporters. Explorato- police must be able to resolve the root ry and expansive characters, both natu- of causes of this problem. ral and fabrication, occur in the growth of Jakmania and Viking. Literature Review The growth of Viking and Jak- Viking and Jakmania Group Identity mania is in line with the development Formation of football as an industry, coherent with As a synthetic identity (John the number of football fans as the most Voris, 2015) Viking is a metamorphosis popular . Family, of bobotoh which became a common peers, mass media, social media and icon of Persib supporters, also as a club achievements is the trigger for in- symbol rather than continuation of the creasing number of member of Jak- greatness of the Pajajaran Kingdom. mania and Vikings. The naming of the Vikings is Originally, members of one ar- the imagination of Ayi Beutik, on the ea, and one ethnic group, flourished values of the Vikings existing in Scan- into different regions and into various dinavia. In contrast, Jakmania is a pop- ethnic groups. The influence of social ular naming that is used to attract mem- media, as part of the information revo- bers as much as possible, supported by lution (see Castle 2000) also enriches Gugun Gondun and Governor Sutiyoso. the positive and negative characters of The characteristics of poor people in Jakmania and Viking. Jakarta are also represented in the form In the case of crowd‟s theory of Jakmania as illustrated by (Clarke (Le Bon, 1896) and (Canetti, 1973) McPhill, 1997) which could be for- both have similarities in processing, mation of the Jakmania‟s crowd formed always growing in goal achievement by lower-class society. This view as a (Canetti, 1973), and irrational values of stereotype not recognized by sociolo- violence seen by criminogenic factors gists (Charlcouch, 1998 in Kenny M. for apparatus Police (Le Bon, 1896). In John 2001). the perspective of the second relation, Jakmania and Viking can be the Vikings against Jakmania, or vice looked as a group of supporters who versa, have a dual theoretical perspec- fall into the category of synthetic iden- tive. Jakmania and Viking, look into the tity certainly and they are having the self-looking as a unity that has solidity same sub and different cultures. The and solidarity, thus transforming into similarity is in good and bad support- power (see Canetti, 1973). ers, the spirit of raising the club and In contrast, Jakmania sees Vi- regionalism, through the principle of kings or reciprocally, as a rivalry of conquering and awakening. Then ex- Jakmania's existence as well as Viking plores society as the social capital of as something monstrous. (see Le Bon, identity (Castlle, 2000). 1896). Reflecting from the history of its Use of symbolic symbols of vi- formation, Jakmania and Viking have a olence on the club's symbolic or sup- different picture. porters. Persija uses the meaning of Viking is a Persib supporters “Kemayoran Tiger” as an imaginary who have been born first with a back- value of supporters and Vikings, using ground of love for Persib. It can be said

Availabel at: 251 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/econosains/article/view/1065 that the identity formed is more cultural nor Sutiyoso. Bung Ferry which is a and decreases. The love of tribal base in figure who admired Jakmania was born West Java further strengthens the Vi- in Bandung and originally was The king itself. Commandos (Pelita Jaya Fans). This The holliganistic nature that be- condition affects the stronger values gan to enter Viking values early on that exist within the Vikings than in made a lot of behavioral influences Jakmania. The value of militancy and when they are in the stadium. This con- holiganism adopted will be more rooted dition is always in reproduction of dis- than Jakmania. course of figure and the figure that is Associated with conflicts in- admired as a protector (Ayi Beutik) fur- volving both Vikings will further de- ther strengthens the values that exist in crease. This condition is evidenced by the Viking. the explanation of one of the Vikings Hooliganism practices that are that use the nuanced attribute of SARA considered proud / cool / militant into a "let this Enmity Stay Eternal" "Jak is culture that continues to form Viking. Dog". X as informant (informant does Solidarity of the power of the period not want to be named), he thinks he us- also formed. Not infrequently West Ja- es the attribute just to practice what Ayi va politicians take advantage of Vi- Beutik used to say. Ayi Beutik as a fig- kings in the campaign to attract more ure who respects the Viking be binding votes. cultural identity other than the Sun- In essence this condition is a danese tribe of the majority of the pop- good condition in a community. The ulation of West Java. community will continue to hold the From the phenomenon of Vi- value of culture and togetherness in es- king and Jakmania there are groups of tablishing various activities. Together Viking Border and Jakmania. The char- Persib and West Java community put acter of the border region which is a together and form a new community Viking that often conflict with Jak- entity. As a cultural binder, this condi- mania in its territory. Daily from the tion is also vulnerable to polluted inap- region is often colored by conflict. This propriate understanding. Such an exam- group is also in the Viking conflict ple is hostility to Jakmania that contin- and Jakmania that often-reached vio- ues to be produced without finding a lence for Jakmania group. Viking bor- way out from the conflict or conflict ders continue to reproduce existing without ending which is characteristic conflicts with Jakmania. The settlement of a cultural-based conflict based on of the prejudices arising from Viking history and identity. perspective on unfinished borders will Another of the Vikings, Jak- continue to be a conflict even beyond mania itself has a more dynamic identi- the stadium. ty. Many factors influence this condi- The last case that is still warm is tion. First, Jakarta as a city whose pop- the case of beating of Ricko (Viking) ulation is multicultural causes the value by the Viking border that strikes Ricko of being adopted is not uniform. Se- as Jakmania in the game in July 22, cond, the impure formation of Jakmania 2017. In the context of Jakmania, there comes from below. There are interven- is a group called Rojali, which is the tions from the management and Gover- main cause of Jakmania involvement in

Availabel at: 252 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/econosains/article/view/1065 various conflicts including Vikings. ally because of a driving factor (Le Jakmania Central Board admitted diffi- Bon, 1896). culty in handling this group. The claim This incident also resulted in of the Chairman of the Central Com- one policeman from the provost unit mittee of Jakmania felt that they injured in his nose hit by a throw. It can (Rojali) were not part of Jakmania. To be said in the theory of crowds accord- anticipate the widespread influence of ing to (Le Bon, 1896) life is the trans- Rojali, PP Jakmania formed various formation of though. In theory (Canetti, campaigns one of the 7 characteristics 1973), crowds and transformation of of Jakmania. power suggest crowds have the ability The destructive behavior of van- to influence and be influenced in posi- dalism and anarchy from Rojali is one tions as objects or subjects. In this con- of the causes of the reproduction of the text soccer players can be said to be conflict, especially with Viking. In the crowds that in popular terms of foot- context of a conflict involving Jak- ball, audiences are referred to as the mania's organizational supporters, Jak- twelfth player. mania puts "rojali" as a scapegoat with- On the other hand, this phenom- out understanding the root cause of the enon still proves that the concept of conflict itself. prejudice (Brown, 2011) is still held by Characteristics of spectators the Vikings, although the guidance is from the matches between Persib and clear but they still feel that Jakmania Jakmania can be identified depending will be present, and when Jakmania is on the location of the game held. In the present, will be a means of venturing match in Bandung, it was obvious that their grudge against Jakmania. This is the Vikings who attended the match at evident when the perpetrators of the the GBLA stadium were very disor- beatings were arrested, he explained the ganized. This is due to several reasons, motive is hatred against Jakmania. If the first factor of crowd‟s management crowd management has a good and well and crowd‟s control (see Je'anna, 2001) -organized mechanism, that case can be does not work. avoided (Berlonghi, 1994). Parking irregularities, passage Crowd control focuses on ac- of bottles entering the stadium, dense tions taken to organize crowds as they road access to and exit of the stadium, have led to behaviors that lead to disor- to ineffective plotting of security forc- ders of security and order (Berlonghi, es. The result of this irregularity is the 1994). An interesting feature of the Vi- casualties of the Vikings who become king characteristics that lead to the victims of the misdirection. This be- GBLA stadium is the variety of pro- came a paradox when previously Ka- cesses used. In this assembling process polrestabes Bandung City has given a (see Kenny M. John, 2001) some of the ban to Jakmania to attend the GBLA Vikings departed were coordinated by Stadium but chaos still happened. their respective districts. This condition is also encour- However, some are using access aged by the disappointment of Bobotoh by changing the vehicle many times. over the course of the game, so the Bo- Success in this assembling process botoh in which there is also a viking should be accompanied by a gathering that defines the crowds acting irration- process that relates to crowd‟s manage-

Availabel at: 253 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/econosains/article/view/1065 ment at GBLA Stadium (Je'anna L.A., preparation of a short time. This assem- 2001). Of the Vikings present, dominat- bling process (see Kenny M. John, ed by young men, in addition to the ac- 2001) gets escort or crowds control cess that is difficult to reach, a great form for Jakmania entourage risk to attend children and women. (Berlonghi, 1994). In contrast to the characteristics This process is done with a form that occur in Solo. Previous match Per- of cooperation between the Polda Met- sija vs Persib should be held in Bekasi ro Jaya, Polda Jabar, Central Java Po- and the match does not get permission lice who escort a relay. To secure this and must be transferred to Solo by Per- process also needs to be done commu- sija management because of security‟s nication process between Police and consideration, because on the same day society. Communication formed be- there will be a demonstration in Jakarta. tween the police and the community is The security action will not take risks quite effective where awaken mutual by presenting two big masses whose trust (see Parks, et, at., 1981). A similar risks are in direct clashes. process is done when traveling back The transfer of the venue be- from Solo to Jakarta or dispersal pro- came controversial because it happened cess (Kenny M. John, 2001). Jakmania in a fast tempo. Counted within three entourage first arrived in Solo at 02.00 days of the match decision in Bekasi am, they were dominated by a group of canceled and had to move to Solo. 17-25 year old boys who will be chan- Indonesia‟s FA Official neled in the velodrome area at Manahan (Panpel) made some effort to make this Stadium. in very fast preparation. Solo is chosen This canalization aims to anticipate the because of the cooperation between irregularities that will occur in Solo. panpel Persija with local panpel from The small Solo area will have 17,250 Persis Solo. There are different things people who coming from Jakarta and if from the game in Solo, namely si- not done a good crowds management lahturahmi (Meet up) before the game. process will be a big potential to be a This gathering is done by Kabag. Ops riot (Berlonghi, 1994). Securing Action Polresta Surakarta to minimize the fric- should be strengthened by crowds con- tion and ask for cooperation between trol (Berlonghi, 1994) conducted by Pasoepati with Jakmania to secure the Surakarta Police by inspecting Jak- match. mania entourage who arrived in Solo. Police efforts always to main- This inspection resulted in a group of tain security by appealing to local fa- supporters who were caught possessing mous liquor in Solo. It aims to strength- or consuming liquor. The perpetrator en the coordination related to Solo con- was held in Surakarta Police until the ditions and the preparation that needs to match was over. be done (see Parks, et, at., 1981). A similar phenomenon that oc- Counted tickets amounted to 17,250 curs in Bandung and also occurs in So- tickets which is the result of ticket sales lo is the action of raiding the opposing for 4 Days. supporters who are identified not part The establishment of Jakmania's of those supporters. Counted 6 times organization in this context succeeds in assault by Jakmania to groups identi- mobilizing mass in large numbers in the fied as Vikings. This action is not only

Availabel at: 254 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/econosains/article/view/1065 triggered by prejudice as happened in tory, football in Indonesia is a legacy Bandung (Brown, 2011). sport from colonial culture However, it was also triggered (transnational sport) introduced by the by conditions on the ground (see Ber- Dutch. Not known yet where is the term longhi 1994) of a disastrous match football‟s supporters came from. There against Persib, from Kim Kurniawan's are clubs and players. Football also be- injury, a disallowing a goal, until a pen- came a portrait of social class alty decision would easily identify (indigenous, non-indigenous and those who looked disappointed. Pat- Dutch). terns that occur from the 6 events are It shows that since the birth of the same, cell phone checks to look for football in Indonesia, the values of so- evidence and proved as a Viking then cial segregation, based on ethnicity continued by brutal cation from them. (Dutch, Chinese, and Native) have grown as differentiators between clubs. Research Methodology For the Natives (Indonesia) the This research using qualitative emergence of football clubs, BIVB, and approach as a method in study case on other club clubs based on the name of conflict Viking and Jakmania support- the region, is a manifestation of the atti- ers who always support both Persib and tude of Indonesian nationalism, to show Persija football matches for this past a sense of coincidence with the clubs five years. supported by the Dutch. This shows the Data collection techniques I character of the egalitarian concept used are; in-depth interviews, direct (Anerson Richard, 2002) which is observation, focus discussion groups, shown by Indonesians (indigenous). expert panel discussions, and document From that construction then the Japa- studies over the past five years research nese colonial saw that football club which correlated with this topic. formed by the Indonesian (indigenous), From the process of findings of as a medium in showing identity “ke- the field of case, analyzed by several Indonesiaan,” as well as a symbol of existing libraries, the research finally resistance. revealed that crowds policing or polic- As the result of the concept of ing of the crowd by Polrestabes Ban- colonialism (relations of domination) dung and Polresta Surakarta‟s used par- colonial nation and colonized nation adigm through power blocking mecha- potentially to be very dangerous for the nism as an effective policing art in han- Japanese nation. The Indonesian foot- dling crowds. ball club was frozen by colonial nation. From the description, Result And Discussion as team‟s pride of citizens of Bandung, Metamorphosis Viking and Jak- especially among Sundanese in the era mania Conflicts of independence is also a symbol of To understand the conflict be- continuity or symbolic metamorphosis tween Viking and Jakmania as a rivalry of the kingdom Pajajaran. Simultane- of Persib and Persija begins with the ously, forming a new sub-culture of understanding that football is a tool of identity of a delay or identity “Ke- Pa- struggle of the Indonesian nation's iden- jajaran-an”. tity against the colonial. From that his- Persib can be said is a symbol

Availabel at: 255 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/econosains/article/view/1065 of the new identity formed in the Sun- million Bobotoh in western Java, 26 danese society. When speaking about percent are women. Approximately Persib, synonymous with Sundanese 1.378.000 female Bobotoh have de- culture (see Jen Phiney, 2001). Howev- mography, which ranged from 21 - 40 er, in terms of membership bobotoh not years old, especially married and ten- limited in Bandung or western Java. dency to like Persib due to influence of Although Persib is headquartered in husband and child (Djuhaer, 2003). Bandung, but supporter bobotoh spread Bobotoh will always meet the in West Java, ranging from Banjar, stadium, either if Persib compete in Ciamis, Tasikmalaya, Bogor, Cirebon, Bandung or Jakarta, with its attributes. Kuningan, Karawang, to Bekasi. Bo- Bobotoh also performs a joint watching botoh also located outside the Province in front of the television for those who of West Java, such as Jakarta, Tange- can not go to another city if Persib per- rang, and Serang. form away games as a form of commit- This becomes widespread ac- ment (Utami, 2011). The bobotoh in cording to the characteristics of an general have two major groups namely, identity according to (Utami, 2011). In Viking Persib Fans Club and Bobotoh the virtual world, fans are also moni- Bandung Maung Bersatu (The Bomb- tored there are settlers abroad such as er). There are also bobotoh types based Malaysia, Singapore, Saudi Arabia, on the characteristics, there are at least United Kingdom, United States, and Ultras Bandung, Flower City Casuals, others. The role of media as identity Bobotoh Oriental, and Bobotoh Singa- formers also encourages how identity is pore (Wikipedia). formed (Effendi, 2011). The reality of the rise of foot- As (Castlle, 2000) states that ball‟s supporters in line with the era of humans are passing through the indus- national football competition as part of trial age to the information age. With the national development in the field of the era of globalization and communi- sports during the New Order era, which cation and information technology, is still amateur competition or inter- (Castlle, 2000) states will give birth to a regional. Then as the crowds theory new social network, industry and cul- (Canettti, 1973) told us that crowds is a ture. This also happens to Jakmania and process of bobotoh development also Viking soccer supporters, where the shows, coherence to the theory. Where virtual world becomes the arena of bobotoh, grown in various regions in communication, constituency (rivalry) West Java. at the same time, hostility. This is wors- In facts the development in oth- ened by the capitalization of Jakmania er areas, inside and outside the country. and Viking conflicts through online and The number was from dozens trans- medsos media. Bobotoh mostly comes formed into hundreds to thousands and from Cianjur with 637,263 people, even millions. Bobotoh is an imagine Garut with 627,240 inhabitants, Ban- community (Anderson, 1983), which is dung in third place with 506,774 inhab- based on values to Sundaan in line with itants, fourth is Jakarta with 260,056 Persib. According to (John Voris, 2015) people, and Bobotoh in Surabaya is in bobotoh can be categorized as a syn- fifth position with 93,965 inhabitants. thetic identity from the Sundaan. As Based on data by PT. UN, of 5.3 part of Bobotoh, there is a group of

Availabel at: 256 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/econosains/article/view/1065 Yandi (supporter) called Viking Persib longer confined to the Cibangkong and Fans Club. Viking can be identified as Pasirluyu regions, as the Viking home- the synthetic identity of bobotoh which birth. As a naturally formed society, the indicates the strength of trans culture or Vikings also remain familiar with mix culture that influences the authen- group values, as the requirement of an tic culture of the Sundanese (John identity, which I call Vikingnisme. Voris, 2015). It also co-stars with foot- Values experiencing accultura- ball as an imitation culture from Euro- tion between Vikings as imagine norms pean football's origin culture. From this derived from Vikings in Scandinavia, naming, multiculturalism in soccer sup- procrastination as part of bobotoh Per- port proved to exist, the first being that sib, loyalty (loyalty to the group), soli- bobotoh as the parent of the synthetic darity (faithful friend), and values in culture of delays metamorphosed natu- urban society (style or style) symbols, rally into several other support groups authentic identities brought from the (see Canetti, 1973). birth of each individual and social envi- When they are naming the ronment, where he lives. The growing group they imagination came from por- number of Vikings, also boosts busi- traits of supporters in Europe, such as ness growth related to accessories and Italian ultras, FCC of England, Vikings attributes of football supporters. That such as Scandinavia and oriental show supporters also have an important role Asian identity. It also shows social and in an economic activity, especially the class segregation not only in football football industry. clubs in colonial, but also in football In the Viking group, there are supporters in the era of development in symbolic figures that influence the Vi- Soeharto Era. This means that social king development up to now. The fig- segregation is the background of ure is Ayi Beutik, who can be said as (SARA) that gave birth to synthetic the central figure in the archipelago identity naturally or through fabrica- (General Soedirman for the military, tion, always growing in society (John Sukarno for Marhen nationalists, or RA Voris, 2015). Kartini for women's emancipation in Viking is a symbol of conquer- Indonesia). ing which is the product of Ayi Beutik Ayi Beutik is the founder and Suparman's imagination of the legend- patron of the entire sub culture of the ary name of a powerful nation in Scan- Viking members. He was a charismatic dinavia, which has the values of a figure who provided the first normative strong, savage, brave, unyielding and fundamentals of the Vikings. His bold- inviting nation. Although, Viking is a ness became the most basic reference metamorphosis of bobotoh, because of value of Viking members. As a leader, its natural nature, the Vikings do not of a group of natural and cultural na- recognize the semi-bureaucratic organ- ture, willing to sacrifice for other mem- izing system. bers who make themselves very much Like the crowds, Viking also in love with the Viking group and other develops naturally (see Canetti, 1973), supporters who wing "hard". through the hereditary mechanisms of As a natural and cultural group, the family (Stuart Hauser, 2001). Vi- the leadership character of Ayi Beutik king also develops to other areas, no becomes the main magnet affecting the

Availabel at: 257 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/econosains/article/view/1065 rapid growth of Viking members, not From this can be interpreted, that Persi- only in Bandung, West Java and other ja is a club that has historical value, in areas (see Canetti, 1973). If the analo- the dynamics of Indonesia, the symbol gy, with the process of formation of of the pride of the capital, both society, butterflies, it can be said Ayi Beutik is and government. a determinant factor of the Viking met- Jakmania is a group of support- amorphosis process (see Canetti, 1973). ers whose development is heavily influ- Even if we imagine the Vikings enced by bureaucratic policy, but this is are a group of beliefs, then in VIking is in line with the common concern also born, rituals that distinguish be- among Jakarta youth who enjoy watch- tween Viking members and other bo- ing Persija with Jakarta Capital City botoh. Ayi Beutik becomes the object government and management under the of a ritual for Viking members who are leadership of Governor Sutiyoso for the believed to be able to give "strength" in lack of spectators at the form of courage. On the other hand, compete. This feeling of alienation and Persija as a club born since the colonial marginalization is a major considera- era, same with Persib Bandung. Persija tion of Jakmania's establishment as a previously named VIJ, is a symbol of new synthetic identity (John Voris, the existence of indigenous peoples 2015). (betawi). As a symbol of the spirit of This formation is different from equality and resistance to colonial sym- the pattern that occurred in Viking. If bols and class distinctions (VBO) as the Viking is based on natural, bottom-up, Dutch formation. fluid, cultural values, although familiar The difference with Persib, that with simple organizational systems, the Persija originally named VIJ, has had a Vikings are a continuation of the great- group of fans or fans known as VIJers. ness of the Pajajaran kingdom (Persib). Post-independence Persija and Persib is In contrast, Jakmania is a tool or one of the founding initiators of PSSI. instrument fabricated through the col- Persija, named itself as "Kemayoran laboration of the provincial government Tiger" which has the meaning of a and the will of the children of Jakarta. beast imaginable as the King of Forest, The underlying spirit of Jakmania's which has the characteristics of fero- presence is the resurrection values of cious, brave, in respect, and the ruler. the people of Jakarta, to be the hosts in This is reinforced by the use of red on their own region. From such a pattern, club uniforms. Jakmania tends to be formed based on The existence of Persija in Ja- the norms of forming a community or- karta which is a symbol of a metropoli- ganization, one of which has AD / tan city, whose population is multicul- ART. Recruitment involves the village, tural, until 1994 or the Indonesian to socialize as well as encourage the league is a club that does not have local people to watch the game con- many fans and this is indicated by the ducted by Persija Jakarta. lack of audience. This then affects the Nevertheless, the crystal crowds club's internal conditions. This situation of Jakmania, numbering 40 people, be- encourages the role of DKI Jakarta lo- came a community group that invites cal government, to intervene to help the people of Jakarta to join Jakmania Persija as the club pride of the capital. which is the nature of the identity of the

Availabel at: 258 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/econosains/article/view/1065 exploration (Utami, 2011). In addition, from the form of harmony metamor- Gugun Gondrong as icon Jakmania is phosis relation to a relationship that is an artist so his popularity becomes a conflict. magnet to attract new members In the history of their relation, (Hamley, 2001). they can be described as follows; First, As a synthetic identity of a new the crowd at the Silwangi Stadium was group, Jakmania members are bound by influenced by the situation of the the rules, which are mentioned by AD / matches, the emotion of the audience ART. From the beginning Jakmania in was strongly appreciated by the field the form, in support of the development conditions of the match where Persib of club Persija from the social and eco- suffered a defeat from Persija nomic (ticket entry, merchandise, etc.). (Berlonghi, 1994). Second, the failure As the early history of football in Indo- of crowd‟s management process built nesia as a means of identity struggle by Persija and Jakmania and crowds against the colonial, Viking and Jak- control operated by the Police on the mania relations as part of Persib and agenda of the away match to Siliwangi Persija rivalitas cannot be separated Stadium. This failure can be identified

Figure 1. Transformation in sport even conflict to identity conflict

Availabel at: 259 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/econosains/article/view/1065 through the crowds stage of (Kenny M. ready in the face of overcrowding situa- John, 2001). tion. In this context crowd‟s manage- At the assebling stage there was ment and crowds control (see Berlon- a miscalculation of the data from the ghi, 1994) play an important role in an- quota of 400 people to 1000 people. ticipating conflicts in the crowd‟s agen- This condition influences the next pro- da. Third, the emergence of a prejudice cess of gathering at Siliwangi Stadium, (Brown, 2011). the capacity of the stadium is not big This prejudice arises after the with the match allocation of the tickets events that occurred at the Siliwangi with the number of spectators in attend- Stadium. Jakmania feels to be a disad- ance, resulting in mass accumulation vantaged party because in the agenda to outside the stadium. attend the away match is not in line From this mass buildup there with expectations. This action was re- was a clash between the Vikings and sponded by beatings to a group of Vi- Jakmania. In the process of diseprsal kings who attended a quiz show at one also influential, where Jakmania entou- of the TV stations in Jakarta. This con- rage who will return to Jakarta, in- flict is repeated and reproduced by the volved clash with Viking. From the de- Vikings as well as Jakmania, the basis scription, it can be interpreted that the of the reproduction of this conflict is police and match management is not the prejudice that gave rise to a stereo-

Conflict

Conflict

Figure 2. Conflict Point in Sport Event‟s Conflict

Availabel at: 260 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/econosains/article/view/1065 type (Sear, et al. 1994). flict transformation in football towards, Of the three factors the conflict an identity conflict. The transformation began to happen, when Persija support- of this conflict also shifts the conflict ers who came to Siliwangi Stadium in point between the two. Here is a differ- 2000, experienced violence by support- ence of conflict points that occur from ers Persib (Viking). Then, there was an sport event conflict to identity conflict act of revenge by supporters Persija (Figure 2). (Jakmania) against Viking at Indosiar tv station on the show Quiz Who Dare. As Herbert Blumer (in Sunarto, 2000) that humans act on the meaning that others give them. This means that in the Genesis-Based Policing as a Model of event Viking treatment at Siliwangi Current Police Policing Stadium rewarded by Jakmania in In- In the international context, po- dosiar. licing the crowds have not yet been In this case also reflected the found explicit and explicit operational existence of conflict metamorphosis. definitions, but in the same study of After that, conflicts continue, involving crowds in sport event management Vikings and Jakmania, during matches some literature introduces what are and out of football matches. This illus- called crowds management and crowds trates a conflict metamorphosis. From control (Berlonghi 1994 and Je'anna football matches as precipating factor 2001). examples, poor crowd management Crowds management talks (see Berlonghi, 1994) to conflicts relat- about the conduct of football matches ed to group identity, which can happen conducted by event organizers. Crowds anytime and anywhere (Figure 1). control talks about the role of police in Conflicts are aggravated by the a sporting event that is how police deal interpretation or interpretation of the with potential security problems caused cases, by both parties, either through by crowds through high and low polic- interaction with the direct victims / per- ing and soft and hard policing ap- petrators and the result of the interpre- proaches. tation modifications made by Jakmania In the context of Indonesia, of and Viking members (Herbert Blumer course, crowds policing is an important in Sunarto, 2000). thing to formulate its operational defi- This extends with the increasing nition, considering that as a country number of Jakmania and Viking mem- that has a large population, crowd‟s bers and the use of social media (see phenomenon is a phenomenon that be- Castells, 2000). Then, protracted con- comes a picture of everyday life, in- flict and the modification of the inter- cluding crowds in sports, especially in pretation of each of the sides that re- the field of football. sulted in the acute (Brown, 2011) preju- In managing the policing model dice not only to individuals involved in in an event a football game needs to the conflict but extends to group mem- understand how the Police view han- bers is generative or hereditary. dles this against soccer supporters In Figure 1 it is illustrated that (Chysnanda, 2011). Basically, the po- in this context there is a common con- licing done will aim at a regular society

Availabel at: 261 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/econosains/article/view/1065 (Kari Sari, 2014). In this context, the sion of labor (Rietzer, 2009). police's view of society is an important In Sociology, (Parsons, 1975) factor. the division of structures in accordance What happened in Bandung and with the functions and tasks. Still the Solo is a form of incident driven polic- actions of personnel coming out of the ing (Weisburd, et.al., 2008) that tried to Security Plan, indicating weak supervi- anticipate the existence of matches at sion and lack of awareness of functions that time. This anticipation in the back- and tasks. In accordance with three key ground of the existence of a similar aspects in the definition of control, as phenomenon in the past. The banning well as a plan is control. In the view of of one of the supporters into the game researchers, the situation of football is a real, unfinished policy of a security matches is a part of an inseparable system which focuses only on the day's crowd, even though it is a watched ob- matches. ject. Both in Bandung and Solo, the The football game itself has security policing model through the been hypnotized from crowds that power blocking security approach of greatly affect the sentiment and action personnel formed using the ring orient- of the audience, as it was said (Le Bon, ed tactical model (see Tony Narr.et.al., 1896) that crowds are contagion. Inci- 2006). Differences occur if in Bandung dent driven policing with the use of led directly by Kapolrestabes Bandung power blocking security‟s personnel in Solo under the direction Kabag. Ops (see Tony Narr.et.al., 2006), is a form Polresta Surakarta. of the acute (Brown, 2011) prejudice to This happens because of the dif- triangular conflict relationships be- ferent experiences of Kabag Ops tween Vikings, Jakmania and Police. In Polresta Surakarta has experienced in other word, according to (Blumer, in handling soccer crowds. In this context Sunarto, 2000) the presence of Viking both still do not solve the conflict prob- and Jakmania in Persib and Persija lems of these supporters. If it refers to match is understood by the Police as a the concept (Goldstein, 1979) then the high-risk match which has the potential police should be able to penetrate the of riots, commodity riots (looting, van- security by using a problem oriented dalism) and communal riots (identity policing approach. conflicts against other groups). The influence of incident driven Incident driven policing demon- policing (Weisburd, et.al., 2009) is the strates that crowd‟s management and accumulation of the number of person- crowds control in the match security nel (power blocking security personnel) system are reactive, temporary and do in both Bandung and Solo. This buildup not touch out-of-game conflicts or root comes from a similar case experience of causes from Viking and Jakmania that will address the "do not take for conflicts. In the match Persib and Persi- granted" views. This will make the de- ja crowds policing that occurs affected cision not efficient in terms of person- by anxiety. nel and security budget. The Renpam In perspective (Canetti, 1973) also wants to show that there are so- this approach gathers as much strength called professionalism organization as possible to reduce the anxiety that characterized by competence and divi- occurs to the police. In addressing the

Availabel at: 262 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/econosains/article/view/1065 issue of Police Management (Tony crowds as assembling, gathering and Narr., 2006) police have carried out dispersal processes. these three issues. The crowds cycle can also ex- In this context it means the po- plain that individuals, groups and lice are able to maintain physical secu- crowds, are different from (Le Bon, rity, but not touch the psychic side. In 1896) which only describes individuals the security scheme, the police are to crowds. Including anonymity under- more focused on the gathering stage, standing of crowds of soccer supporters because the Jakmania and Viking con- does not occur when fans present their flicts have crystallized then the current group identity. In observing the match paradigm should develop with the aim Persib and Persija both in the context of of resolving conflicts to ensure security. matches in Bandung and Solo then the The police are obliged to establish or- researchers tried to formulate how the der in order to ensure security. role of the policing that occurred relat- ed in handling crowds. Can be seen in Policing in The Crowd’s Cycle at Figure 3. Persib and Persija’s Football Match- Through this picture researchers es see that there is a process of how The finding in this research is; crowds in doing activities, especially in the crowds cycle on Viking and Jak- the agenda to watch football games. In mania, which became the basis of the theoretical sense before the crowds crowds in Persib and Persija matches. are viewed as a process (see Kenny M. This discovery differs from the point of John, 2001). T view (Kenny M. John, 2001), which he researcher made a renewal

Figure 3. Conflict Point on Identity Conflict

Availabel at: 263 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/econosains/article/view/1065 because of a recurring cycle that oc- as a group of hooliganism football sup- curred in the context of crowds at Per- porters in the UK who have characteris- sib and Persija football matches. In fig- tics of violence, strength, irregularity ure 4 also explain how the police reac- and often referred to as trouble maker. tion in looking at a cycle starting from Polri's policy of not allowing the community police stage is able to one of the supporters present in the identify the problems that occur and match between Persija and Persib is a this refers to the experience of the game policy to prevent riots between support- before (incident driven policing), the ers who interfere with security and or- taking of action that occurred any pro- der, which historically the presence of hibition of supporter present (banning) both supporters in the club's second to transfer of the venue of the match. At match is always a riot. the assembling stage the police are able However, the absence of one of to do the naming until the security in these supporter groups in Persija and the stage of mobilization to the gather- Persib games still creates riots involv- ing. ing members of Jakmania and Viking Arrangement of troops or power groups. It can be concluded that the blocking occurred at the stadium loca- phenomenon of riot involving members tion. This happens because of fears and of both supporters is not just a phenom- prejudices that eventually form an inci- enon of behavior and hooliganism atti- dent driven policing paradigm. tude like the phenomenon that occurred in England. Summary The phenomenon of conflict The characteristics of crowds involving the two supporter groups has that occur in both stadiums of soccer crystallized into an identity conflict matches in Bandung and Surakarta re- based on prejudice between the two flect the weakness of crowd‟s manage- groups. Subsequent forms of prejudice ment as a venue for soccer matches that that also grew out of the state and the emphasize the security, regularity and public have given rise to stereotypes regularity of the soccer audiences. that see Jakmania and Viking as mon- Excess capacity of the stadium; sterous that have the potential to pose a less professional ticketing problems; threat to security and order disorders, poorly arranged seating arrangement especially when the group is present in (demarcation sitting arrangement); vari- the arena of matches (Le Bon, 1896). ous instructions (signage); and the In accordance with the histori- weakness of various infrastructures cal, philosophical, cultural and socio- (stadium safety features) is an indicator economic background that inspired the of weak crowd management in both formation and founding of Jakmania Bandung and Solo venues as required and Viking, it can be concluded that international standardization. initially both organizations were born Football match between Persija to give support and love to Persija and and Persib that lasted long time always Persib football club. But in its journey, colored by disorder (disorder), riots organization and management especial- (violence) and the commotion between ly Jakmania is more formal with hierar- both Jakmania supporters and Viking chical organizational structure and divi- Persib. Both supporters can be analogy sion of organizational tasks more struc-

Availabel at: 264 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/econosains/article/view/1065 tured. by the event organizers is still very low, Such forms and organizational and rely on police roles. and management characteristics must Police‟s policies and strategies have an influence on the behavior and in crowd‟s management are based on attitudes of Jakmania members. The standard, standardized and valid models youth empowerment of marginal and for all security activities involving the highly heterogeneous community crowd. Policing policies and strategies groups in Jakarta has aroused the spirit in handling crowds are often directly of militant Jakmania members coincid- proportional to the estimated number of ing in inspiration by community leaders crowds at a particular event, thus impli- who have a high fighting spirit. In con- cating the size of the budget for securi- trast to the organization and manage- ty operations. ment of Viking that is more informal The empirical phenomenon of and family spirit that is driven by a fig- crowds in soccer event events has a sig- ure who puts forward the cultural and nificant difference compared with other natural values based on the homogenei- sports performances or events. Moreo- ty of Sundanese culture. ver, Police Policy matches are set forth Nevertheless, in its journey the in the prevention and soft policing se- spirit of cultural homogeneity has been curity plan, often paradoxically with acculturated with the values and spirit field implementation that tends towards of the "Viking" foreign nation charac- "reactive policing" or "incident driven terized by brave values, conquerors and policing". loyalty, thus encouraging bobotoh to The phenomenon of conflict join the Viking supporters whose num- between the two camps Jakmania and bers are expanding, growing and grow- Viking supporters who have lasted for 5 ing from the grassroots. years cannot be formulated "root of Policing conducted by police causes" it, so that efforts to prevent the agencies tend to be using the classical riot supporters both camps are prohibit- view developed by Le Bon (1896), ed to attend by the police for one of the which sees crowds as a threat to securi- supporters in the match between Persija ty and order so that policing action is and Viking. more oriented towards the creation of The conclusion of this dimen- security by stacking as much security sion of research is that policing policies forces in the arena and surroundings. that prohibit the presence of one sup- The approach of the incident- porter in a match between Jakmania driven policing model is oriented to in- and Viking are more based on a very a cident driven policing (Weisburd, priori "prejudice" motive for their be- 2012) which puts forward repressive havior and attitude that tends to create action against various forms of security riot, anarchism and chaos. and order threat. In the mindset of such policing, the police tend to take over Recommendation the role and function of the crowd man- Football matches have evolved agement that should be the responsibil- into industries around the world includ- ity of the organizer of football matches. ing Indonesia, so event organizers of An understanding of the importance of football competitions must be profes- crowd management and crowd control sionally managed by prioritizing the

Availabel at: 265 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/econosains/article/view/1065 importance of safety and security man- applied in European countries has agement for the realization of comfort, placed the Organizing Body as the sole tranquility, security and order for soc- responsibility for maintaining security cer players, referees, and football lov- and order. ers. It is necessary to formulate a Therefore, the construction of regulation that governs the responsibili- the stadium as the arena of football ties and obligations of the organizers of matches in Indonesia should pay atten- the football competition and provides tion to the terms and conditions stipu- criminal sanctions for organizational lated by FIFA stadium safety and secu- organizations that are unable to realize rity regulation. Next the event organizer the security and order of the implemen- of the football game in the future must tation of football competitions. Also have a professional crowd management required is a regulation that regulates and crowd control which includes three the development requirements of the stages of strategy that is (1) pre-event stadium as defined by FIFA stadium strategy which includes road access; safety and security regulations. Police CCTV camera; lighting system; various policy to disallow one of Jakmania and signs and warnings; exit; emergency Viking supporters to attend every assistance and so on; (2) an event strat- match between Persija and Persib, is egy that includes the place and waiting unlikely to prevent and solve the riot time for the soccer audiences; seating riots between the two supporter groups. arrangement by demarcation; tickets This phenomenon can be empir- and signs specified in accordance with ically evidenced by the continuing riot instructions and security; (3) post-event between members of the supporter strategy which includes the process of group even if one of the supporter leaving the arena of the stadium regu- groups is not present in the arena of the larly and smoothly according to the game. signs (signs) that have been deter- The root cause of the riots can mined; preparedness or alertness of se- be inferred because of the "prejudice" curity personnel and police in case of that has been internalized to the mem- riots; and evacuation of emergencies by bers of both camps. Therefore, it should security and police in the event of secu- formulate a strategy and approach that rity and order disturbances. can bring peace, sportively habit and Therefore, in the future, event brotherhood values, so as to eliminate organizers or organizers of the football prolonged "prejudice" and spur the con- competition organizers are not only re- flict between members of Jakmania and quired to be professional in crowd man- Viking. These strategic measures are agement and crowd control, but the or- not only the duty of the police, but ganizers must take full responsibility in should be the responsibility of various realizing a safe and orderly football stakeholders related to the issue of foot- competition. ball matches, such as local government, In this way, it can reduce the community leaders, religious leaders, dominance of the police force and the responsible Jakmania and Viking or- overly dominant responsibility burden ganizers. on the police institution. The practice of The effort to build trust in the crowd management and crowd control level of awareness, peace and mutual

Availabel at: 266 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/econosains/article/view/1065 respect is not easy, so it requires a sus- the power nodes of Jakmania and Vi- tainable effort to build a culture of king groups. sportsmanship in the football competi- Community policing activities tion. For example, organizers of the are carried out jointly with both organi- Jakmania and Viking organizations zations, local government, community should undertake ongoing coaching on and religious leaders that militancy, fa- the areas or locations where the sup- naticism and prejudices that can cause porters of Jakmania and Vikings are unrest and tend to disrupt security and located. Police conduct guidance order in support of football matches through "community policing" on Jak- between Persija and Persib, should be mania and Viking villages. Similarly, discontinued because it will harm the local governments, community and reli- comfort and development of sports and gious leaders are doing the same thing football industry in Indonesia. in preventing the ongoing conflict be- The community policing strate- tween the two supporters Jakmania and gy is also done in the assembly phase Viking groups. where each member of Jakmania and The Jakmania and Viking or- Viking groups has started gathering to ganizations must reform their members the arena. Policing strategy in this because the unrest between the two phase is also important to do policing members of the organization does not as a process of convincing and provid- only occur in the arena of matches be- ing understanding to Jakmania and Vi- tween Persija and Persib with the pres- king groups that orderliness and regu- ence of both groups such as the phe- larity are values that must be the culture nomenon of hooliganism in the UK and of a nation that is mature, moral and European countries. religious. The riot action between mem- The soft policing approach is bers of the Jakmania and Viking sup- important to build awareness, under- port groups has evolved into an identity standing and togetherness in realizing crisis, requiring the organization's seri- the spirit of sportsmanship and regulari- ous and fundamental guidance on men- ty. Policing strategy in the gathering tal, behavior, attitudes and action in ac- phase is a phase in the arena where the cordance with the sportsmanship values role of police plays more as security of football matches. The pattern of support to the organizer of the game as guidance to members of Jakmania and the main responsibility with support by Viking should be done periodically, professional management of the crowd. structured and professional so as to In this way it has developed a sense of build a sense of "trust" of both Jak- responsibility, maturity, professional- mania and Viking members. ism and leadership of the match organ- The policing strategy that must izers as applied in developed countries be done must begin in the phase of in managing football matches. Thus, it community, which is the phase before can help to alleviate the task of the po- the group stage of Jakmania supporters lice that is so dominant with the orien- gather and head to the arena of the tation of the deployment of large match (gathering phase). The preassem- troops, because it is always based on bly phase can be done through commu- the assumption "should not underesti- nity policing programs, especially on mate" the police concern about the po-

Availabel at: 267 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/econosains/article/view/1065 tential violence and riot that disturb se- sportsmanship of the football clubs it curity and order. supports. Policing strategy in the dispersal This is very necessary to help phase in which the dispersed audience the police no longer adopt a policy of began to leave the arena is an important prohibition for both Jakmania and Vi- phase of the organizers and fully assist- king supporters to attend the match be- ed by the police to anticipate the chaos tween Persija and Persib, as this form and riots. But with good and profes- of prohibition can be counterproductive sional "management crowds" will re- to the credibility of the police to main- duce the police's concern in managing tain and enforce security and order. crowd control "because crowd control" is an inseparable part of crowd manage- ment. " References Police‟s policies that are gener- Anderson, Benedict, (1983), Imagined ally applicable to all activities involv- Communities: Reflection on the ing the crowds need to be complement- Origin and Spread of National- ed by operational standards of proce- ism, London : Verso. dures that are specific to the football Berlonghi.A.E. (1994). The Special game. This is because the empirical and Event Risk Management Manual. conceptual phenomena of the crowd in Dana Point, CA:Berlonghi USA soccer matches are very different from Blumer, Herbert., (1968) Symbolic In- the crowd phenomenon in other sports teractionism: Perspective and games, music concerts, demonstrations Method. Los Angeles: University and other events. Moreover, the phe- of California Press,. nomenon of hooliganism groups are Brown, Rupert, (2011), Prejudice: Its very fanatical, solid and militant in sup- Social Psycology, New Jersey: port of certain football clubs. Wiley-Blackwell.. Further Police must develop C.Stott and G.Pearson. (2007). Football policies to require personnel to have the Hooliganism”. Policing and the knowledge, strategies and tactics need- War on the “English Disease. ed to handle the soccer crowds includ- London, Pennant Books. ing the knowledge of crowd manage- Canetti, Elias, (1973), Crowds and ment and crowd control. " It is neces- Power, New York: Viking Press, sary to develop joint policy with rele- Castells, Manuel, (2000), Rise of the vant Institutions on the requirements of Network Society, New Jersey : football stadium development as deter- Blackwell Publising. mined by FIFA International including Chrysnanda. DL, (2011), Kenapa the requirements of crowd management Mereka Takut Dan Enggan and crowd control. Berurusan Dengan Polisi?: Se- "Police then need to take the buah Catatan Harian, Jakarta: initiative to establish a Joint policy in YPKIK. which Jakmania and Viking organiza- David Weisburd.et.al. (2008). The Ef- tions and local governments should fect of problem Oriented Policing coach the mentors, morals, behaviors on Crime and Disorder. The US and attitudes of their group members in Department of Justice, USA. support of the love, professionalism and Le Bon, Gustav, (2002), The Crowd: A

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