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Crowds Management in Indonesian Football Event Case Study : Policing Management

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Crowds Management in Indonesian Football Event Case Study : Policing Management Jurnal Ilmiah Econosains E-ISSN: 2252-8490 Vol. 15 No. 2 Agustus 2017 https://doi.org/10.21009/econosains.015.2.7 Crowds Management In Indonesian Football Event Case Study : Policing Management Andry Wibowo Pascasarjana Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kepolisian, Jakarta, Indonesia [email protected] ABSTRACT Crowds become an important issue in policing research and practice. Crowds phe- nomena become a challenge for police management to make an order, safety and secu- rity in public issue. Crowds in football event bring some problems related to problem of order, safety and security and become a developing research object in football in- dustry. This paper describe crowds problems in sport could transforms into identity problem. Problem orientated policing is a modern thought who give police to under- stand root of causes from social problem. This paper describe and explore condition from group of crowds Viking (Persib) and Jakmania (Persija) in Indonesia who have an identity conflict among them and have been distrubing public order, safety and se- curity for almost to decade until now. Relate to those problems this paper also de- scribe and explorw how Indonesian police management handle this problem as part of a policing models. Keywords: crowds; incident drivent policing; identity conflict; problem oriented po- licing; crowds cycle Availabel at: 249 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/econosains/article/view/5460/4068 Introduction forms, activities, and problems. Crowds Crowds policing is the art of can be viewed in heterogeneous and policing and characterized as important homogeneous characters. Policing on and evolutionary, adaptive, and contex- football‟s fanatical conflicts in this tual crowd based on historical perspec- study (Viking and Jakmania conflicts) tives, social milieu, crowds character was chosen because the conflict was and policy in the police organization. one of the social problems that affected Evolutive characteristic is a basic func- social order, security and safety and tion of the police force (Tamara.D. and had not found yet a solution for those Johannes Knutsson, 2011), policing of conflicts. the crowds developed since the French Le Bon's perspective on today revolution of 1799 and the birth of Brit- remains dominantly used when the Po- ish policing initiated by Sir Robert Phill lice are confronted with Persib and Per- in the form of the Metropolitan Police sija crowds in their matches. The anxie- Act, 1829 (in Braiden, 1992). ty that existed in the Police influenced The militaristic approach to the decision-making related to the location crowds is gradually abandoned and is of the match and the prohibition of the constantly changing through a more presence of one of the supporters. The law-oriented approach to the prevailing study found that there has been a trans- laws of the country, including political formation or metamorphosis of conflict and security policies. Le Bon's way of in sport‟s events into identity conflicts. viewing the crowds as a frightening, The triangulation analysis, Police, Vi- dangerous, irrational, anonymous and king and Jakmania through the analyti- violent entity can have a collective ef- cal approach (Brown, 2011) to prove fect on the perspective of police organi- that prejudice (negative) has occurred zations in the world until this day, be- reciprocally between Police - Viking - ginning to get criticized, due to the im- Jakmania. plications of the militaristic approach This identity conflict has impli- by the police. cations like widespread conflict that Critics of policing in the context becomes unpredictable, done by any- of concept require governments, aca- one, anytime and anywhere. I compared demics and police organizations en- the phenomena of hooliganism in Eu- dorsement to do research in various rope that have been crystallized and phenomena of crowds in many social easily classified, but „hooliganism‟ in perspectives. The researches have influ- Indonesia became the opposite, because enced and encouraged by police organi- hooliganism‟s values in Indonesia has zations around the world to change the become a general belief for the commu- approach to see crowd‟s management nity. to be more adaptive and contextual Thus, the concept of prevention- based on the characters possessed by oriented policing that has been used as the crowds that they are (according to a conceptual formula for security plan- Canetti, 1973) metamorphose and pos- ning is ineffective and efficient in re- sess the power which is not always con- solving conflicts of identity‟s issues verted to be a threat. and creating a cycle of conflict between Crowds phenomenon is part of Vikings and Jakmania. This study of- the daily portrait of society in various fers alternative policing art using the Availabel at: 250 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/econosains/article/view/1065 problem-oriented policing paradigm the Viking imagination as an elemen- that according to (Goldstein, 1979) The tary value of the supporters. Explorato- police must be able to resolve the root ry and expansive characters, both natu- of causes of this problem. ral and fabrication, occur in the growth of Jakmania and Viking. Literature Review The growth of Viking and Jak- Viking and Jakmania Group Identity mania is in line with the development Formation of football as an industry, coherent with As a synthetic identity (John the number of football fans as the most Voris, 2015) Viking is a metamorphosis popular sport in Indonesia. Family, of bobotoh which became a common peers, mass media, social media and icon of Persib supporters, also as a club achievements is the trigger for in- symbol rather than continuation of the creasing number of member of Jak- greatness of the Pajajaran Kingdom. mania and Vikings. The naming of the Vikings is Originally, members of one ar- the imagination of Ayi Beutik, on the ea, and one ethnic group, flourished values of the Vikings existing in Scan- into different regions and into various dinavia. In contrast, Jakmania is a pop- ethnic groups. The influence of social ular naming that is used to attract mem- media, as part of the information revo- bers as much as possible, supported by lution (see Castle 2000) also enriches Gugun Gondun and Governor Sutiyoso. the positive and negative characters of The characteristics of poor people in Jakmania and Viking. Jakarta are also represented in the form In the case of crowd‟s theory of Jakmania as illustrated by (Clarke (Le Bon, 1896) and (Canetti, 1973) McPhill, 1997) which could be for- both have similarities in processing, mation of the Jakmania‟s crowd formed always growing in goal achievement by lower-class society. This view as a (Canetti, 1973), and irrational values of stereotype not recognized by sociolo- violence seen by criminogenic factors gists (Charlcouch, 1998 in Kenny M. for apparatus Police (Le Bon, 1896). In John 2001). the perspective of the second relation, Jakmania and Viking can be the Vikings against Jakmania, or vice looked as a group of supporters who versa, have a dual theoretical perspec- fall into the category of synthetic iden- tive. Jakmania and Viking, look into the tity certainly and they are having the self-looking as a unity that has solidity same sub and different cultures. The and solidarity, thus transforming into similarity is in good and bad support- power (see Canetti, 1973). ers, the spirit of raising the club and In contrast, Jakmania sees Vi- regionalism, through the principle of kings or reciprocally, as a rivalry of conquering and awakening. Then ex- Jakmania's existence as well as Viking plores society as the social capital of as something monstrous. (see Le Bon, identity (Castlle, 2000). 1896). Reflecting from the history of its Use of symbolic symbols of vi- formation, Jakmania and Viking have a olence on the club's symbolic or sup- different picture. porters. Persija uses the meaning of Viking is a Persib supporters “Kemayoran Tiger” as an imaginary who have been born first with a back- value of supporters and Vikings, using ground of love for Persib. It can be said Availabel at: 251 http://journal.unj.ac.id/unj/index.php/econosains/article/view/1065 that the identity formed is more cultural nor Sutiyoso. Bung Ferry which is a and decreases. The love of tribal base in figure who admired Jakmania was born West Java further strengthens the Vi- in Bandung and originally was The king itself. Commandos (Pelita Jaya Fans). This The holliganistic nature that be- condition affects the stronger values gan to enter Viking values early on that exist within the Vikings than in made a lot of behavioral influences Jakmania. The value of militancy and when they are in the stadium. This con- holiganism adopted will be more rooted dition is always in reproduction of dis- than Jakmania. course of figure and the figure that is Associated with conflicts in- admired as a protector (Ayi Beutik) fur- volving both Vikings will further de- ther strengthens the values that exist in crease. This condition is evidenced by the Viking. the explanation of one of the Vikings Hooliganism practices that are that use the nuanced attribute of SARA considered proud / cool / militant into a "let this Enmity Stay Eternal" "Jak is culture that continues to form Viking. Dog". X as informant (informant does Solidarity of the power of the period not want to be named), he thinks he us- also formed. Not infrequently West Ja- es the attribute just to practice what Ayi va politicians take advantage of Vi- Beutik used to say. Ayi Beutik as a fig- kings in the campaign to attract more ure who respects the Viking be binding votes. cultural identity other than the Sun- In essence this condition is a danese tribe of the majority of the pop- good condition in a community. The ulation of West Java.
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