The Government Intervention Towards Indonesia's

THE GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION TOWARDS INDONESIA’S FOOTBALL ASSOCIATION (PSSI): THE IMPACT OF INDONESIA’S PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL FOOTBALL COMPETITION (2015-2016)

By STEFAN CHRISTIAN ISKANDAR JURGENSEN 016201300143

A thesis presented to the Faculty of Humanities, International Relations Study Program President University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor Degree in International Relations Major in Diplomacy Studies

May 2017

THESIS ADVISER RECOMMENDATION LETTER

This thesis entitled “THE GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION TOWARDS INDONESIA’S FOOTBALL ASSOCIATION (PSSI): THE IMPACT OF INDONESIA’S PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL FOOTBALL COMPETITION (2015-2016)” prepared and submitted by Stefan Christian Iskandar Jurgensen in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of International Relations in the Faculty of Humanities has been reviewed and found to have satisfied the requirements for a thesis fit to be examined. I therefore recommend this thesis for Oral Defense.

Cikarang, Indonesia, May 24th 2017

______Hendra Manurung, SIP., MA.

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY

I declare that this thesis, entitled “THE GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION TOWARDS INDONESIA’S FOOTBALL ASSOCIATION (PSSI): THE IMPACT OF INDONESIA’S PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL FOOTBALL COMPETITION (2015-2016)” is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, an original piece of work that has not been submitted, either in whole or in part, to another university to obtain a degree.

Cikarang, Indonesia, May 24th 2017

______Stefan Christian Iskandar Jurgensen

PANEL OF EXAMINER APPROVAL SHEET

The Panel of Examiners declare that the thesis entitled “THE GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION TOWARDS INDONESIA’S FOOTBALL ASSOCIATION (PSSI): THE IMPACT OF INDONESIA’S PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL FOOTBALL COMPETITION (2015-2016)” that was submitted by Stefan Christian Iskandar Jurgensen majoring in International Relations from the Faculty of Humanities was assessed and approved to have passed the Oral Examinations on May 29th 2017.

Hendra Manurung, SIP., MA. Chair - Panel of Examiners / Advisor

Dr. Endi Haryono Examiner I

Haris Rahmat Pratama, MA. Examiner II

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ABSTRAK

Dalam upaya untuk mendapatkan kepentingan nasional, negara tidak selalu menggunakan kemampuan hard power, tetapi juga dapat menggunakan soft power. Kebijakan luar negeri suatu negara tergantung pada pemimpin negara, penggunaan hard power dan soft power juga tergantung pada pemimpin negara dan situasi. Dalam pelaksanaannya, soft power lebih sering menggunakan instrumen yang dapat menarik perhatian, salah satunya adalah melalui olahraga. Olahraga saat ini tidak hanya menjadi kegiatan kesehatan, acara untuk bersaing, hiburan atau tontonan belaka, namun olahraga dapat menjadi sarana untuk mencapai kepentingan nasional suatu negara. Sebagai salah satu negara Asia yang paling dihormati dalam sepak bola, soft power dapat diperoleh dari permainan yang dimainkan Indonesia yang dapat membuat pemandu bakat tertarik untuk memiliki pemain dari Indonesia dan menarik mereka untuk bermain di tingkat klub yang lebih tinggi dalam skala internasional. Dan diplomasi publik didapat dari eksistensi game-game Indonesia. Hal ini bisa menarik pemain negara lain untuk datang dan bermain di ISL atau menarik investor untuk datang dan berinvestasi di Indonesia. Yang terpenting adalah Indonesia bisa meneruskan branding nasional mereka melalui sepak bola. Tidak berpartisipasi dalam beberapa kompetisi untuk beberapa waktu karena intervensi pemerintah terhadap asosiasi sepak bola Indonesia adalah salah satu pilihan terbaik bagi penulis untuk melakukan analisis ini. Intervensi pemerintah membuat FIFA sebagai organisasi sepakbola tertinggi di dunia menangguhkan dan akhirnya membuat Indonesia dikenai sanksi dan tidak dapat berpartisipasi dalam olahraga internasional. Dalam hal ini, diplomasi olahraga bermasalah untuk memperkuat hubungan dengan negara lain.

Kata Kunci: Soft Power, Diplomasi Olahraga, Diplomasi Publik, Intervensi

ABSTRACT

In an effort to get national interests, the state does not always use the ability of hard power, but also be able to use soft power. Foreign policy of a state depands on the leader of the state, the using of hard power and soft power also depands on the leader of the state and the situation. Indeed, soft power prefer to use instruments that is attractive, one of them is through sports. Sport now is not just be for health activities, the event to compete, entertainment or mere spectacle, but the sport can be a means to achieve the national interest of a state. As one of the most respected Asian countries in football, soft power can be obtained from the games that Indonesia played that can make scouts interested in having players from Indonesia and contract them to play at higher club level in international scale. And public diplomacy is obtained from the existence games of Indonesia. This could attract other country players to come and have the ambience to play in ISL or attract investors to come and invest in Indonesia. Most importantly is Indonesia could continue their national branding through football. Not participating in some competitions for some time as the government's intervention on Indonesia’s football association is one of the best choices for the writer to do this analysis. Government intervention made FIFA as the world's highest football organization suspend and ultimately make Indonesia sanctioned and unable to participate in the international sport. In this case, sports diplomacy is troubled to strengthen the relationships with other countries.

Keywords: Soft Power, Sport Diplomacy, Public Diplomacy, Intervention

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Praise God for the presence of Allah, S.W.T., for all His gracious and sovereignty that has been delegated, so that the writer can finish his thesis with the title: The Government Intervention Towards Indonesia’s Football Association (PSSI): The Impact of Indonesia’s Participation in International Football Competition (2015-2016).

This thesis research is based on the use of sport diplomacy by a country. This thesis is prepared to complete Bachelor Degree (S1) at Faculty of Humanities of International Relations President University Program.

I am fully aware that in the preparation of this thesis is lacking due to the limited ability of the author, but thanks to the grace of Allah SWT, and the direction of various parties, finally this thesis can be completed. I hope this thesis can be useful for the common interest.

I would like to thank you to all of you who have given me help and guidance so that this thesis can be finished. Completion of writing of this thesis, the author would like to thank to:

1. I am very grateful to Mr. Hendra Manurung, SIP., MA, as the main advisor, and Mr. Harris Rahmat Pratama, MA, as second advisor, for all attention, guidance, and directives given to the author during the process of completion of this thesis. 2. My big thanks also go for my family, my father Husein Iskandar L., my mother Tilcia Jurgensen M., and my beautiful sister Stephanie Luisa with full sincerity provide invaluable moral, spiritual, and financial help. 3. To the beloved one, my future Khalida Wardak the love of my life whom always remind me and give me spirit to finish it in time. She’s been my loyal supporter and always being there on my ups and downs during this thesis struggle. 4. Thanks to my wonderful friends, Duan Evan, Maria D. Anggita, Alessandro Adikara, Eko Subagia, big family of HORMIGA Basketball

2016/17 (Sekolah Kristen Nasional Anglo), big family of EAGLES Basketball (Sekolah Pelita Harapan) 2016/17, thank you to companion in arms friends that I can’t mention all. Thank you for the support. Thank you for the happy and sad moments we shared together.

Final words, the author would like to say thank you very much to everyone who has been part of this struggle.

Cikarang, Indonesia, May 24th 2017

______Stefan Christian Iskandar Jurgensen

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

THESIS ADVISER ...... i

RECOMMENDATION LETTER ...... i

DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ...... ii

PANEL OF EXAMINER ...... iii

APPROVAL SHEET ...... iii

ABSTRAK ...... iv

ABSTRACT ...... v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... viii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...... xi

LIST OF FIGURES ...... xiv

CHAPTER I ...... 1

INTRODUCTION ...... 1

I.1. Background of the Study ...... 1

I.2. Problem Identification ...... 7

I.3. Statement of the Problem ...... 9

I.4. Research Objectives ...... 9

I.5. Significance of Study ...... 9

I.6. Theoretical Framework ...... 9

I.6.1. Nation Branding ...... 10

I.6.2. Soft Power ...... 13

I.6.2.1. Public Diplomacy ...... 16

I.6.3. Sports Diplomacy ...... 18

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I.7. Scope and Limitations of Study ...... 23

I.8. Methodology ...... 23

I.8.1. Research Method ...... 23

I.8.2. Research Framework ...... 26

I.8.3. Research Instruments ...... 27

I.9. Definition of Terms ...... 27

I.10. Structure of Thesis ...... 28

I.10.1. CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 28

I.10.2. CHAPTER II: ROLE OF FIFA AND GOVERNMENT OF INDONESIA TO SUPPORT PERSATUAN SEPAKBOLA SELURUH INDONESIA EFFORTS IN PROMOTING SPORT DIPLOMACY ...... 28

I.10.3. CHAPTER III: GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION ON PSSI UNDER PRESIDENT JOKOWI WIDODO ADMINISTRATION AS RESPOND TO FIFA DECISION (2015-2016) ...... 29

I.10.4. CHAPTER IV: THE ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF THE GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION ON PSSI TO THE ROLE OF INDONESIA’S PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL SPORT ...... 29

I.10.5. CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS ...... 29

CHAPTER II ...... 30

ROLE OF FIFA AND GOVERNMENT OF INDONESIA TO SUPPORT PERSATUAN SEPAKBOLA SELURUH INDONESIA EFFORTS IN PROMOTING SPORT DIPLOMACY ...... 30

II.1. Kemenpora (Kementerian Pemuda dan Olahraga) ...... 31

II.2. BOPI (Badan Olahraga Profesional Indonesia) ...... 33

II.3. PSSI (Persatuan Sepakbola Seluruh Indonesia)...... 36

II.4. FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) ...... 42

II.5. Indonesia Participation in Regional Competition ...... 46

CHAPTER III ...... 50

GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION ON PSSI UNDER PRESIDENT JOKOWI WIDODO ADMINISTRATION AS RESPOND TO FIFA DECISION (2015-2016) ...... 50

III.1. Actors Authority Stated in Regulation Book ...... 51 III.1.1. Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 year 2005 Regarding the National Sports System (Kemenpora) ...... 51 III.1.2. Regulation of the Minister of Youth and Sports of the Republic of Indonesia Number 09 year 2015 (BOPI) ...... 52 III.1.3. Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 year 2005 Regarding the National Sports System (PSSI) ...... 53 III.1.4. FIFA Statutes 2015 (FIFA) ...... 55 III.2. Warning Letters by Kemenpora ...... 56 III.3. Kemenpora Administrative Sanction Leads to Suspension by FIFA ...... 57 CHAPTER IV ...... 71

THE ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF THE GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION ON PSSI TO THE ROLE OF INDONESIA’S PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL SPORT ...... 71

IV.1. The Impact To The Football Environment During Intervention ...... 73

IV.2. The Impact To The Football Environment After Intervention Lift ...... 77

IV.2.1. Domestic Impact ...... 78

IV.2.2. International Impact ...... 78

CHAPTER V ...... 80

CONCLUSIONS ...... 80

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 82

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AFC Asian Football Confederation

AFF ASEAN Football Federation

ASEAN Association of Southeast Asia Nation

BTN Badan Tim Nasional

BAFA Football Federation of Brunei

BIVB Bandoengsche Indonesische Voetbal Bond

BOPI Badan Olahraga Profesional Indonesia

CAF Confédération Africaine de Football

CONCACAF Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football

CONMEBOL Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol

EU European Union

EFF Ethiopia Football Federation

FABD Football Association of Brunei Darussalam

FIFA Fédération Internationale de Football Association

FKL Football Kenya Ltd

FMF Madagascar Football Federation

FPF Peruvian Football Federation

HFF Hellenic Football Federation

IFA Iraqi Football Federation

ISI Institute of Sport Indonesia

ISL Indonesia Super League

IFAB International Football Association Board

IVBM Indonesische Voetbal Bond Magelang

IRIFF Islamic Republic of Iran Football Federation

KFA Kuwait Football Association

KFF Kenya Football Federation

KLB Kongres Luar Biasa

KOI Komite Olimpiade Indonesia

KONI Komite Olahraga Nasional Indonesia

Kemenpora Kementerian Pemuda dan Olahraga

MVB Madioensche Voetbal Bond

NBI Nation Brands Index

NFF Nigeria Football Federation

NIVU Nederlandsh Indische Voetbal Unie

NFABD National Football Association of Brunei Darussalam

PID Polisi Belanda

PON Pekan Olahraga Nasional

PSM Persatuan Sepakbola Mataram

PSSI Persatuan Sepakbola Seluruh Indonesia

PORDA Pekan Olahraga Daerah

PRIMA Program Indonesia Emas

OFC Oceania Football Confederation

xii

QNB Qatar National Bank

RHS Rechtshoogeschool te Batavia

RI Republik Indonesia

RPJMN Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional

SIVB Soerabajashe Indonesische Voetbal Bond

SEAG SEA Games

SEA Games South East Asia Games

US United States

USD United States Dollar

UEFA Union of European Football Associations

VIJ Voetbalbond Indonesische Jakarta

WO Walk Out

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Theoritical Framework ...... 10 Figure 2. Research Framework ...... 26 Figure 3. Football Federation (FIFA) ...... 45 Figure 4. Results of the Verification for the Clubs in the 2015 ISL ...... 60 Figure 5. Results of the Verification for the Clubs in the 2015 ISL ...... 61 Figure 6. Concerning Sending Representative to Indonesia ...... 61 Figure 7. Letter from FIFA regarding PSSI Suspension ...... 63 Figure 8. Letter from FIFA regarding PSSI Suspension ...... 66

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

I.1. Background of the Study Baylis and Smith refer to simply as the process of globalization increasing interconnectedness between societies where it is at most The world increasingly have an effect on human society and even though he was far.1 The development of this world with the globalization helped open many gap for countries to carry out diplomacy. In a globalized world that is driven by technology, countries inevitably compelled to improve the shape of their non-traditional diplomacy to improve their international status. This is especially apparent in developing countries that do not have the resources or diplomatic structural strength extensive and therefore use other tools to compete globally, as highlight the appeal and appearance.2 Diplomacy is not only about the present political activities, but also multi- dimensional involving economic, socio-cultural, human rights and the environment that is used in any situation in international relations for peace in global politics and achieve a national interest state. The emergence of soft power as a form of other power besides hard power in international relations activities have implications on the conduct of diplomacy. Soft power became the main tool of diplomacy today called soft diplomacy. The tendency of the implementation of soft diplomacy by using soft power application is considered effective and efficient so easy to do without having to take its toll and at great expense. As an actor changing paradigm of international relations, the implementation of soft diplomacy involves a wide range of non-government actors. Therefore, soft diplomacy is the real form of the use of instruments other

1 John Baylis and Steve Smith, The Globalization of World Politics, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001) p. 7 2 "In Conversation with Justin van der Merwe" HSRC Review - Volume 5 - No. 2 - June 2007, Retrieved on 15/1/2017 from http://www.hsrc.ac.za/HSRC_Review_Article-56.phtml

1 than political pressure, military and economic pressure by promoting the cultural element in diplomatic activities.

The term "soft power" was first introduced by Harvard Professor Joseph Nye, Jr., which refers to the ability to influence the behavior of other countries by attracting and persuading others to adopt one's goals. In contrast to the "hard power" which is described as a military force which tends to force the state behavior.3 Ideas and debates on Soft Power stems from political changes and configurations of power in international politics at a time when the Cold War ended. Major wars that have occurred in modern history now never occur again. This is because many international communities reject the use of violence in achieving national goals. In the context of this history, academics and policy makers began to look for other ways to pursue its national objectives.

In the Foreign Policy journal Joseph S. Nye Jr introduces and offers the concept of Soft Power mentioned that the notion of soft power is an ability to do things and control others, to get others to do what they otherwise would not.4

As an opposite of hard power approaches that tend to use violent means such as the use of military force, Soft Power offers an instrument that is more 'friendly' and not force in pursuit of national interests. Nye said that this instrument must be ‘attractive’ to be accepted by the state / nation to target national interests.5 Among the forms of Soft Power, among others, are ideology, technology, education, culture and even sports. Thus, in the pursuit of national interest the state can never act alone. He needs other actors such as the private agents, religious and educational institutions, as well as transnational corporations engaged in the business of trade, communication and information, art, and culture as well as athletes in the sport and industry in the field of sports. In the context of this study, the implementation of Soft Power is more focus on sport as its instrument.

3 Joseph S. Nye, “Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politic” (New York : Public Affair,2004) p.3. 4 Joseph S. Nye, Jr. ‘Soft Power’. Foreign Policy, 80, Twentieth Anniversary, Autumun 1990, p. 154. 5 Ibid. p. 166.

Sport activity is effective in strengthening even improve relations between countries, to ease tensions and promote peace. Some conflicts between countries accidentally quelled even resolved through games involving between the two countries which are involved in a conflict. Because of that, appeared a term of sports diplomacy, one of the instruments of soft power and diplomacy of a country. Sports diplomacy is usually implemented through training exchanges between countries, visiting professional players between countries, as well as competition between countries to promote the national interest of the country concerned.

Some examples of sports diplomacy are considered successful in practice is like a ping-pong diplomacy in 1971 to bridge the relationship between China and the United States at that time. Through the ping-pong diplomacy that time, the relationship between the East (represented by China) and the West (represented by the US) began interwoven through ping-pong diplomacy approach.6 Another example of sports diplomacy that is considered successful is the rapprochement of Turkey and Armenian relations in 2008 through a football match which is also known as football diplomacy. Through football match, the two countries which have long decided to separate, given back hope to restore relations between the two countries, even to re-unite as one nation.7

Based on two examples of sport diplomacy above can be seen that sports diplomacy as an instrument of soft power can provide a huge contribution in achieving the national interest of a country. By attending sport events in international arena it is one of the way a country do their nation branding, public diplomacy, and sport diplomacy.

Some countries have their own way to do soft power. Countries have their sport organization. In Indonesia, football is managed by PSSI under FIFA. Not only PSSI but other football organizations from other countries are under FIFA, so is football competitions around the world. But sometimes the state forgot about

6 Ping Pong Diplomacy in 1971. Retrieved February 12, 2015 from http://www.allabouttabletennis.com/history-of-table-tennis-ping-pong-diplomacy.html 7 Hohberg. When Diplomats Score: The Role of Football in Turkish-Armenian Rapprochement. Retrieved February 12, 2015 from http://ge.boell.org/sites/default/files/downloads/Role_of_Football-Hohberg.pdf

3 some agreements or trying to put and use politic in to sport for the benefit of the leaders.

There are some countries banned by FIFA because its intervention towards their football organization. Those countries are:

 Greece Greek Football Federation, HFF received sanctions from FIFA on July 3rd 2006, because of government interference and politicization in football. It was considered to be in violation of the FIFA statutes. But HFF then responded by proposing the change. As a result, FIFA also gave a deadline until July 15th 2006, before Greece is completely disabled from international football. And, on July 7th 2006, HFF has new sports legislation, which is in line with FIFA. The sanctions were lifted.8

 Iran November 2006, or five months after Iran appeared in the 2006 World Cup, FIFA to sanction the Iranian Football Federation, IRIFF. It is inseparable from government interference regarding the re-election of President Mohammad Dadkan as IRIFF. FIFA assesses no independence associated new IRIFF presidential election, thus violating article 17 of the FIFA Statutes. However, after the re-election of President IRIFF, precisely December 2006, the sanctions were lifted.9

 Kenya In November 2006, Kenya Football Federation, KFF getting sanction from FIFA, after the intervention of the government in terms of football. But in 2007, FIFA finally lift the sanctions, after an improvement in the governance of the federation. In 2008, the highest authority in Kenya football itself move to FKL.

8 Aditya Putra Perdana (13/4/2015). 10 Negara yang Disanksi FIFA karena Pemerintahnya Membandel Retrieved Januari 15, 2017 from http://www.viva.co.id/bola/read/612910-10-negara- yang-disanksi-fifa-karena-pemerintahnya-membandel 9 Ibid.

Before finally in 2011, there is only one body in charge of football, namely FKF.10

 Kuwait In October 2007, the Kuwait Football Association (KFA) sanctioned by FIFA, in the form of ban on all football activities at the international level. It is the aftermath of government intervention in the election of the chairman and members. A month later, the sanctions are lifted temporarily by FIFA, after KFA agreed on some changes. But, then again, and new sanctions imposed conditionally released at the FIFA Congress in 2009. Their situation continues to be monitored by FIFA.11

 Ethiopia General Assembly sacked Ethiopia Ethiopia Football Federation president, EFF, Ashebir Woldegiorgis in January 2008. But, Ashebir rejected, resulting in chaos. As a result, FIFA sanction, because the government is considered to have intervened. Ethiopia also must be absent from international matches, including World Cup qualifying in 2010. However, after being elected president of the new EFF, Sahlu Gebrewold Gebremariam, FIFA then revoke sanctions.12

 Madagascar On March 19th 2008 FIFA to sanction the Madagascar Football Federation, FMF. That was done after the government dissolved the FMF management and require the establishment. FIFA considers the intervention of the government. As a result, Madagascar national team was banned from participating in any competition at international level. However, the Supreme Court then no paved local government efforts to disband the FMF. The sanctions were lifted on May 19th 2008.13

10 Aditya Putra Perdana (13/4/2015). 10 Negara yang Disanksi FIFA karena Pemerintahnya Membandel Retrieved Januari 15, 2017 from http://www.viva.co.id/bola/read/612910-10-negara- yang-disanksi-fifa-karena-pemerintahnya-membandel 11 Ibid. 12 Ibid. 13 Ibid.

 Peru Peruvian Football Federation, FPF getting sanction from FIFA in November 2008. This is due to squabbles between the federation and the government. FPF was then given a month to control the situation. Once banned in all matches international level, the FPF was finally able to fulfill what is required by FIFA. In December 2008, a month after the sanction is given, FIFA finally revoke the punishment proficiency level.14

 Brunei Brunei is disabled on all matters of international soccer by FIFA in September 2009. It is the impact of government measures to eliminate the Football Federation of Brunei, BAFA, and formed a brand-new management, FABD in 2008. After normalization committee was formed, eventually formed a new federation with the name NFABD. FIFA was then approved the establishment of the federation, officially lifted the sanctions to Brunei in May 2011.15

 Iraq In November 2009, the Iraqi Olympic Committee dissolved the Iraqi Football Federation, IFA. The security forces were then mastered the federation office. And, FIFA and gave a deadline of 72 hours to recover the situation, but still no change. Sanctions imposed, so that Iraq off from all international football activities. Only after four months, or more precisely in March 2010, all these problems can be overcome and FIFA also lifted sanctions on Iraq.16

 Nigeria On October 4th 2010, the Nigeria Football Federation, NFF getting sanction from FIFA. This was done after the unilateral action of the government to interfere with the national football. However, four days later, the sentence was revoked. The same thing was repeated on July 9th 2014. Again, the government intervened, this time concerning the unilateral appointment of Lawrence Katiken

14 Aditya Putra Perdana (13/4/2015). 10 Negara yang Disanksi FIFA karena Pemerintahnya Membandel Retrieved Januari 15, 2017 from http://www.viva.co.id/bola/read/612910-10-negara- yang-disanksi-fifa-karena-pemerintahnya-membandel 15 Ibid. 16 Ibid.

6 as the leader of the federation. However, 10 days later, the situation returned to normal and FIFA to revoke sanctions.17

I.2. Problem Identification Decree of the Government through the Ministry of Youth and Sports (Kemenpora) freeze PSSI after going through several process. Exposures of clotting begins when Kemenpora through institutions under the Board of Professional Sport Indonesia (BOPI) assess a number of Indonesian Super League (ISL) clubs not meet the requirements to enter the competition or verification highest caste in the country.

"Through discussions quite comprehensive and weigh the facts that exist, BOPI concluded that given the recommendation has not been feasible because it has not fulfilled the requirements established BOPI," Imam said, in a press conference in Jakarta, Wednesday (18/2) afternoon.

Kemenpora and BOPI gave two weeks’ time for the 18 clubs ISL to verify until March 4th. This Decree established ISL planned to be held on February 20th 2015 was postponed. Over time, a number of clubs start doing the verification, but until the specified time has not all meet the requirements. The two clubs are considered not meet these requirements are Persebaya and Arema Cronus. Nevertheless PT League has decided to schedule kick off on April 4 with 18 clubs, including Arema Cronus and Persebaya.18

The consideration of the issuance of this decision is: that in order to implement the provisions of Article 121 paragraph (2) and Article 122 paragraph (2) g of Government Regulation No. 16 Year 2007 on the Implementation of Sports, the Minister has the authority for the imposition of administrative sanctions in each administrative violation in the implementation of national-level

17 Aditya Putra Perdana (13/4/2015). 10 Negara yang Disanksi FIFA karena Pemerintahnya Membandel Retrieved Januari 15, 2017 from http://www.viva.co.id/bola/read/612910-10-negara- yang-disanksi-fifa-karena-pemerintahnya-membandel 18 Imam Rahman Cahyadi (2015). Ini Kronologi Menpora Bekukan PSSI. Retrieved September 18, 2016 from http://www.beritasatu.com/sepakbola/266754-ini-kronologis-menpora-bekukan- pssi.html

7 sport. In addition, at its preference, that the de facto and de jure until the deadline time limit set out in the Written Reprimand No. 01133/Kemenpora/IV/2015 dated 8 April 2015, Written Reprimand II 01286/Kemenpora/IV/2015 on April 15 and Written Tegutan III 01307/Kemenpora/IV/2015 dated 17 April 2015, PSSI clearly legally and convincingly proven to ignore and do not conform with the Government's policy through Written Reprimand question.19

By the deadline of April 17th there was no response from the PSSI, Kemenpora finally assess the organization obviously legally and convincingly proven to ignore and do not comply with the policies.

Finally the Imam Nahrawi Affairs on 17 April 2015 has signed Decree No. Kemenpora 01307 Year 2015 on the imposition of Administrative Sanction Form PSSI Sport Activity Not Recognized.20 With this decision, the government at the central level and at the regional level, including the State Police of the Republic of Indonesia, can no longer provide services and facilitate the management of PSSI, and all sport activities. The government also does not recognize the decision of congress ordinary and extraordinary congress.

Ministry of Youth and Sports (Kemenpora) soon learn FIFA sanction given to the PSSI although authorities have not yet received a copy of the official letter. Although it has not received an official letter related to freezing by FIFA, it remains to anticipate all possibilities that happen. One thing prepared is to maximize the Transition Team. The transition team formed by the government after the freezing of PSSI per April 17th 2015.21 The impact of this freezing include the termination of competition in Indonesia as well as the threat of sanctions from FIFA for the Indonesia football federation assess government intervention.

19 Imam Rahman Cahyadi (2015). Ini Kronologi Menpora Bekukan PSSI. Retrieved September 18, 2016 from http://www.beritasatu.com/sepakbola/266754-ini-kronologis-menpora-bekukan- pssi.html 20 Ibid. 21 Andika Wahyu (6/5/2015). Kena Sanksi FIFA, Kemenpora Akan Tanggung Jawab dan Tata Ulang Sepakbola Indonesia. Retrieved September 18, 2016 from http://bola.bisnis.com/read/20150531/398/438914/kena-sanksi-fifa-kemenpora-akan-tanggung- jawab-dan-tata-ulang-sepakbola-indonesia

The world soccer federation has officially been lowered penalties for Indonesia. PSSI deemed to have violated article 13 of the FIFA statutes and 17 related to the intervention of outside parties in this case Kemenpora Firm Professional Sport Indonesia.22

I.3. Statement of the Problem See the administration of President Jokowi Widodo on the domestic political intervention, especially against Kemenpora who takes unwise decisions, the authors decided formulation of the problem in this research is, "how was the impact of the government intervention towards PSSI as national football association in international football participation?”

I.4. Research Objectives Based on the research statement above, the objectives of this study are: 1. To describe about the impact of the domestic political intervention towards Indonesia’s football association (PSSI) in the administration of President Jokowi Widodo.

2. To analyze Indonesia’s football association participation in international sport in the administration of President Jokowi Widodo.

I.5. Significance of Study From this research, the significances of this study are: 1. To sharpen the knowledge of the writer about the impact of domestic political interventions towards Indonesia’s football association (PSSI).

2. The writer would like to know about the importance of the Indonesia’s football association (PSSI) participation in international sport.

I.6. Theoretical Framework Theory means an attempt to give meaning to the phenomena occurred. The statement called the theory consists of generalizations, and because in that generalizations there are concepts, so theory could also mean statements that

22 Ibid.

9 linked some concepts logically. Basically, the theory helps to organize and arrange some facts that are going to be analyzed.23

state

Nation

Branding

PSSI Public Diplomacy

Sport Diplomacy

International FIFA Sport Arena

Figure 1. Theoritical Framework

I.6.1. Nation Branding Not only companies are competing to get the profit from the products it produces, but also countries in the world. The countries competing in the promotion of tourism, attracting the interest of investors, attract buyers from around the world to buy products made in them, and others. Given this competition clearly requires them to nicely package the image of the country to be able to attract their "market target". Therefore,

23 Mas'oed, M. (1990). Ilmu Hubungan Internasional: Disiplin dan Metodologi. Jakarta: PT Pustaka LP3ES.

it gives birth to a theory that became known by the name of Nation Branding.

According to Raymond Miller, in his book Globalization and Identity, nation branding is defined as "a set of theory and application that seeks to measure, develop and maintain the reputation of a country (still in touch with place branding)." By definition, nation branding is functioning to establish, develop, and maintain imaging (reputation) that is good about a country. This theory is based on the results of observations and studies that claim that a country's success in competing in the global market is strongly influenced by the country's brand image. In fact, it is said that the branding and image of a country-coupled with a commensurate transfer of the image to the products produced-as important as the products produced by the state itself.24

Football today is not just a sport; it has become the arena public broadcast via television for the global contest between nations. International football success is based on its ability to develop a sense of global participation in an event with outcome difficult to calculate. Football game, according Stroeken in "Rev. 'The World' Loves Watching Football (And 'The Americans' Do not) ", has intrinsic ability perhaps more than any other sport. Supporters of various parts of the world to collectively construct a national identity, where they put their emotions.25

Nation branding itself was first coined by Simon Anholt who later cooperated with the agency Gfk Roper and established a research institute called the Anholt-GfK Roper who is doing research on reputation (brand) of a country and then pour it into a result of research known as Nation Brands Index (NBI). Research conducted is based on several aspects, such

24 Raymond Miller, Globalization and Identity. p.117 25 Ken Stroeken, "Why 'The World' Loves Watching Football (And 'The Americans' Do not)" Anthropology Today, 18: 3 (JUN., 2002), p. 9-13.

as the quality and quantity of exports, tourism, culture, government, and the nature of the country's indigenous population.

Results of the NBI are then a lot of grip for investors, tourists, foreign companies, and others to determine the reputation of a country. The impact is obvious, the higher the ranking NBI of a country, the better the reputation of the country that has implications for the ability of these countries in the face of competition. For Indonesia, the current stands at 43, still less when compared to Malaysia which is ranked 38th, Thailand ranks Singapore at position 34 or 24 (the highest in Southeast Asia). Even so, Indonesia still has the opportunity to continue to improve its brand image and thus was able to obtain a better NBI.26

Branding nation itself proved successful in attaching the image of a country with products coming from the state itself to be able to increase sales of these products. Just try to see, when talking about Switzerland, in addition to cheese and chocolate, people will immediately recall the brand of watches Swiss Army; or when a child asked about the product / brand Japan, they will surely answer, Nintendo, Playstation, Pokemon, Naruto, Doraemon, and so forth.27 In the end, an image born of a nation brand will affect the country's product stereotypes perceived by the market.

By Indonesia participating in international sport, it can be said as one way of doing nation branding, in this part soccer. Indonesia’s last highest achievement was achieved when entered in the big four Asian Games 1986 in Seoul, South Korea and SEA Games soccer gold medal in 1991 in Manila, Philippines.28 Not only in official games but it can also be development program, course, or training. The multievent sports event between Southeast Asian SEA Games 2017 is in sight and there is a proofing ground. Indonesian national football team is expected to become the champion and win gold medal, repeat history in 1991 and re-calculated

26 Keith Dinnie (2015). Nation Branding: Concepts, Issues, Practice. 27 Ibid. 28 Tegar Paramartha (16/12/2016). Daftar Juara Piala AFF 1996-2016. Retrieved April 20 2017 from http://www.goal.com/id-ID/news/2837/piala-aff/2016/12/17/30596872/daftar-juara-piala-aff- 1996-2016

to be Asian football tiger. Where also in AFF Suzuki Cup Indonesia has in the finals several time (2000, 2002, 2004, 2010, 2016). 29 By joining events, Indonesia is showing their quality in competing with Asia countries and even others. Indonesia is known and respected in soccer internationally. So it means it would be a big opportunity for nation branding.

I.6.2. Soft Power Soft power is a part of national power. When talking about soft power, it cannot be inevitable to discuss the hard power as well, as a comparison of soft power. Hard power is better known and more familiar much earlier, otherwise soft power busy discussed ahead of the 21st century in international relations. Hard power is the ability of a State to influence or even dominate other countries with the use of military force or the threat of economic sanctions. Hard power evolved in the post second world war and both instrument of hard power (military and economic) become a powerful tool for a state to get what they want. But now, hard power has begun unpopular, though still effective in dominating others. While soft power has a sense as the ability of the state to create a situation in which that state is able to influence with approaches and persuasion. This solicitation is more subtle and do not use force or violence (such as military). A concrete example of soft power is how the ideology of a country which is considered to have a strong power was able to influence other countries to follow the ideology of the state. According to Nye, soft power is the second face of state power. Soft power is becoming more popular because in it does apply the influence of the persuasive approach and domination is not felt. At the simplest level, the implementation is done by an executive in leading a team which is not with a command given but rather sought to provide insight, examples, and motivation. Soft Power concept was first introduced by Joseph S. Nye, Jr. in his article that appeared in the journal Foreign Policy in the 1990s. According to Nye, hard power emphasis on

29 Ibid.

punishment and reward mechanisms, while soft power put an emphasis on how to make other interested so that the other party interest in line with our desire without going through coercion or the lure of reward.30 Soft power is not the same with influence. Usually the influence appears coupled with hard power or threat or even economic sanctions. While soft power pure run by persuasion, how to invite others with arguments that can attract others to do what we want. This is the important factor of the soft power.31 The ability to persuade others tend to be brought to the condition as if embraced that ultimately unconsciously has become part of the party which gave the effect. Simply, attractive capability is the key success of the application of soft power.

Attractive capability is based on the resource (soft power resources). Nye revealed that the soft power of a country are on the three sources of power that cannot be calculated (intangible power resources) that are cultural, political values, and foreign policy.32

Although soft power and hard power has patterns and tendencies of each, but basically both of them are interconnected, especially in the aspects to achieve the purpose of attracting interest of the other party do what desired. Thing that distinguishes it is in its natural properties and on the resources (tangible resources) respectively. If the nature of hard power is on the strength of a command, the nature of soft power is captive power, the power to be able to establish another party to do what we want, could also stand on the appeal of culture (cultural attractiveness), and social values that is developing in society, also can be rests on the ability to manipulate the political agenda which means to shaping the understanding of political choice, to say that one choice is realistic and another choice is unrealistic. The other uniqueness of soft power nature is hidden, because soft power is abstract, untouchable, so rarely gets attention, but its

30 Joseph S. Nye (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs 31 Ibid. p.6 32 Ibid. p.11

influence significantly felt.33 The role of soft power make the range of influence is wider and length.

The relationship between soft power and hard power actually allows both mutually promoting each other, encouraging each other and can also destroy each other. In fact, according to Nye, military power with a large source can improve the position of a country before the international community. In line with this, the prosperity and stability of economic system of a country can also attract other countries and cause them to adopt economic policy and institutions alike.34

Joseph S Nye is also explained in his writing "Public Diplomacy and Soft Power" about the importance of public diplomacy in international relations today.35 Nye complemented the concept of public diplomacy by mentioned three dimensions in public diplomacy. The first dimension is to establish communication on a regular basis, which explains of domestic and foreign policy of a country. The second dimension is to build a strategic communication, where a special theme constantly promoted by the country to the public. Last dimension is to build long-term relationships with important individuals through programs such as scholarships, student exchanges, cultural, or experts, training, seminars, and so on.36

Thus soft power and public diplomacy have relevance. Public diplomacy will successfully perform its function if it can create interest (attraction) as what has been explained that the concept of soft power is how to bring interest to get what the actor wanted.37 Culture in the concept of soft power has a special attraction where culture is the values or habits that have meaning for society and easy to be understood. One example is to use sport as a means to promote cultural heritage, history, establish

33 Ibid. p.7 34 Ibid. 35 Joseph S Nye, Jr, Public Diplomacy and Soft Power. Retrieved September 18, 2016 from http://ann.sagepub.com/content/616/1/94.full.pdf 36 Joseph S Nye, Soft Power. p.107-109 37 Sports as Cultural Diplomacy, Retrieved September 18, 2016 from http://www.hks.harvard.edu/news-events/publications/insight/international/joseph-nye

communication within a difference, so raises special attraction, because sport is a language that is easily understood.

Indirectly with Indonesia participating in international sport means that Indonesia is doing soft power. Soft power can be obtained from the games that Indonesia played that can make people see and assess Indonesia and it could give opportunities in order to attract sponsors or investors to invest for Indonesia especially in sports. It could be also scouts interested in having players from Indonesia and contract them to play at higher club level in international scale.

I.6.2.1. Public Diplomacy The world has changed so fast. Both domestic and international environmental environment has been a shift. With this development, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its diplomatic machinery required to make adjustments so that the diplomatic machinery is expected to be able to face new challenges. The information is not something that suddenly fell from the sky. Any information that needs to be as neutral as creating and giving information cannot be separated from the maker’s interest. Although in the global world which is said to make the world we live become a small village and limitless, but the fact is this world there are still boxes whose name the state. So the individual’s loyalty, social and ideological nonetheless to the state.38 This means that we have to see that country as an information maker, information producer and information management should make information that could lead to a positive sensitivity and attract public attention.

Public Diplomacy according to the description stated Roy (1991), when the actors who carry out diplomacy is only limited to the actors in the country, then that sense is no longer sufficient when linked with the rise of the importance of public opinion in

38 Snow, Nancy. “Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy”, 270 Madison Avenue New York. 2009

democratic countries began the 19th century actor who carry out public diplomacy not only state actors but also non-state actors, such as members of society a nation, media, and other non-state actors.39 Therefore, should a discussion of public diplomacy and strategic importance in moving the entire potential of the nation toward the unity of views and objectives within the framework of the interests of the nation and the state.

Diplomacy public by Nancy Snow ( (2009) is something that is obvious that deal with power, especially those that are soft power that does not directly affect such as culture, values and ideology. 40

Public diplomacy is also closely related to the formation of the image of a country. The image can be stated briefly as "a picture in our minds", as stated Walter Lippmann in his book Public Opinion (1994). Surely including a snapshot of the state of a country. The picture that is accepted as a fact, though not the reality of what is.41

Is an ideal case when the image of a country that was built by the public diplomacy can foster trust other countries about the potential and achievements of the country in question so that it can provide benefits to other countries when conducting cooperation in several fields. In addition to surely bring benefits also for the country concerned.

Where diplomacy as stated Baylis and Smith were key in the process of communication and negotiation in the world of politics and an instrument of foreign policy are very important that are used by global actors. In this case the integration with the

39 Ibid. 40 Snow, Nancy. “Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy”, 270 Madison Avenue New York. 2009 41 Lippmann, Walter, "Public Opinion", Obor Indonesia Foundation Jakarta. 1994

diplomacy strongly suggests that became a study in Science Communication.42

Cincotta (1999) formulate public diplomacy as:

“a set of skill and tools for any diplomat who must communicate with the vast and varied foreign publics that are now players in international affairs; government certainly, but also news media, academic, regional entities, private enterprises and a vast array of special interests and non governmental organizations.”43

Public diplomacy is a kind of diplomacy that concerns with the involvement of the public in diplomacy. Presence of a public diplomacy effort requires the use of public relations. The use of the science of public relations in assessing the results were to be assessed on the condition of public opinion, and public opinion builds appreciation, recognition of an organization, or a country, it has built a good image built by a correct impression that based on experience, knowledge, and a true understanding of the facts.

I.6.3. Sports Diplomacy Sport is healthy for the body. Sport makes our bodies stay fit and not vulnerable to disease. In the context of international relations, sports also turned out to have another function that is no less important: here I am saying diplomacy. Sport diplomacy several times proven to reduce the conflict, or at least lower tensions between countries that were in conflict. The main characteristic of the sports is to uphold sportsmanship. Sport diplomacy also has four main objectives that are to reduce conflicts, lower tension, improve relations between countries (friendly or not) and introduce the culture. Sports diplomacy in its various forms (soccer diplomacy, table tennis diplomacy, basketball diplomacy, etc.) in time

42 Baylis, J. and S. Smith (ed). “The Globalization of World Politics, an Introduction to International Relations”.Second Edition. Oxford University. 2001 43 Cincotta, Howard, 1999. Thought on Public Diplomacy and Integration. Service Jurnal, Selected Article and Resources on Public Diplomacy. 1999

more and more looked up to strengthen and improve relations between states.44

Sports diplomacy also used to strengthen relations. This is shown by the organizing of a charity football match 2006 followed by high officials and the prime minister of an EU member. Opposing to the difficulties in the process of ratification of the EU constitution, this match was agreed quickly. Both teams are led by the head of the European Commission Jose Manuel Barroso and Austrian Chancellor Wolfgang Schuessel, who was serving as president of the EU. Even Prime Minister of Slovenia, Poland, Romania, Croatia, Bulgaria and Austria and the President of Peru as well as a number of EU commissioners took off their gray suit and wore soccer jersey. The game that finally must be settled on penalties to win for the team this Schuessel, managed to raise 100 thousand euros (about USD 1.28 billion) for street children in Romania and Moldova. This match was also attended by Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan that joined the Schuessel team. Outstanding given that all of this time Turkey was trying to obtain the status of EU membership which was rejected by most citizens of Austria.

Sports diplomacy falls within the area of public diplomacy. According to Nye, there are three dimensions of public diplomacy. The first is the daily communication involving an explanation of the decision context of domestic and foreign policy. In the internet age with a flood of information, this dimension is important in emphasizing and explaining the government's position, especially in preparation for a crisis in which the government intensified communication is expected to be the main compared with the content which appears across with the values of the state. The second dimension is strategic communication which develops a set of simple themes, as it exists in a political campaign or advertisement. The campaign launched a symbolic event or thematic communication on certain year-round to create a brand from a central theme or to improve certain policies of the government. The third dimension of public

44 Joseph S Nye, Soft Power. p.107-111

diplomacy is to build a long term relationship with key figures for years or even decades, either through scholarships, exchanges, training, seminars, conferences, as well as access to the media.45

Communication and activities undertaken by the government, both on promoting policies and attract investors, will contribute to the formation of the image of a country and is reflected back into it, both positive and negative. With the idea absorbed by the public concerning a country is outside the control of government (whether derived from books, movies, TV programs, or national product connoted by the country concerned), then the government should be able to locate or create a path where he can deliver the most positive message to be given directly to the mass audience. Public diplomacy itself, according to Mark Leonard in "Diplomacy by Other Means", supposed to be about building a relationship that begins with understanding the needs, culture, and society and then look for an area to create a common goal.46 The purpose of the public diplomacy itself by Leonard are to increasing familiarity (make people think about the country and a renewed image of the country), increase appreciation (creating a positive perception of the country and attract others to look at an issue from the perspective of the country concerned), draw community (get others to see the country as attractive destination for tourism and studies and encourage them to buy the products of the country and increase its value), as well as influencing the behavior of others (making companies invest, fostering public support for the position of our country, and to convince politicians to switch an ally of the country).47

Barry Sanders in "Sport as Public Diplomacy" see that sport is a powerful medium and large for the dissemination of information, reputation, and international relations which are at the core of public diplomacy. The magnitude of the global audience and their level of

45 Joseph S Nye, Soft Power. p.107-111 46 Mark Leonard, “Diplomacy by Other Means”, Foreign Policy, 1 September 2001, Retrieved September 18, 2016 from http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2002/09/01/diplomacy_by_other_means?pagefull 47 Ibid.

interest in the sport exceed other subjects included in the political problems. The nature of the sport itself in the search for excellence in competition brings its own message.48 Sports also become a vehicle for spreading the message. A well-planned public diplomacy strategy can capitalize the opportunity which given by sport.

Murray see that the sport itself involves diplomacy and diplomatic representative activities performed by sports people (such as the players, board sports organization or association, or sporting event organizers to spectators and sports enthusiasts themselves) as representative or in accordance with policy. This practice is facilitated by traditional diplomacy and the use of people in sport and sporting events to shape and inform an image that can be accepted by society and international, to shape perceptions conducive to foreign destinations of relevant government. Murray sees that there are seven reasons that led the sport increasingly recognized in diplomacy. The first is international environmental diplomacy forced to adapt and experiment. The second is because of the attractiveness and the followers of sports and sports organizations are increasing. The third is people are tired of the violence and prefer a parade of soft power. Fourth, the sport has become a part of modern life and has a global audience in the media. Fifth, the sport has a good representation for the value of a country. Sixth, between sports and diplomacy indeed been increasingly affiliated with the presence of globalization.49 Finally, this sports diplomacy is an intelligent way to show changes in foreign policy between countries which exclude each other.

Since the first ancient Olympic Games, the sport has been used as a tool to unite the civilized nations despite of political differences. Even in the Olympic Charter there is a desire to contribute to building a peaceful

48 Barry Sanders,”Sport as Public Diplomacy” Sport Diplomacy 2:6 (June/July 2011), Retrieved September 18, 2016 from http://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/index.php/pdin_monitor/article/international_sport_as_public_diplo macy 49 Stuart Murray, “Sports-Diplomacy: a hybrid of two halves”, p.8, Retrieved September 18, 2016 from http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/culturaldiplomacynews/content/articles/participantpapers/2011- symposium/Sports-Diplomacy-a-hybrid-of-two-halves-Dr-Stuart-Murray.pdf

and better world. Although the sport is said to be free of politics, in fact, not only sports sometimes have a political purpose, but sports are also influenced by politics, for example how the political conflicts have emerged in the sport, such as capitalism versus communism during the Cold War.50 Ideology in athletic competition is most evident in the Cold War era. Cold War provides a lesson of how sport can present the competition that goes beyond the playground, a forum to show disagreement as to demonstrate and validate the trust.51 Entering the 21st century, the sport is not framed by ideology anymore but an important part of a country's public diplomacy tool. Sporting event to accommodate the number of foreign visitors has public relations impact of foreign countries with a huge scale which is also difficult to reach by the diplomats themselves.52 The fact that the sport achieved so many crowds is part of a broad public appeal, but also the reasons why organizations and governments try to associate themselves at events, figures, and popular teams that raise their position in the eyes of others.

From the writings of Pierre Arnaud, Alexander Lavarty concludes

three ways of how sport is used in diplomacy.53 The first method is the use of sport victory as propaganda to the political regime which can achieve legitimacy of athletic success. Secondly, through boycotts or freezing sports competitions between national teams that can be used as a way of rejecting a policy or regime. This action uses the public of the countries that are subjected to pressure their own government to change the domestic or the foreign policy. The latter, which is popular distaste expressed through riots or violence in sporting events featuring the feeling of 'anti', both nationalist and xenophobic, which is derived from a political motive or sport.

Goldberg himself sees the use of sport for diplomacy in a positive form. The competitive nature of the sport with mutual favor of nationalism

50 Jeremy Goldberg. “Sporting Diplomacy: Boosting the Size of the Diplomatic Corps” (The Washington Quarterly 23:4, 2000) p.64 51 Goldberg, loc.cit., p.65 52 Lavarty, loc.cit., p.65 53 Ibid, p.3-4

do not hinder the function if used in public diplomacy, be a liaison between people who have a lot of differences. Sport provides an opportunity for nationalism which although unbeaten but still appreciate other countries which is a form of understanding and fair play, an expected quality of the sport and also a healthy expression in performances of nationalism. Sport also can show non-state actors who have a strong image so that it replaces the image or the negative stereotypes that may be attached to the country. With the values of sport to understand universal, it can be used as a tool to show the community closer even have different backgrounds.54 Although exercise may not necessarily improve the prolonged conflict between states, but it can be used to demonstrate the similarities and bind the society more tightly.

Indirectly with the presence of Indonesia participating in international sport means that Indonesia is doing public diplomacy. Public diplomacy is obtained from the existence games of Indonesia. This could attract other country players to come and have the ambience to play in ISL or attract investors to come and invest in Indonesia.

I.7. Scope and Limitations of Study In order that the discussion in this study is not widened to other topics which have no relation to the title as well as research and based on the formulation of the problem mentioned earlier, the writer limit the scope of this study. Through this study, the writer would like to describe the impact of the government intervention during the administration of President Jokowi Widodo. Authors limited this research is in the administration of President Jokowi Widodo (2015-2016).

I.8. Methodology

I.8.1. Research Method Scientific research is an activity undertaken systematically and objectively to examine the issue in an attempt to reach an understanding of

54 Goldberg, loc.cit, p.65-67

the fundamental principles and largely related to the foundation or core manifestation of the problem. A study guided by a variety of information (which is usually manifested as theories) that have been produced in previous studies and aims to add or refine theories or existing knowledge of the problem that being targeted for the study.55 In a scientific study is needed a research methodology as the foundation of the research activities. Methodology is the whole process of thinking from the beginning of find the problem and collect data for empirical testing to the explanation and conclusion. In the perspective of philosophy, methodology is epistemology aspects of the research.56 The methodology is a reference that is used in research and assessment or a particular way of doing a procedure. In essence, the methodology provides guidance on ways a scientist studying, analyzing and understanding the phenomena encountered in the environment around.57 This study used a qualitative approach. In the book Qualitative Research Methodology, Lexy J. Moleong defines qualitative research as a research study intends to understand the phenomenon of what is experienced by research subjects, such as behavior, perception, motivation, action, etc., in a holistic manner and by way of description in the form of words and language, in a specific context that is naturally and by utilizing various natural methods.58

According to Strauss and Corbin, qualitative research is a type of research that produces findings that cannot be achieved using statistical procedures or other means of quantification. Qualitative research can be used to research the life of society, history, behavior, functional

55 Muhammad Idrus, Metodologi Penelitian Ilmu Sosial. Jakarta: Erlangga, 2009, p. 19 56 Ibid. 57 Ibid. 58 Lexy J. Moleong. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya, 2004, p.14.

organization, certain events, social movements and relatives in the family.59

A qualitative approach aims to gain a general understanding of the nature of social reality from the perspective of the participants. That understanding is not predetermined, but is obtained after conducting an analysis of the social reality that become the focus of the research and then concluded from some common understanding of the facts.60

In qualitative research, the writer tried to gather information from the field without trying to influence the informant. Qualitative Research Methods in the book mentioned that through qualitative research, the data generated in this study are descriptive data in the form of words written and spoken of people and behaviors that can be observed.61

Research using qualitative approach does have its drawbacks in representativeness. However, this approach has the advantage that its ability to explain complex studies related to the dimensions that are relevant to human behavior.62

Consideration researchers chose a qualitative approach is because the qualitative approach discussed in depth about the object of research. In line with the above definition, this study used a qualitative approach of John W. Creswell is the process of understanding the problem under study is based on the creation of a complete holistic picture formed by the words through informants view detailed reporting which are arranged in a natural setting.63

59 Rosady Ruslan. Metode Penelitian Public Relation dan Komunikasi. Jakarta: Rajagrafindo Persada, 2006, p. 202 60 Ibid. p.14 61 Lexy J. Moleong. Op.Cit. p.23 62 Jacob Vredenbereght. Metode dan Teknik Penelitian Masyarakat. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1984, p.9 63 John W. Creswell. Research Design Qualitative and Quantitive Approache. Jakarta: KIK Pers, 2002, p.1

I.8.2. Research Framework This research is descriptive study of the domestic political intervention towards PSSI and its domestic political intervention impacts the role of Indonesia in international sport arena or in other word diplomacy. In this research, the writer would like also explain the condition of PSSI when and after being freeze by FIFA. Therefore, the research framework of this study will be like the diagram below.

government

(kemenpora)

PSSI

International Sport Arena

FIFA

Figure 2. Research Framework

From the diagram, we can see the research framework clearly, how government political intervention influences Indonesia’s relation through international sport arena in the administration of President Jokowi Widodo (2015-2016). This research also uses some concepts; they are nation branding, soft power and sports diplomacy, which they were explained in the previous part.

I.8.3. Research Instruments This research is using descriptive analysis; exposure to research that is aimed to gain an overview (descriptive) about the research object.64 1. Methods / Data Acquisition Techniques In this study, the technique of data collection is done by studying documents or literature study. Study documents or literature is an activity to collect and examine or browse documents or materials library that can provide information that is needed by researchers. Studies conducted in the library literature and access via the Internet. 2. Method of Data Analysis In this study, data analysis technique used is qualitative analysis techniques, by analyzing the materials obtained documents / found from the study of literature and then linking these two aspects in the corridor logic of scientific thinking.

For the formulation process of conclusions that are for solving problems, the researcher used deductive and inductive methods. This means that starting with an inventory of the data found in research materials, analyze and connecting with the theory used in this study is based on syllogistic logic of scientific thought, until finally arriving at the conclusion either deductively; from general to particular, or by inductive; particular to the general. While qualitative methods that meant is, all information that are relevant to the subject matter being analyzed and also the facts obtained will be compiled and described in the form of scientific work and described in the narrative.

I.9. Definition of Terms  Deductive: means categorized by or based on the inference of specific instances that comes out from a general law.  Dictum: means a formal pronouncement from an authoritative source.

64 Soerjono Soekanto dan Sri Mamudji, Penelitian Hukum Normatif (Suatu Tinjauan Singkat). Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 2004. p.50

 Epistemology: means the investigation of what differentiates justified belief from opinion.  Holistic: means characterized by comprehension of the parts of something as closely interconnected and explainable only by reference to the whole.  Inductive: means moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories.  Qualitative: means describing the quality of something in size, appearance, value, etc.  Quantification: means the expression or capacity of the quantity of something.  Syllogistic: a kind of logical argument that relates deductive reasoning to reach at a conclusion based on two or more suggestions that are stated or assumed to be true.

I.10. Structure of Thesis

I.10.1. CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 contains background of study, problem identification, statement of the problem, research objectives, significance of study, theoretical framework, scope and limitations of study, research methodology and terms of definitions are involved in the first chapter. The purpose of this chapter is to make the readers understand what the topic of the research is, what the theories that the writer uses to discuss the topic and facilitate the information needed for the readers before going to read the following chapters.

I.10.2. CHAPTER II: ROLE OF FIFA AND GOVERNMENT OF INDONESIA TO SUPPORT PERSATUAN SEPAKBOLA SELURUH INDONESIA EFFORTS IN PROMOTING SPORT DIPLOMACY The second chapter will analyze the relations between Kemenpora with PSSI, and between PSSI with FIFA through sports diplomacy that represent Indonesia in international sport arena. The analysis on this chapter will be about the background of Kemenpora, PSSI, and FIFA.

I.10.3. CHAPTER III: GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION ON PSSI UNDER PRESIDENT JOKOWI WIDODO ADMINISTRATION AS RESPOND TO FIFA DECISION (2015-2016) The third chapter will analyze the overview of President Joko Widodo’s administration as well as the policy during the time framework in encounter the case of domestic political intervention by Kemenpora to PSSI. More importantly it gave a huge impact for Indonesia in attending international sport events; with the context in this research is football.

I.10.4. CHAPTER IV: THE ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF THE GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION ON PSSI TO THE ROLE OF INDONESIA’S PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL SPORT The fourth chapter will explain the main analysis of this thesis. This chapter will elaborate derived from the Indonesia’s Football Organization namely PSSI, FIFA as an International Football Organization until the government intervention of President Joko Widodo administration that gave an impact to Indonesia and have an important role for Indonesia to promote its nation branding in international sport arena. As predicted by soft power theory that have an interconnected with public diplomacy and sport diplomacy that will analyze this thesis’s case.

I.10.5. CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS The last chapter is the chapter 5 which is the conclusion.

CHAPTER II

ROLE OF FIFA AND GOVERNMENT OF INDONESIA TO SUPPORT PERSATUAN SEPAKBOLA SELURUH INDONESIA EFFORTS IN PROMOTING SPORT DIPLOMACY

The AFF Championship (ASEAN Football Championship), is a two- yearly international association football competition organized by the ASEAN Football Federation (AFF), contested by the national teams of Southeast Asia. From 2008, Japanese auto-company Suzuki bought the naming rights for the competition, and the competition has therefore been named the AFF Suzuki Cup for sponsorship reasons. The 2008 AFF Suzuki Cup was held in Indonesia and Thailand which this time won Vietnam which beat Thailand in the final at home to Thailand and drew at home to Vietnam. 2010 AFF Suzuki Cup is again held in Indonesia along with Vietnam. In this edition, the defending champions Vietnam failed to defend its title, in which Malaysia won the title, having beaten Indonesia 4-2 on aggregate (3-0 win at Bukit Jalil National Stadium, Malaysia, then lost 2-1 at home to Indonesia, Gelora Bung Karno).65

Indirectly with the presence of Indonesia participating in international football means that Indonesia is doing sport diplomacy. Sport diplomacy is obtained from the existence games of Indonesia. This could attract other country players to come and have the ambience to play in ISL or attract investors to come and invest in Indonesia.

The Ministry of Youth and Sports has requested the assistance of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the search and data collection of Indonesian players who are playing overseas. The players will be expected later naturalized and likely to strengthen the Indonesian national team. And it makes them looking forward to

65 FourFourTwo (23/9/2015). Kisah Indah Tim-Tim Indonesia Di Kancah Asia. Retrieved April 10 2017 from https://www.fourfourtwo.com/id/features/kisah-indah-tim-tim-indonesia-di-kancah- asia?page=0%2C3

30 naturalized players in order to strengthen the team in the SEA Games (2017) and Asian Games (2018).66 Also players monitoring include where his school, training ground (soccer school) and club (if the player already has a club), how the player is worth to call or not. Well, from there the data is combined then sent back to PSSI to be selected. Quality players needed with outside experience because less local players are qualified. So the help of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is to also talk with the embassy in that country, club, coaches about the player.

II.1. Kemenpora (Kementerian Pemuda dan Olahraga) Milestone institutional that take cares of youth and sports development has actually been around since the early days of the independence of Indonesia. On the history of the management of sports and youth activities by the state is known on the composition of the first Cabinet formed on August 19th 1945. The presidential Cabinet has an Education Ministry led by Minister Ki Hajar Dewantoro. Sports and physical education activities are under the Minister of Education. The term is used in the school environment for physical education while sporting terms used for sports activities in the community in the form of sports branches. The first cabinet has less than three months and changed to Cabinet II with a parliamentary form under the leadership of Prime Minister Sutan Sjahrir, who was inaugurated on 14 November 1945.67

Ministry of Youth and Sports/Kementerian Pemuda dan Olahraga Republik Indonesia (Kemenpora) is implementing elements of the Government headed by the Minister of Youth and Sports under and responsible to the President. Ministry of Youth and Sports has the task to assist the President in formulating policies and coordination in the field of youth and sports. In performing its duties, the Ministry of Youth and Sports the following functions:68

1. Formulation of national policy in the field of youth and sports. 2. To coordinate the implementation of policies in the field of youth and sports.

66 Ibid. 67 Jejak Sejarah Kelembagaan Kemenpora dari masa ke masa. Retrieved September 18 2016 from http://www.kemenpora.go.id/index/kementerian_profil 68 Kemenpora. Laporan Kinerja Kementrian Pemuda dan Olahraga 2015. p.4

3. The management of property/wealth of the country which they are responsible. 4. Monitoring of the implementation of tasks in the field of youth and sports. 5. Submitting the evaluation report, objectives and considerations in its task field functions to the President.

Youth and Sports Ministry is headed by a Minister of Youth and Sports that the date of October 27th 2014 held by Imam Nahrawi. The main task is to regulate and supervise PSSI in keeping the program accordingly to the plan. Ministry of Youth and Sports to implement government affairs to build, develop, and enhance the role of youth and sport in the context of national development in the field of youth and sports with the goal to strengthen diversity and strengthening social restoration as stated in RPJMN years 2015-2019, among others, are to: (i) promote the development of character, patriotism, cultural achievements, and professionalism of youth, (ii) increase the participation of youth in various fields of development, particularly in the areas of social, political, economic, cultural, and religions, and (iii) improving the cultural and sporting achievements at the regional and international levels.69

Besides that sport can also build character and national identity through the values of sportsmanship, discipline, dynamic and hard work ethic. Sporting achievements can raise the dignity, the dignity and honor of the nation in the eye of the world, to strengthen national unity, and strengthen national spirit.70

Government Main Duties:

Some experts and theorists administration found the government's role should be focused on improving service to the public in addition to the empowerment and development.

The principal task of modern government is essentially a service to the community, in other words, he is not held to serve themselves, but to serve the community and create conditions that enable every

69 Kemenpora. Laporan Kinerja Kementrian Pemuda dan Olahraga 2015. p.1 70 Kemenpora. Laporan Kinerja Kementrian Pemuda dan Olahraga 2015. p.2

member of the community to develop the ability and creativity to achieve a common goal. (Rasyid 1997)

II.2. BOPI (Badan Olahraga Profesional Indonesia) BOPI is a body / independent agency responsible to the Minister of Youth and Sports in the promotion and development of professional sports in Indonesia. Football, or let's say ISL competition launched by the PSSI is included as a professional sport, so certainly BOPI will be present in this circle to perform the duties, functions and responsibilities. The presence of BOPI, if addressed wisely in fact it will improve the quality of professional soccer competition in Indonesia itself. Of course a minister as supporting of President of the Republic of Indonesia, will get a report from BOPI as entities formed. Naturally, Menpora can not necessarily decide things one-sidedly, and because the national sports system in the scope to which it aspires, then it should also Menpora would watch sports events that take place in this Homeland region. BOPI, instrumental in creating a report that will be taken into consideration for Affairs to decide something.71

POSITION

1. BOPI is an independent institution as an under-secretary in the guidance and development of professional sports in Indonesia. 2. As an independent institution as referred to in paragraph (1) BOPI free from any party influence and intervention to maintain the neutrality and professionalism. 3. BOPI in his duties is responsible to the Minister.

71 Profil Organisasi. Retrieved April 11 2017 from http://www.bopi.or.id/index.php/profil- organisasi/

4. BOPI has a domicile in the capital of the Republic of Indonesia and can be established in the province.

(Regulation of the Minister of Youth and Sports Affairs Number; 009 in 2015 on the Board of Professional Sport Indonesia (BOPI), Section II, Article 2)72

TASK

BOPI has the task:

1. Establishing a policy guidance, development and supervision, and control of professional sports; 2. Conduct training and development as well as the supervision and control of the operation of professional sports activities; 3. Review and development of guidance systems and development as well as supervision and control of professional sports; and 4. Establish standards, norms, procedures, and criteria for the promotion and development as well as the supervision and control of professional sports.

(Regulation of the Minister of Youth and Sports Affairs Number; 009 in 2015 on the Board of Professional Sport Indonesia (BOPI), Chapter III, Article 3)73

FUNCTION

To carry out the tasks referred to in Article 3, BOPI has a function:

1. Improving the quality of professional sports people; 2. Improved facilities and infrastructure, the development of industrial enterprises in the field of professional sports, as well as the application of science and technology;

72 Ibid. 73 Ibid.

3. Enforcement of regulations and codes of ethics, provision of advocacy and enforcing sanctions for the organization of professional sports people safety efforts; 4. Programming, partnership, evaluation, business and industry in the field of professional sports; 5. Management information systems professional sports; and 6. Implementation of other tasks assigned by the Minister

(Regulation of the Minister of Youth and Sports Affairs Number; 009 in 2015 on the Board of Professional Sport Indonesia (BOPI), Chapter III, Article 4)74

AUTHORITY

For the duties and functions referred to in Article 3 and Article 4, BOPI has the authority to:

1. Organizing and facilitating quality improvement program of professional sports people; 2. Facilitate the development and improvement of facilities and infrastructure, industrial enterprises in the field of professional sports, and the application of science and technology; 3. Issue permits, recommendations and licensed sports industry business for the benefit of professional sports activities. 4. Provide recommendations and race organizing professional sports games; 5. Facilitating partnership, businesses, and industry in the field of professional sports; 6. Facilitate the participation of professional sportsmen at the weekend and championship multievent at national and international levels; 7. Giving approval to amateur sportsmen who switched status to become a professional athlete; 8. Provide advocacy, counseling and legal assistance to olaharaga professional actors;

74 Ibid.

9. Impose sanctions for violations of the rules and organization of professional ethics to professional sports people; and 10. Manage information systems professional sports

(Regulation of the Minister of Youth and Sports Affairs Number; 009 in 2015 on the Board of Professional Sport Indonesia (BOPI), Chapter III, Article 5)75

Finally, if organizations want and care about the achievements of the future, is a natural thing also for the organization to immediately clean or minimally comply with what has been set by the government as a legitimate institution that is entitled to the organization. If within a sports organization in the country experienced a problem, then it is one of BOPI’s part of responsibility to fix it. Here it is also meant that BOPI has a big impact, especially regarding to grant permits and recommendations. By that then BOPI needs reports to control the process of an activity aimed and to make sure that the organization being watched is doing things accordingy. So it means organizations supervised by BOPI needs to follow and obey the rules and regulations given.

II.3. PSSI (Persatuan Sepakbola Seluruh Indonesia) PSSI was established by a civil engineer named Soeratin Sosrosoegondo. He finished his education at the Technical College in Heckelenburg, Germany in 1927 and returned to his homeland in 1928. When he returned to his homeland Soeratin work at a Dutch building company "Sizten en Lausada" located in Yogyakarta. There he was one and the only Indonesian who sat in the ranks of senior big construction companies. However, driven by the high nationalist spirit Soeratin resign from the company. After resigning from "Sizten en Lausada" he was more active as a young man who likes to play football, Soeratin is fully aware to implement what has been decided at a meeting of Indonesian youths on October 28th 1928 (Youth Pledge) Soeratin saw football as the best way to show nationalism among the youth, as an action against the Netherlands.76

75 Ibid. 76 Sejarah PSSI. Retrieved September 18 2016 from http://pssi.org/in/read/pssi/Sejarah-PSSI-5773

To implement his goals, Soeratin held meetings with leaders, football leaders in Solo, Yogyakarta and Bandung. The meeting was conducted with a personal contact to avoid police raids Netherlands (PID). Holding meetings in small hotel Binnenhof in Jalan Kramat 17, Jakarta Soeri - chairman VIJ (Voetbalbond Indonesische Jakarta) along with other officials, making it permanent as the idea of the need to establish an organization of football nationality, were afterward done well progress of these ideas in the city of Bandung, Yogya and Solo were directed with national movements leaders such as Daslam Hadiwasito, Amir Notopratomo, A Hamid, Sukarno, and others. While with other cities still doing personal contact or courier as what Soediro did in Magelang (Chairman of Youth Association). Then on April 19th 1930, gathered representatives from VIJ (Sjamsoedin - RHS student); vice of Bandoengsche Indonesische Voetbal Bond (BIVB) Gatot; Mataram Football Association (PSM) Yogyakarta, Daslam Hadiwasito, A.Hamid, M. Amir Notopratomo; Vortenlandsche Voetbal Bond (VVB) Solo Sukarno; Madioensche Voetbal Bond (MVB), Kartodarmoedjo; Indonesische Voetbal Bond Magelang (IVBM) E.A Mangindaan (then still a student of HKS/School of Teachers, also captain of Kes.IVBM) Soerabajashe Indonesische Voetbal Bond (SIVB) represented Pamoedji. From the meeting it was born PSSI (Persatoean Sepakraga Seloeroeh Indonesia). PSSI name was changed in PSSI congress in Solo on 1950 to the Football Association of Indonesia (Persatuan Sepakbola Seluruh Indonesia) which also sets Ir. Soeratin as Chairman of the PSSI.77

When PSSI was formed, Soeratin and his team immediately put together a program that basically "against" various actions taken by the Dutch government NIVB. PSSI made "stridij program" it is a program of struggle like it is done by the party and mass organizations that already exist. To each union are required to do an internal competition for strata I and II, further upgraded to a championship between the unions called "Steden Tournooi" began in 1931 in Surakarta. National football activity driven PSSI, then encouraged Susuhunan Paku Buwono X, after the fact that more footballer on the street, road or places, where Competition I alliance held. Paku Buwono X then contructed Sriwedari stadium

77 Sejarah PSSI. Retrieved September 18 2016 from http://pssi.org/in/read/pssi/Sejarah-PSSI-5773

37 complete with lights, as the appreciation of the resurrection "National Football" driven by PSSI. The stadium was inaugurated in October 1933. With this Sriwedari stadium football activities intensified.78

Furthermore Soeratin also push the establishment of national sports bodies, in order to exercise the power of the stronger against the domination of native Dutch. 1938 stood ISI (Institute of Sport Indonesia), which then held a Sports Week (15 to 22 October 1938) in Solo. Because of the strength and unity of PSSI that are increasing, then in 1936 NIVB changed into NIVU (Nederlandsh Indische Voetbal Unie) and started relations with the PSSI. In the early stages, NIVU brought teams from Austria "Winner Sport Club" in 1936.79 In 1938 on behalf of the Dutch East Indies, NIVU sent his team to the 1938 World Cup, but the players are not from the PSSI but from NIVU even though there are 9 players local/Tionghua. That is a protest action from Soeratin, because he wanted a match between teams NIVU and PSSI in progress accordance with the agreement between them, namely an agreement called "Gentelemen's Agreement" signed by Soeratin (PSSI) and Masterbroek (NIVU) on January 5th 1937 in Jogyakarta. In addition, Soeratin also do not want the flag used from NIVU (Netherlands). PSSI congress in 1938 in Solo, Soeratin individually withdraw the agreement with NIVU. Soeratin ended its work in PSSI since 1942, after he became honorary chairman of the years 1940-1941, and was re-elected in 1942. The entry of the Japanese army in Indonesia causes PSSI become passive in the competitions, because Japan put PSSI as part of Tai Iku Kai, a Japanese creation of the body sports, then also enter to become part of the Gelora (1944) and released the independent back in PORE III congress in Yogyakarta (1949).80

Post Soeratin national football era continues to grow despite the development of Indonesia's world football have ups and downs in the quality of the players, the competition and organization. But sport can be accepted at all levels of society continues to survive whatever the conditions. PSSI as the parent of national football has indeed been working to develop the national team well, spending billions of rupiah, although the results are still less encouraging. This is

78 Ibid. 79 Ibid. 80 Sejarah PSSI. Retrieved September 18 2016 from http://pssi.org/in/read/pssi/Sejarah-PSSI-5773

38 due to the wrong perspective. To boost the achievement of the national team, it is not enough just to build the national team itself, but also two other important sectors, competition and organization, while unawares national our competition have left behind.

In the era before the '70s, many Indonesian players who were able to compete at international level, there is Ramang Tan Houw Liong era, and then Sucipto Suntoro era and past of the past is Ronny Pattinasarani era. In the development of the PSSI, now has expanded the types of competitions and matches held.81

PSSI also provide the matches that consists of games in the country organized by the association or club football, branch managers, regional board as outlined in the annual calendar of PSSI in accordance with a program drawn up by the PSSI. The games in the country held by third parties under permission from the PSSI. The matches in order of Regional Sports Week (PORDA) and the National Sports Week (PON). Other games involving participants from abroad or the invitation from abroad with the permission of PSSI.82 The PSSI important role is in supporting and facilitating the sport of football in Indonesia. PSSI is also responsible for all activities both nationally and international matches. Importantly, PSSI is the source of all budgets and expenditures for Indonesia football.

Management of PSSI also has reach arrangements at the regional level - regions across Indonesia. This makes Football progressively become the sport from the people and for the people. In the development of PSSI has been a member of FIFA since November 1st 1952 at the time of the FIFA congress in Helsinki. Once accepted as a member of FIFA, then PSSI received also as a member of the AFC (Asian Football Confederation) in 1952, even being a pioneer also the establishment of AFF (ASEAN Football Federation) at the time of stewardship Kardono, so Kardono had become vice president for the next AFF Honorary Chairman.

81 Ibid. 82 Ibid.

In 1952, PSSI joined FIFA. Moreover PSSI in 1953 established itself as an organization with legal status by registering to the Department of Justice and approved by MOJ SKep R.I No. J.A.5/11/6, dated February 2nd 1953, additional state news R.I dated March 3rd 1953, No. 18. Means PSSI is the one - the only parent sports organization registered in the State news since 8 years after Indonesia's independence.83

Speaking of football quality in Indonesia may still under Japan and South Korea. However, Indonesia should be proud, because public fanaticism in the country attracts the enthusiasm of football's top clubs of the world to visit and hold a pre-season game.

Duties, authority, and responsibility of PSSI in Law No. 3 of 2005 on National Sports System mentioned in articles 1, 27, 29, 48 and 51. The reads as follows: Article 1 paragraph (25) reads: "PSSI as the parent organization of sport which is a member of the international sports federations are entitled to foster, develop and coordinate the type of sport, in this case football."84 Article 27: “stated that the promotion and development of sports achievement has been the domain authority of the parent organization of sport both at central and regional levels. Therefore, the authority to run a competition Indonesian Super League (ISL) are within the authority of the parent organization of the sport. The clubs are incorporated in the ISL are members of the PSSI, which is entered in the domain association independent legal entity.”85 Article 29 paragraph (2) reads: “Promotion and Development stated that professional sport is done by the parent organization of sports and / or professional sports organizations in this regard is the PSSI as the parent organization of the sport. Promotion and Development so that professional sport must be made by the parent organization of the sport in this regard is the PSSI.”86 Article 48 paragraph (2): “states that the sports governing body (PSSI) is

83 Ibid. 84 UNDANG-UNDANG REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 3 TAHUN 2005 TENTANG SISTEM KEOLAHRAGAAN NASIONAL. Retrieved January 25 2017 from http://www.dpr.go.id/dokjdih/document/uu/45.pdf 85 Ibid. 86 Ibid.

responsible for the management of the sporting events referred to in Article 43 (a) and clause (c). Furthermore, Article 43 (a) and (c) is a sports championship district / city level, regional level, provincial level and the national level and international level sporting events. So the decision Affairs stating that the competition will be under KONI and KOI together Asprov PSSI and local clubs are breaking the law, which the PSSI has the right and duty to supervise or control the competition.

Due to the termination used by Menpora can be interpreted that the PSSI lose the right to keep an eye on the competition, and its own members. Asprov PSSI, and clubs that competed in the Indonesian Super League (ISL) all are members of the PSSI. PSSI is formed from a collection of clubs, provincial associations, and other related associations that later formed an association of legal entities. Therefore, ISL, Asprov PSSI and the club cannot be an integral part of the PSSI.”87 Article 51 paragraph (2) reads: “stated that the organization of sports championship recommendation is a recommendation from the parent organization of the sport in question, in which case the recommendation given by the PSSI as the parent organization of the sport of football and not by BOPI or Kemenpora.”88

We can read and see that PSSI has the authority in ISL fully without having or getting any intervention from others, because there is independent legal entity. And football recommendation comes from the parent organization of the sport of football and that has legal club licensing, which is not by BOPI or Kemenpora.

PSSI has held a variety of sports friendship competitions that has frequently held with various countries. Many elite clubs of the world have felt how the atmosphere of football supporters in Indonesia. An example is a football friendly match between Indonesia and Germany. In this match the phenomenal German goalkeeper Oliver Kahn formally ended its work as a professional player. There are also other clubs, such as: PSV Eindhoven, Ajax Amsterdam,

87 Ibid. 88 Ibid.

Manchester United, Arsenal, AC Milan, Borussia Dortmund, Bayern Muenchen, LA Galaxy, Inter Milan, Liverpool, Chelsea, and Juventus.89 These kind of friendly matches are the types of public diplomacy and sports diplomacy. It is a good relationship builder between Indonesia and other country.

II.4. FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) Fédération Internationale de Football Association or better known as FIFA stand on May 21st 1904 in Paris, France. This organization is an umbrella federation of football associations around the world of football. This is in accordance with FIFA's own slogan, namely for the game, for the world. The governing body of international soccer is headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland.90

As an international scale organization, these organizations play an active role in developing football worldwide. Not only that, FIFA acts as association football discipline. This means that FIFA has the full power to impose sanctions on any violations in the world of football. FIFA also promote football; regulate the transfer of players between teams, giving the title of FIFA World Player and FIFA World Ranking list published each month.

As for some purposes FIFA founding of the organization are promote and develop football worldwide, to monitor the development of football across the region and work closely with the regional football associations, adjust the transfer of players in each club, on a regular basis each month publishes rankings of FIFA members, providing the best player of the world to every player who competed in each continent every year, establish rules about the tournament schedule and host a competition.91

Here are the missions of FIFA:92

 Developing football everywhere and for all

89 Tengku Sufiyanto (7/13/2015) Ini 12 Klub Dunia yang Pernah Berkunjung ke Indonesia. Retrieved January 19 2017 from http://www.bola.com/indonesia/read/2271543/ini-12-klub-dunia- yang-pernah-berkunjung-ke-indonesia 90 About FIFA: Who We Are. Retrieved September 18 2016 from http://www.fifa.com/about- fifa/who-we-are/index.html 91 Ibid. 92 Ibid.

FIFA’s main objective is "to improve the game of football constantly and promote it internationally in the light of its uniting, educational, cultural and humanitarian values, mostly through youth and development programmers".

We share the success of the FIFA World Cup™ to support football development projects in our 209 member associations across the globe. Football has grown as a global game because of this support. With USD 550,000 going into these programs each day, we are spending more than ever on football development.

Many of our members depend on this support to finance their day-to-day operations. It ensures that football can have a solid foundation throughout the world.93

 Organizing inspiring tournaments

Our second objective is to organize international football competitions. FIFA’s goal is to touch, unite and inspire the world through its competitions and events. We are best known for organizing the biggest single-sport competition in the world: the FIFA World Cup™. The revenue from this one competition enables us to stage around 30 tournaments every four years, which serve to develop many aspects of the game, from women’s and youth football to beach soccer, futsal and even the Interactive World Cup.94

 Caring about society and the environment

Football is much more than just a game. Its universal appeal means it has a unique power and reaches which must be managed carefully. We believe that we have a duty to society that goes beyond football: to improve the lives of young people and their

93 Ibid. 94 Ibid.

surrounding communities, to reduce the negative impact of our activities and to make the most we can of the positives.

Football can inspire communities and break down barriers. Football is for all. FIFA believes that everybody has the right to play football free from discrimination or prejudice and we are striving to ensure that this is the case.

We recognize, and work hard to limit, our impact on the environment, inspiring greater awareness and best practice in sustainability standards at all of their events.95

There is a lot that is done by FIFA. For example, there are charity games organized and collected funds allocated to help. Attended regular game or played by legend players to attract the attention of the audience and the world.

In conducting surveillance, assisted by several organizations FIFA confederation formed in each regional. AFC for the Asian zone and Australia, CAF for the African zone, CONMEBOL for the American zone of the South, for the CONCACAF zone of North America and Central America including the Caribbean, OFC for Oceania, as well as the UEFA for the European zone. Not just an oversight, this football organization also gives rules about football. These regulations set out by the IFAB, or International Football Association Board. In performing its duties, FIFA assisted by a representative of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association.96

95 About FIFA: What we stand for. Retrieved September 18 2016 from http://www.fifa.com/about- fifa/who-we-are/explore-fifa.html 96 Associations. Retrieved December 18 2016 from http://www.fifa.com/associations/

Figure 3. Football Federation (FIFA)

The fully right to choose the president of the region's football association is FIFA president. If in a conference in body FIFA frequently disagree, then the FIFA documents in English become a reference in resolving disputes. In addition to English, Arabic, Russian, and Portuguese are additional languages used for the congress. In addition to the task of promoting football, are now being giving efforts of anti-racism and anti-discrimination in football because both cases are common these days.

FIFA has the right to sanction a tournament, country, players, spectators even if considered to violate the rules and ethics of the game because this organization is an association of discipline. FIFA may impose sanctions on the players in the form of prohibition to enter the competition and a fine if convicted of violence, harassment, and consumption of alcohol and drugs.

In addition, FIFA will suspend the national team or clubs in case of intervention from the government or the owner of the club concerned. The sanction is a ban on attending the international competitions. If there were riots between supporters, is penalized team matches should not be seen by supporters.

FIFA has the authority to ban a country from joining or participating in international sport arena because of government intervention towards state

45 football organization under FIFA, where this is written in article 1397 and article 1798 of the FIFA Statutes. For example Indonesia is the 12th country to be sanctioned by FIFA, due to conflict between PSSI and Kemenpora. FIFA impose Indonesia sanction on May 30th 2015.

The tournament organized by FIFA as between clubs world cup, world cup between women clubs, men between the state tournament, the tournament woman between countries, and between countries futsal tournament. Tournament men between countries include the world cup, the confederation cup, football team in the Olympics, World Cup U-20 and U-17 World Cup. For inter-country tournament woman about the same as men's tournament between countries, the women's World Cup, football branch on Olympics, World Cup women's U-20 and U-17 World Cup. Last for futsal tournament include futsal World Cup, the Confederations Cup Futsal Al-Fateh, and intercontinental futsal trophy.99

Therefore, from its launch until now, the campaign carried out by FIFA organization managed to promote football as a sport number one most in demand throughout the world. So, uphold fair play and no racism!

II.5. Indonesia Participation in Regional Competition Persatuan Sepak Indonesia Jayapura (Persipura Jayapura) is an Indonesian football club based in Jayapura, Papua. His highest achievement up to now is to become four-time Indonesian League champion from 2005 to 2013.100

Persipura Jayapura in control as club representatives from Indonesia who competed in the competition in Asia's second tier, AFC 2014. The appearance the players of Jacksen F. Tiago was then regarded as the best ever demonstrated by representatives from Indonesia. Understandably, during the tournament, the Black Pearls become one of the clubs with high productivity. 101

97 Fédération Internationale de Football Association (2015). FIFA statutes. p.12-13 98 Ibid. p.15 99 Associations. Retrieved December 18 2016 from http://www.fifa.com/associations/ 100 FourFourTwo (23/9/2015). Kisah Indah Tim-Tim Indonesia Di Kancah Asia. Retrieved April 10 2017 from https://www.fourfourtwo.com/id/features/kisah-indah-tim-tim-indonesia-di-kancah- asia?page=0%2C3 101 Ibid.

At the Mandala Stadium evidenced shown by the six goals they made in the quarterfinals when they host defending champions Kuwait SC. The final score of 6-1 to finish the resistance Kuwait SC and put Boaz Solossa and friends to the semi-final. Persipura struggle finally had foundered after failing to win against Al Qadsia with enough aggregate crushing, 10-2.

This is certainly a proud result, since the year 2004, there were only six teams from Southeast Asia who are able to qualify for the semifinals. Among them Geylang United, Home United (Singapore), Binh duong (Vietnam), Muanthong united, Chonburi FC (Thailand) and last Persipura Jayapura (Indonesia).102 But the AFC Cup 2016 will certainly run without the representative of Indonesia. Cause, Indonesia did not send a representative in the tournament in Asia's second tier because no regular-season competition held in 2015. AFC as AFC Cup organizers then cross off the list of participants. Plus the FIFA sanctions imposed on Indonesia made door AFC Cup club closed in 2016.103

In the AFC Cup in 2015, Persipura and Persib Bandung drove up to the round of 16 or the fall phase. However, their hope to do sport diplomacy both halted due to sanctions by FIFA. In particular, Persipura step ended due WO decision on visa cases that hit Pahang FA, their opponent in the last 16.

Opportunity to be the champion missed again but tone of optimistic for the future of Indonesia football again resounds. Indonesia must admit the superiority of Thailand in AFF Cup final with a 3-2 aggregate score in the second-leg match but the national football passion surged back. The momentum generated by Indonesia after the AFF Suzuki Cup 2016 was very crucial especially if it were not for the Indonesian trip in the tournament that is so complicated even before the first kick-off was made. Indonesia became the most runner-up team in the

102 Ibid. 103 Muhammad Ridwan (1/1/2016). 4 Ajang Internasional yang Dilewatkan Indonesia pada 2016. Retrieved April 10 2017 from http://www.bola.com/indonesia/read/2397694/4-ajang- internasional-yang-dilewatkan-indonesia-pada-2016

47 highest soccer tournament between countries in Southeast Asia in 2000, 2002, 2004, 2010 and 2016.104

Just got pulled off of FIFA sanctions Alfred Riedl was not freely in selecting players for the AFF Suzuki Cup because in the country the competition had stopped. But Indonesia can, Red and White kept flying until the last second of the match. Deserve incredible appreciation we give to those who fought in the middle of the field. Indonesia football can rise after the conflict beaten repeatedly is great evidence.105

Therefore, in order to understand we do not need to discuss international scope but regional scope will do. These sanctions make sports diplomacy withdrawn. Due to sanction made the actors that play a role are not free in their job, as has been explained earlier.

At least, since the freeze of PSSI by Kemenpora and FIFA there are six national-level tournaments that have been rolled. Those are:106

 SUNRISE OF JAVA CUP 2015 July 29th – August 3rd 2015 Winner is AREMA CRONUS  PIALA KEMERDEKAAN 2015 August 15th – September 13th 2015 Winner is PSMS MEDAN  PIALA PRESIDEN 2015 August 30th – October 18th 2015 Winner is PERSIB BANDUNG  PIALA JENDERAL SUDIRMAN November 10th 2015 – January 24th 2016

104 Tegar Paramartha (16/12/2016). Daftar Juara Piala AFF 1996-2016. Retrieved April 20 2017 from http://www.goal.com/id-ID/news/2837/piala-aff/2016/12/17/30596872/daftar-juara-piala-aff- 1996-2016 105 Momen Terbaik Indonesia Di AFF Suzuki Cup 2016: Bangkitkan Semangat Sepakbola Nasional. Retrieved April 10 2017 from http://www.goal.com/id-ID/news/2837/piala- aff/2016/12/18/30613122/momen-terbaik-indonesia-di-aff-suzuki-cup-2016-bangkitkan 106 Muhamad Rais Adnan (14/3/2016). Setelah PSSI dibekukan, di Indonesia hanya digelar berbagai turnamen. Retrieved April 20 2017 from http://www.goal.com/id- ID/news/1387/nasional/2016/03/14/21304112/deretan-klub-juara-turnamen-setelah-pssi-dibekukan

Winner is MITRA KUKAR  BALI ISLAND CUP 2016 February 18th – 23rd 2016 Winner is AREMA CRONUS  PIALA GUBERNUR KALTIM 2016 February 27th – March 13rd 2016 Winner is PUSAMANIA BORNEO FC107

PSSI had difficulty to hold a competition. Even there are only a variety of tournaments that are held to simply give an idea that the football is still alive in Indonesia. Even on SUNRISE OF JAVA CUP 2015 there is Indonesia All Star team who joined (the team that occupied the majority of Indonesia U-23 national team in the SEA Games 2015).108 PSSI are not allowed to join any International or Regional level competitions but it does not mean they could not have any, National-level, where FIFA permit.

107 Ibid. 108 Ibid.

CHAPTER III

GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION ON PSSI UNDER PRESIDENT JOKOWI WIDODO ADMINISTRATION AS RESPOND TO FIFA DECISION (2015-2016)

Ethics is a standard of right and wrong that is owned by someone. Ethics is about how we behave to others and how we expect others to behave to us. Everyone has different ethical standards depending influenced by the environment such as friends, family, ethnic, religious, school, media, as well as its role model. The surrounding environment and experience gained form the ethical standards vary, and over time, the ethics of a person can also evolve in the life experience he had. A similarity in the ethical standards or community group of people called the value later if formalized into a value system. But in reality, the value of a community with other communities may be different so it takes something more powerful that govern the laws of the country where the collection is located.109

In governance, all things are governed by the laws that exist in order from highest to lowest are as follows Law of 1945, Law, Government Regulation or Government Regulation in Lieu of Law, the Presidential Decree, the Regulation of the Minister, the Regional Regulation , Regulation of the Governor, etc., in accordance hierarchy. The lower regulation is a clarification of the rules on it for more detailed, and so on. In the implementation of the law, this is known as the principle of "Lex speciali derogate lex generalist".110 However, this principle applies on condition that the lower regulation issued not violate or conflict with previous regulations. In the polemic between Affairs and PSSI, the author tries to review the terms of legal ethics legislation. From the background of the problems previously outlined, we already know that the PSSI obliged to accept the rules of the standards set by FIFA.

109 Roberto Toscano, The Ethics of Modern Diplomacy. p.42 110 Ibid. p.44

Indonesia sanctioned prohibition to take part in international matches, because the Indonesian government through Kemenpora considered interfering PSSI internal businesses by FIFA.

III.1. Actors Authority Stated in Regulation on Sports Book

III.1.1. Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 year 2005 Regarding the National Sports System (Kemenpora) Duties, authority, and responsibility of the government and local government in Law No. 3 of 2005 on National Sports System mentioned in articles 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16. The reads as follows: Article 12 paragraph (1) reads: "The Government has the task to establish and implement policies and standardization field of sport nationally."111 paragraph (2): "local authorities have a duty to implement policies and coordinate the promotion and development of sport and implement the standardization field of sports in the area."112 Article 13 paragraph (1): "The Government has authority to regulate, foster, develop, implement, and oversee the implementation of the national sport."113 Paragraph (2) reads: "The regional government has the authority to regulate, foster, develop, implement, and oversee the implementation of sports in the area."114 Furthermore, Article 14 paragraph (1) reads: "the execution of the stewardship of sport as referred to in Article 13 at the national level is done in an integrated and sustainable coordinated by the Minister."115 Paragraph (2): "In carrying out the tasks referred to in paragraph 1, the government may delegate most of its authority to the local government in accordance with the legislation."116 paragraph (3): "in carrying out the tasks referred to in Article 13 paragraph (2), the local government set up a department in charge of sport in accordance with the legislation."117

111 UNDANG-UNDANG REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 3 TAHUN 2005 TENTANG SISTEM KEOLAHRAGAAN NASIONAL. Retrieved January 25 2017 from http://www.dpr.go.id/dokjdih/document/uu/45.pdf 112 Ibid. 113 Ibid. 114 Ibid. 115 Ibid. 116 Ibid. 117 Ibid.

Article 15 reads: "the central government and local governments are responsible for realizing the objectives of the national sports."118 Article 16: "further provisions on the duties, powers and responsibilities of government and regional government as referred to in article 12 to article 15 shall be stipulated by government regulation.”119

Kemenpora as the government has a big responsibility in making sure the sport organizations work properly and do their task according to government rules. Here we can see that there are standards to be followed by clubs or any associations so that everything can go accordingly to what the state needs to stay to compete. The standardization includes legality of the club, finance accountability, contracts of the players and staffs. That is one of the way on developing the sports in Indonesia. Which by that way it will be easier for the government to supervise, promote and develop. Because again the main task is to realizing the objectives of the national sports. But everything cannot run well unless the clubs or any associations are not being transparent with the documents needed.

III.1.2. Regulation of the Minister of Youth and Sports of the Republic of Indonesia Number 09 year 2015 (BOPI) For the general requirements referred to in Article 1, in this Ministerial Regulation, what is meant:

5. Professional Sports Control and Control is a process of activities aimed at ensuring that the organization of professional sports runs accordingly. 6. Representation is a person who is considered capable of acting as a BOPI representative in a professional sport which is appointed based on the decision of the Chairman of BOPI. 7. The Adhoc Commission is a task force established by the Chairman of BOPI in the context of solving a specific problem in accordance with his assignment. 11. Professional Sports Activity is a sports competition organized by the

118 Ibid. 119 Ibid.

organization under applicable rules and regulations. 12. Licensing is a legal instrument of state administration that can be used by BOPI to grant permits, recommendations, and / or certification to carry out the operation.

(Regulation of the Minister of Youth and Sports Affairs Number; 009 in 2015 on the Board of Professional Sport Indonesia (BOPI), Chapter I, Article 1)120

If within a sports organization in the country experienced a problem, then it is one of BOPI’s part of responsibility to fix it. Here it is also meant that BOPI has a big impact, especially regarding to grant permits and recommendations. By that then BOPI needs reports to control the process of an activity aimed and to make sure that the organization being watched is doing things accordingy. So it means organizations supervised by BOPI needs to follow and obey the rules and regulations given. To make the supervision easier than the organizations need to submit what is needed, such as legality, finance accountability, or any contracts and data ask for. If a problem is caused, for example, audit, than BOPI will look and analyze the documents given.

III.1.3. Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 year 2005 Regarding the National Sports System (PSSI) Authority of PSSI in Law No. 3 of 2005 on National Sports System mentioned in articles 1, 27, 29, and 51. The reads as follows: Article 1 paragraph (24) reads: "Sports organizations are groups of people who work together by establishing an organization for the organization of sports in accordance with the provisions of legislation."121, paragraph (25) reads: "PSSI as the parent organization of sport which is a member of the

120 Regulation of the Minister of Youth and Sports Affairs Number; 009 in 2015 on the Board of Professional Sport Indonesia (BOPI). Retrieved May 22 2017 from http://kemenpora.go.id/img_upload/files/Permenpora%20Nomor%209%20Tahun%202015%20ten tang%20Kedudukan%2C%20Fungsi%2C%20Tugas%2C%20dan%20Susunan%20Organisasi%20 Badan%20Olahraga%20Profesional%20Indonesia%20%28bn315-2015%29.pdf 121 UNDANG-UNDANG REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 3 TAHUN 2005 TENTANG SISTEM KEOLAHRAGAAN NASIONAL. Retrieved January 25 2017 from http://www.dpr.go.id/dokjdih/document/uu/45.pdf

international sports federations are entitled to foster, develop and coordinate the type of sport, in this case football."122 Article 1 paragraph 27: “stated that the promotion and development of sports achievement has been the domain authority of the parent organization of sport both at central and regional levels. Therefore, the authority to run a competition Indonesian Super League (ISL) are within the authority of the parent organization of the sport. The clubs are incorporated in the ISL are members of the PSSI, which is entered in the domain association independent legal entity.”123 Article 29 paragraph (2) reads: "Coaching and developing of professional sports is conducted by the parent organization of sports and / or professional sports organizations."124 And article 51 paragraph (2) reads: “stated that the organization of sports championship recommendation is a recommendation from the parent organization of the sport in question, in which case the recommendation given by the PSSI as the parent organization of the sport of football and not by BOPI or Kemenpora.”125

We can read and see that PSSI has the authority in ISL fully without having or getting any intervention from others, because there is independent legal entity. Where intervention could be from any government entities. And football recommendation comes from the parent organization of the sport of football and that has legal club licensing, which is not by BOPI or Kemenpora. And club licensing would be the setting of minimum standards in key such as stadium safety, fan experience and youth football development. To run football in Indonesia without any intervention then PSSI needs to follow accordance to the state legislation and be strict where they would be able to be responsible if there are any audit or checking from the government.

122 Ibid. 123 Ibid. 124 Ibid. 125 Ibid.

III.1.4. FIFA Statutes 2015 (FIFA) Article 13 paragraph (1) of the FIFA Statutes also obliged to: "1. Members have the following obligations: (g) to manage Reviews their affairs Independently and Ensure that Reviews their own affairs are not influenced by any third parties126; "The obligation to maintain the independence of the organization was re-emphasized in Article 17 paragraph (2) of the FIFA Statutes concerning the independence of FIFA members.127 In this verse arranged that each member should manage his affairs independently and with no influence from third parties, as follows: "Each Member shall manage its affairs independently and with no influence from third parties".128

If there is an association in violation, then based on article 14 paragraph (1) of the FIFA Statutes stated that the FIFA Congress is responsible to freeze the membership status as follows: "The Congress is responsible for suspending a Member. The Executive Committee may, however, suspend a Member that seriously and repeatedly violates its obligations as a Member with immediate effect ".129 Furthermore, FIFA set up expressly members of FIFA sanctioned not only forbidden, possibly even be ostracized by the other associations. When there are associations that cooperate or carry matches or cooperative relationships with members of sports and competitions sanctioned then the member will also be sanctioned. "A suspended Member shall lose its membership rights. Other Members may not entertain sporting contact with a suspended Member. The Disciplinary Committee may impose".130

It is cleared said that no third party intervention is allowed. An organization under FIFA needs to follow the statutes made if does not want to get suspended by the world soccer federation. The football associations under FIFA needs to work and solve their problem independently, where third party is not said not allowed to give any

126 Fédération Internationale de Football Association (2015). FIFA statutes. p.12 127 Ibid. p.15 128 Ibid. p.15 129 Ibid. p.13 130 Ibid. p.13

recommendations. Where intervention from the third party means intervention from the government or could be club owners. So it is really clear by having an intervention then they will get suspended and that close the opportunity in doing public diplomacy and sport diplomacy, because their football is closed from the outside world. Which it means no international participation allowed for the current team suspended. Beside that, FIFA could not acknowledge an association not being supported by its own country.

III.2. Warning Letters by Kemepora Mid-April 2015,131 Kemenpora sanctions freezing the PSSI because they did not obey the recommendation from Professional Sports Agency of Indonesia (BOPI). The recommendation states, PSSI not allowed to include Persebaya and Arema Cronus in the football league because not qualify. But, PSSI still allowing Persebaya and Arema to compete, beginning of March 2015.

The ban was issued by the Professional Sports Board of Indonesia (BOPI) because Arema and Persebaya entered Category C or in other word not qualified in BOPI verification result. Clubs in Category C are required to submit a document (concerning the legality aspect of the club, finance and professional contract of the player as well as the whole trainer must be equipped with the club) of reconciliation no later than 10 April 2015. In a letter numbered 051/BOPI/KU/TV/2015 to the CEO of PT Liga Indonesia, BOPI confirmed Persebaya Surabaya and Arema Chronus should not undergo QNB League 2015 competition.132

Menpora and BOPI seemed to be ignored by 18 club Liga Indonesia participants (LI) 2015. It is proven with still having match Arema Cronus against Persebaya Surabaya who did not get the game recommendation. But the CEO of PT. Liga Indonesia, Djoko Driyono, as QNB League operator 2015, still states the competition will be followed by 18 teams, including Arema and Persebaya. Djoko

131 Imam Rahman Cahyadi (2015). Ini Kronologi Menpora Bekukan PSSI. Retrieved April 20, 2017 from http://www.beritasatu.com/sepakbola/266754-ini-kronologis-menpora-bekukan- pssi.html 132 Ibid.

56 reasoned, BOPI only limited to issue recommendations, not a ban to compete.133 That is why the game was still held. Here, Kemenpora then wrote a warning letter to PSSI first and second, but not heard.

Therefore, Menpora began to take a firm stance. Namely, publish the first letter of warning for PSSI as the mother of Indonesian football. The letter dated April 8th 2015 is expected to be a turning point of Indonesian soccer revival to be more orderly and better. In letter No. Menpora 01133/MENPORA.SET/IV/2015, explained that Arema and Persebaya proven to violate the law by ignoring the recommendations of BOPI regarding those clubs that are not qualified to join the league. Although PSSI had said it would have a meeting with Exco and PT Liga, to discuss it, but no significant response from PSSI related to the first warning.134

The Ministry of Youth and Sports (Kemenpora) sent a second written warning letter to PSSI because the soccer parent organization was believed disobedient to the legislation. Second written warning letter with letter number 01286/Menpora/IV/2015. In a letter addressed to the Chairman of PSSI, it is explained that de facto and de jure that PSSI is legally and proven to have ignored the written warning until the deadline as stipulated in letter number 01133/Menpora/IV/2015 April 8th. 135

Menpora decision that does not give permission and the legality of the PSSI can therefore be regarded as government intervention as a third party that affect the independence of the PSSI.

III.3. Kemenpora Administrative Sanction Leads to Suspension by FIFA As the Government has a role in implementing the laws and regulations in Indonesia (the role of government)136, Menpora is authorized to take action sanctions for organizations that do not obey the law in Indonesia, which in this

133 Ibid. 134 Imam Rahman Cahyadi (2015). Ini Kronologi Menpora Bekukan PSSI. Retrieved April 20, 2017 from http://www.beritasatu.com/sepakbola/266754-ini-kronologis-menpora-bekukan- pssi.html 135 Ibid. 136 UNDANG-UNDANG REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 3 TAHUN 2005 TENTANG SISTEM KEOLAHRAGAAN NASIONAL. Retrieved April 20 2017 from http://www.dpr.go.id/dokjdih/document/uu/45.pdf

57 case, as a result of prolonged polemic in the body PSSI is still clashed with the Board of Professional Sport Indonesia (BOPI) as a representative of the government in the case of Indonesia League management.

Administrative sanction was issued in the form of freezing the PSSI written in 01307/Kemenpora/IV/2015. Right on April 17th PSSI was freezed by Menpora and the next day on the 18th of April in Kongres Luar Biasa (KLB) has changed Djohar Arifin Husin to La Nyalla Mattalitti for the next periode.137

The current decision the minister has prevailed. The government will establish a transition team which took over the rights and responsibilities of PSSI until the formation of PSSI is in competent management in accordance with organizational mechanism and FIFA statutes. Government will carry out the preparation of the national team face the SEA Games 2015.138

The highest authority of world football, FIFA has given a reply letter to the Minister of Youth and Sports, Imam Nahrawi. Its contents, a warning for Board Affairs and Professional Sport Indonesia (BOPI) to not intervene in the football competition in Indonesia. FIFA confirmed that only those members who are entitled to license professional clubs. If the problem is still not over, FIFA also threatened to sanction the PSSI, which could have implications for the football country. The issue of government intervention in football has actually been happening for a long time. FIFA itself known "fierce" to countries that are not able to take care of the football well, and some of them because of the intervention of the government.139 Quoted from a variety of sources, countries that had received sanctions from FIFA because the matter of which is Iran, Iraq, Greece, Nigeria, Brunei and several others. And, in the current situation recovers, FIFA then lift sanctions they gave.

137 Imam Rahman Cahyadi (2015). Ini Kronologi Menpora Bekukan PSSI. Retrieved April 20, 2017 from http://www.beritasatu.com/sepakbola/266754-ini-kronologis-menpora-bekukan- pssi.html 138 Imam Rahman Cahyadi (2015). Ini Kronologi Menpora Bekukan PSSI. Retrieved September 18, 2016 from http://www.beritasatu.com/sepakbola/266754-ini-kronologis-menpora-bekukan- pssi.html 139 Aditya Putra Perdana (13/4/2015). 10 Negara yang Disanksi FIFA Karena Pemerintahnya Membandel. Retrieved October 9, 2016 from http://www.viva.co.id/bola/read/612910-10-negara- yang-disanksi-fifa-karena-pemerintahnya-membandel

FIFA itself has sent a reply to a letter sent replies related to the implementation QNB League 2015 by Kemenpora. BOPI only passed the 16 teams, while PT Liga Indonesia remained immovable run QNB League competition in 2015 with 18 teams. This situation makes FIFA instruct PSSI that the highest caste football competition Indonesia still needs to run with 18 teams. Unfortunately, it is even considered as disobedience by Kemenpora, who immediately sent a letter of reprimand with a threat to revoke permit PSSI activities.

Figure 4. Results of the Verification for the Clubs in the 2015 ISL

Figure 5. Results of the Verification for the Clubs in the 2015 ISL

FIFA, as the highest authority of world football, has given a reply letter to the Minister of Youth and Sports, Imam Nahrawi. A warning for Board Affairs and Professional Sport Indonesia (BOPI) to not intervene in the football competition in Indonesia is the content. Those members who are entitled to license professional clubs confirmed FIFA. If the problem is still not over, FIFA also threatened to sanction the PSSI, which could have implications for the football country.140

When Indonesian football gets sanctions from FIFA, the question that will arise is whether Indonesia cannot play football due to a lack of recognition of FIFA. By the rule of law in Indonesia, as explained above, Indonesia not mean it cannot have its own Football League if sanctions from FIFA actually dropped for in Indonesia. Football is still playable and Indonesia can maintain ISL although not recognized by the international community. Indirectly, Menpora no violation of the FIFA Statutes, article 13 paragraph (1) letter g because they have to intervene in the decision related to the PSSI by freezing Affairs. That is why the threat of sanctions FIFA did overshadow Indonesia. Until the time of writing this paper, FIFA has reacted by giving a deadline until May 29th 2015 to Kemenpora and PSSI to be able to resolve the polemic going on between the two sides.141 If the conflict cannot be resolved, then Indonesia will receive sanctions from FIFA that it cannot compete in international competitions.

Representative of FIFA came to Indonesia on the conflict of Menpora freezing PSSI and helping finding solution to unfreeze PSSI142, so that Indonesia can attend international sport events. FIFA would lift sanctions and restore membership of PSSI if Indonesia meets a number of conditions, including PSSI back given the authority to manage its affairs independently.

140 Aditya Putra Perdana (13/4/2015). 10 Negara yang Disanksi FIFA Karena Pemerintahnya Membandel. Retrieved October 9, 2016 from http://www.viva.co.id/bola/read/612910-10-negara- yang-disanksi-fifa-karena-pemerintahnya-membandel 141 Haryanto Tri Wibowo (5/5/2015). FIFA Ultimatum Indonesia, 29 Mei Batas Akhir. Retrieved April 20 2017 from http://www.cnnindonesia.com/olahraga/20150505184258-142-51387/fifa- ultimatum-indonesia-29-mei-batas-akhir/ 142 Resty Armenia (2/11/2015). Presiden Jokowi Bertemu FIFA Didampingi Menpora. Retrieved April 20 2017 from http://www.cnnindonesia.com/olahraga/20151102133117-142- 88886/presiden-jokowi-bertemu-fifa-didampingi-menpora/

Figure 6. Concerning Sending Representative to Indonesia

Finally, the fear of the collapse of FIFA sanctions for Indonesia to become a reality. FIFA officially dropped its sanctions to Indonesia, via an official letter as of May 30th 2015 Zurich time. The fall of FIFA sanctions for Indonesia, is the result of a feud between PSSI and Kemenpora. With the decline of unknown sanctions that ultimately limits the PSSI as the parent organization of football losing membership and the Indonesian national team barred from international championships organized by FIFA and the AFC.143 In addition, FIFA sanctions also prohibit Indonesia benefited from the world soccer federation and the AFC as a development program, course, or training during the ongoing sanctions.

143 Ibid.

Figure 7. Letter from FIFA regarding PSSI Suspension

Figure 8. Letter from FIFA regarding PSSI Suspension

Following the ban, means Indonesia cannot compete in the next round of qualifiers for the 2018 World Cup and 2019 Asian Cup, starting on 11th June 2015, unless they meet FIFA’s demands. Indonesia is due to play Taiwan on 11th June and Iraq five days later as part of the qualifiers for the World and Asian Cup. However, FIFA still offers the opportunity for Indonesia's national team still competing in the SEA Games in 2015 in Singapore.144 Indonesia is not the first country to be banned by FIFA because of government intervention.

This also affects Indonesia on FIFA rankings. The movement of the position of Indonesia in the FIFA rankings before the imposition of the conflict quite positive, in the period from January to April 2014. Indonesia is in position 161 in January 2014, and climbed three places to 158 in February 2014.

Indonesia once again climbed to 154 by collecting 128 points in March 2015. Then Indonesia continues the positive trend to go up three positions to rank 151, although still under Malaysia and Singapore in April 2015. In the months that followed, Indonesia spun rotate between positions 155-159. Much like 2014, the position of Indonesia is still spinning at 155-159 position until April 2015. Two months prior to the imposition of sanctions, Indonesia is in position 156. Of even greater concern when Timor Leste overtake Indonesia in April 2015.

Indonesia is in a position to 159 at the time, while Timor Leste leapt to position 152. One month after the imposition of sanctions, Indonesia is in position 155. Then the position of Indonesia slipped to 164 (July 2015) and 165 (August and September 2015). The latest in October 2015, Indonesia once again slipped to 171 FIFA, under some small country and the football gurem such as Timor Leste (170), New Caledonia (169), India (167), Mauritus (168), Cook Island (166), until American Samoa (164).145

Sanctions are directly proportional to the risks that must be accepted by the Indonesian football on the international stage. In addition to ranking, the national team also missed the 2018 World Cup qualifying round total of eight

144 Daniel Setiawan (20/10/2015). Pembekuan, Sanksi FIFA, Hingga Anjloknya Peringkat Indonesia. Retrieved October 9, 2016 from http://bola.okezone.com/read/2015/10/20/49/1234874/pembekuan-sanksi-fifa-hingga-anjloknya- peringkat-indonesia 145 Ibid.

67 games that can be used as a place to earn points to be evaporated.146 If that is still not resolved the conflict, it is not impossible Indonesia must be willing to drop its position in the FIFA rankings. Do not be surprised if later countries such as Bhutan, Suriname, to the Seychelles are above Indonesia.

Whether Menpora will lower their ego to accept the scheme proposed settlement by FIFA by placing one of Menpora messengers to sit in the Ad Hoc Committee formed by FIFA, and together with many elements of the PSSI and FIFA representatives redefined roadmap Governance Reform National Soccer in supports of the FIFA Statutes, which automatically also must be recognize again the existence of PSSI, or will still persist with this behavior during the management regime to cut down the PSSI from central to local level are now selected through the mechanism of the organization PSSI.147 As already in mind, FIFA has accommodated the government as one of the stakeholders, and the President of PSSI have expressed openly to support the policies of President Jokowi improve governance of national football.

FIFA delegates gave their 8 views on the national football:148 (2015)

1. FIFA and AFC recognize elections held on April 18th 2015 and the Executive Committee of PSSI elected, served for four years. (The congress adopted the management under the leadership of La Nyalla Matalitti, which later was recognized by the Ministry of Youth and Sports). 2. FIFA and the AFC cannot allow "government takeover" of the member associations of FIFA. The suspension will continue until a period of four years and the Executive Committee of PSSI elected no longer served if the government will maintain its position. This, for example, could have a significant impact on the Asian Games, when Indonesia hosts, because football will not be played.

146 Daniel Setiawan (20/10/2015). Pembekuan, Sanksi FIFA, Hingga Anjloknya Peringkat Indonesia. Retrieved October 9, 2016 from http://bola.okezone.com/read/2015/10/20/49/1234874/pembekuan-sanksi-fifa-hingga-anjloknya- peringkat-indonesia 147 PSSI, Menpora and FIFA, Triangle Relationship which is not yet harmonious. Retrieved Januariy 16 2017. 148 Ibid.

3. We understand the Indonesian government wants the football association managed better and therefore want reform of football. It is also of interest that owned by FIFA, AFC and PSSI because Indonesia is a country with high potential for football. 4. FIFA, AFC and PSSI agreed no action should be taken to reform Indonesian football, but this should be done under the supports of the FIFA statutes, which recognize PSSI as the body that manages the football of Indonesia. 5. Further, the PSSI Congress mandates the Executive Committee of PSSI elected on April 18th 2015. Therefore, there is no reform and no responsibility of soccer that could be done under the auspices of the transition team formed by the government. However, FIFA, AFC and PSSI willing to cooperate with the government to make reforms happen so that Indonesia can reach its potential. 6. After discussions with the President of Indonesia yesterday, has agreed a committee will be formed under the FIFA statutes (which recognizes the existence PSSI), which consists of representatives of key stakeholders (clubs, leagues and players). The government will tell us in the next few days about who their representatives in this committee. 7. This committee will be responsible for carrying out reforms in the PSSI. The determination of the terms of reference (terms of reference) will be a priority of this committee of FIFA, AFC and PSSI during the next few days. 8. We are here to deliver this message and listen to your views.149

Interesting to wait, how is the reaction and attitude towards 8 views of FIFA Affairs earlier. So the football remains in the decision of Menpora on one of two options from writer opinion. First is follow the views of FIFA and together with the other stakeholders to reformulate and implement governance reforms of the national football in the shade of the FIFA statutes lift the freeze of PSSI so that FIFA sanctions will be lifted, or second is still maintaining the desire to

149 Ibid.

69 change the total management of PSSI from central to local level by relying on the Transition team made, freezing still not cancelled and work extra hard to win in appeal while sanctions of FIFA remains valid. Try to show that the national football can achieve both club and national team along in the world without international arena.

President Jokowi Widodo lends a hand on this conflict between Menpora and PSSI to save the national football.150 FIFA, AFC, PSSI, and the government of Indonesia has the same view that Indonesia is a country with great football potential and reforms needed to achieve the great potential of it. President of the Republic of Indonesia understand that any reforms undertaken must be run under the FIFA statutes, but the government received as part of the stakeholders in the reform process. He sent two representatives Agum Gumelar (Chairman of the Ad- Hoc Committee on PSSI Reform) and Erick Thohir (Chairman Olympics Indonesia (KOI)) to FIFA office at Zurich, Swiss on April 26th 2016 to meet President of the World Football Federation (FIFA) Gianni Infantino. FIFA is willing to assist PSSI in this process in order to bring Indonesia back fully to the international football community.151

150 Anju Christian Silaban (29/2/2016). Sebelum Putuskan Nasib PSSI, Jokowi Ingin Bicara dengan FIFA Dulu. Retrieved April 20 2017 from http://www.juara.net/read/sepakbola/indonesia/139221-sebelum.putuskan.nasib.pssi.jokowi.ingin.bicara.dengan.fifa.dulu 151 Muhammad Wirawan Kusuma (26/5/2015). Istana Terbelah Akibat Konflik Kemenpora-PSSI. Retrieved January 17 2017 from http://www.viva.co.id/bola/read/630172-istana-terbelah-akibat- konflik-kemenpora-pssi

CHAPTER IV

THE ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF THE GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION ON PSSI TO THE ROLE OF INDONESIA’S PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL SPORT

Ministry of Youth and Sports (Kemenpora) held a Working Meeting (Raker) with Commission X House of Representatives in parliament complex, Jakarta. The meeting was also attended by Menpora, Imam Nahrawi accompanied by all his staff, among others, spokesman Gatot S Dewa Broto, Deputy IV Step-up Achievement Field Djoko Pekik Irianto, Special Staff M Khusen Yusuf, and others.152

In the Working Meeting, Menpora described the requirements that must be implemented before the government revoked the imposition of administrative sanctions on the PSSI include:

1. Ensure the existence / government presence in the national football governance by PSSI through strict supervision and control by the government. 2. Ensure PSSI reporting and accountability systems to AFC and FIFA, that the government's involvement in improving national soccer governance in PSSI is a form of government responsibility and not as a form of government intervention. 3. Prioritize obedience to the national legal system. 4. PSSI is committed consistently to the improvement of football governance in the interest of improving the achievements of football sport. 5. Ensure the confession of public information is accountable in the form of reporting or publication.

152 Reynas Abdila (2/3/2016). Ini Syarat yang Harus Dilakukan PSSI Sebelum Pencabutan Pembekuan. Retrieved Mei 16 2017 from http://www.tribunnews.com/superskor/2016/03/02/ini- syarat-yang-harus-dilakukan-pssi-sebelum-pencabutan-pembekuan

6. Ensure the implementation of sustainable coaching and professional competition, quality, and transparency. 7. Ensure the absence of scoring and cartel patterns in the management of national football as well as the fulfillment of protection guarantees for professional sport actors. 8. Ensure achievement of the national team as the first winner in the event; 1. AFF 2016, 2. SEA Games in 2017, 3. Qualify for World Cup Qualification 2018, and Asian Games XVII 2018. 9. Accelerate the holding of Extraordinary Congress (KLB) as expected by the government by keeping in mind the FIFA Statute must be executed by the end of April 2016.

Revocation of Ministerial Decree No. 01307 of 2015 on the imposition of administrative sanctions would be done after the fulfillment of requirements and obligations by the organization PSSI in accordance with government policy. The deadline is at the latest by May 2016 with assessment and evaluation by the Small Team resulting from the commitment of President Joko Widodo with FIFA.153

Minister of Youth and Sports (Affairs) RI, Imam Nahrawi, revealed it has been reported related to the lifting of the freeze of PSSI to FIFA. As is known, FIFA is awaiting written confirmation from the Indonesian government to revoke the suspension prior to Indonesia in letter number 14/Kemenpora/V/2016. Because FIFA asked also to provide written confirmation that the deadline in order to be delivered before the FIFA Congress in Mexico 12-13 May 2016. Only after that, FIFA lift sanctions against Indonesia.154

After PSSI try to follow FIFA request contained in the letter and also with the official lifting of PSSI freezed by Menpora then they immediately notify FIFA and hopes sanctions on Indonesia immediately lifted.

153 Ibid. 154 Muhammad Wirawan Kusuma (26/5/2015). Istana Terbelah Akibat Konflik Kemenpora-PSSI. Retrieved January 17 2017 from http://www.viva.co.id/bola/read/630172-istana-terbelah-akibat- konflik-kemenpora-pssi

FIFA has officially lifted the sanctions on Football Association of Indonesia (PSSI). The lifting of sanctions is done at the 66th FIFA Congress in Mexico on May 12th 2016 in place.155

IV.1. The Impact To The Football Environment During Intervention There are already several examples of the adverse effects of the decree are visible. During the sanctions imposed, the Indonesian players could not play overseas or in the clubs that exist under the state federation registered as a member of FIFA. Indonesian players who play overseas clubs like Irfan (Consadole Sapporo - J2 League), Sergio van Dijk (Suphanburi - Thai Premier League), Andik Vermansyah (Selangor FA - Malaysia Super League) will also be sent back to his native country because of these players are in the country at the FIFA sanctions. The latest is the cancellation of the match Persipura Jayapura in the last 16 of the AFC Cup 2015 Pahang FA cons. A match that actually took place Tuesday, May 26th 2015 at the Mandala Stadium, canceled because of Pahang chose to go home. It did not release the impact of visas for foreign players that club Malaysia. PSSI accused perpetrator for failing to help in providing visas for Pahang players.156 However, PSSI cannot be blamed entirely. Because the PSSI difficulty coordinating with the immigration because it is still frozen by Menpora. Here are the facts after the freeze of the PSSI by Imam Nahrawi Affairs:157 1. Football Indonesia threatened out of favor from the international community following the publication of a letter to PSSI by FIFA on May 4th 2015. In the letter, FIFA asked the government not to interfere with the organization PSSI Affairs. 2. Step Affairs requested the heads of the area and the police not to provide services to the PSSI and Indonesian League matches made

155 Nugyasa Laksamana (13/5/2016). FIFA Resmi Cabut Sanksi terhadap Indonesia. Retrieved April 20 2017 from http://bola.kompas.com/read/2016/05/13/23004988/FIFA.Resmi.Cabut.Sanksi.terhadap.Indonesia. 156 Arie Putra (6/10/2015). Fight Between PSSI and Kemenpora over the Football. Retrieved January 19 2017 from https://suarakebebasan.org/en/opini/item/494-fight-between-pssi-and- kemenpora-over-the-football 157 Kemenpora sia-sia, cari perkara bikin bencana. Retrieved January 19 2017 from http://www.suaramedan.com/2015/06/kemenpora-sia-sia-cari-perkara-bikin.html

continued QNB League cannot be held so that the PSSI decided to discontinue the League by reason of force majeure. 3. PT Liga Indonesia then initiated the preseason tournament called the Champions Cup QNB eventually fail because they do not get the blessing of the Board of Professional Sport Indonesia (BOPI). This situation makes players, coaches, officials, and a number of businesses, suffered losses. 4. Forming Transition Team further exacerbated the conflict PSSI and Affairs. This team should be filled by 19 members, but four people to resign before the decree of Affairs published. 5. A number of clubs chose to dissolve itself in order to avoid greater losses. The professional players are forced to take the path of risk by appearing in the game tarkam to seek additional revenue. 6. Manufacturers replica jersey, attributes, souvenir country clubs, financially exposed. Goods that have been manufactured not difficult marketed since the cessation of Indonesian football competition. 7. Ensure that the Ministry of Youth and Sports (Kemenpora) through the Transition Team met FIFA to explain the reasons for the suspension PSSI rejected. FIFA via letter dated May 20th 2015 again reminded that the government lifts sanctions against PSSI freezing later than May 29th 2015. 8. The President of the Olympic Committee of South East Asia (SEAG), Charouck Arirachakaran, requested that the U-23 national team to not leave until any definite decision from FIFA. It is feared, the arrival of U-23 to Singapore it will be futile if later FIFA sanctions. In fact, the plan Evan Dimas and his friends should depart for Singapore on May 29th 2015 because it must compete on June 2nd 2015. 9. Game Persipura Jayapura vs Pahang FA in the last 16 of the AFC Cup is supposed to be held May 26th 2015 null and void. Pahang FA decided to return to Malaysia after being stranded at the airport due to visa for three foreign players are not published. The Immigration no longer willing to process the filings made by the PSSI because it was frozen Affairs.

10. Independence Cup Tournament was initiated by the Transition Team is still limited discourse. Until now there is no certainty regarding the number of participants, the format of the game and the match schedule.158

Not only the club, Indonesia U-23 national team could also be affected by the freezing of PSSI. As is known, FIFA threatened to impose sanctions on Indonesia if the problem is not completed on 29th May.159 If the official sanction imposed, it automatically Garuda Muda opportunity to perform at the 2015 SEA Games closed already. Practice and hard work Evan Dimas and his friends during the preparation period must end in vain. Here's a list of the losses suffered by Indonesia in banned after FIFA: 1. Indonesia is not able to follow international tournaments both national team and club. (2018 World Cup qualifiers, 2019 Asian Cup qualifier; AFC CUP) 2. There is no local competition recognized by FIFA. It means the champion of a competition is only at that place and moment and are not tested at the international level. 3. The FIFA sanctions indirectly sterilize the talents of young Indonesian soccer player who is usually able to speak a lot in international tournaments at young age. (2016 U-19 Asian Cup qualifier) 4. Sanctions FIFA do not only impact on the club level/national team, but also take precedence over the coaching and refereeing. Indonesia referee regeneration to the international level can be disrupted. (Firman Utina could not take AFC C coaching license, June 2015) 5. Losses for the media industry, cannot broadcast, or proclaim the club and national team matches, because of suspension play in international tournaments at any age level. This situation affected the lack of sponsors because of course sponsors wants to be posted in public. This makes sponsors withdraws.

158 Ibid. 159 Kemenpora sia-sia, cari perkara bikin bencana. Retrieved January 19 2017 from http://www.suaramedan.com/2015/06/kemenpora-sia-sia-cari-perkara-bikin.html

6. Supporters will no longer be able to support the Indonesia national team in such event, the Asian Games, Pre-Olympics, the Asian Cup Qualification, World Cup Qualifying, the AFF Cup, and others during the FIFA sanctions still in force. As we know many elite clubs of the world have felt how the atmosphere of football supporters of Indonesia is and how loyal they are. With this it could make income from tickets decrease and also no more Red and White seen. 7. Clubs of the world would be deterred from visiting Indonesia during the FIFA sanctions still in force. Indonesia public fanaticism in the country attracts the enthusiasm of football's top clubs of the world to visit and hold a pre-season game. By this sanction, it makes Indonesia’s nation branding stop. Where actually Indonesia is know with great atmosphere of football supporters. 8. PSSI and the official are not acquire rights related to FIFA development programs, as well as training, for the duration of the penalty.160 One of the example is not being able to get AFC coaching license because no permission given to a federation not recognized by FIFA.

These lost could definitely make the football in Indonesia get less interesting, remembering the lack of targets at international level. Sanctions will be lifted if FIFA requirements issued actually be fulfilled.

Also of this sanction, coaches were not able to take their coaching license to a higher level because AFC could not give permission to a federation not recognized by FIFA.161 Soccer schools became less interested because the players knew they could not represent their country. Most importantly club investors/sponsors needed a team that can compete not just in the state but also internationally. This made Indonesia’s public diplomacy and sports diplomacy

160 Ninda Alfionita (5/5/2015). Tujuh dampak sanksi FIFA bagi Indonesia. Retrieved January 19 2017 from http://www.antaranews.com/berita/499605/tujuh-dampak-sanksi-fifa-bagi-indonesia 161 Aloysius Gonsaga (3/6/2015). Gara-gara Sanksi, Firman Utina Kecewa Ggal Ikut Kursus Kepelatihan C AFC. Retrieved April 20 2017 from http://bola.kompas.com/read/2015/06/03/05450038/Gara- gara.Sanksi.Firman.Utina.Kecewa.Gagal.Ikut.Kursus.Kepelatihan.C.AFC

76 decreasing. Even Indonesia’s football athletes needed to find a job to live their family from hunger.162 In this situation really made a lot of sides suffer.

President Jokowi is very concentrating to the development of football in Indonesia. Former Jakarta governor issued four steps to fix the national football.163 These four steps endorsed by Jokowi for coaching the youth. This is a very good step due not to just expect the football Indonesia will be progressive in the region and the world if the early childhood development was forgotten. Secondly, President Jokowi called for a total restoring of the governance system and the national football competition to be more competitive, higher quality, which brings fair play, and good competition system will bring the seeds of young players from many areas of potential. The third step should be done is revamping club management should concern us all. To that, the President will ask for input and desires of PSSI. Meanwhile, the fourth step related with the preparation of infrastructure stadium or training ground qualify, President Jokowi already asked the Minister of Youth and Sports that the football field in the villages, in order to be renovated and maintained, preserved as a public space community. It is also a step that is very supportive because so as not to the open field adapted for other purposes, especially for commercial purposes. It should be the number of the field added more. President Joko Widodo claimed, though had a vacuum in international matches due to sanctions by the world football federation FIFA, but the achievements of Garuda national team in the final last AFF Cup 2016, an achievement and momentum to the rise of Indonesian football.164

IV.2. The Impact To The Football Environment After Intervention Lift After the freeze of PSSI, the first step taken by PSSI is doing the Annual Congress on June 1st 2016 in Balikpapan by inviting all football stakeholders homeland. One of the results obtained from the congress of which is to form the

162 Devi Novitasari (27/5/2015). 5 Pesepakbola Indonesia yang Banting Setir Akibat Sanksi FIFA. Retrieved April 20 2017 from http://www.indosport.com/sepakbola/20150627/5-pesepakbola- indonesia-yang-banting-setir-akibat-sanki-fifa#show 163 Andika Pratama. Empat langkah Jokowi benahi sepak bola Indonesia. Retrieved January 25 2017 from http://rimanews.com/olahraga/sepakbola/read/20170125/314591/Empat-langkah- Jokowi-benahi-sepak-bola-Indonesia 164 Ibid.

National Team Agency (BTN) is filled by a combination of members of PSSI and Menpora. 165

IV.2.1. Domestic Impact Then in the early of Indonesia football being back in action, Hinca appointed coach Semen Padang, Nil Maizar accompanied by technical director Dutchman, Pieter Huistra who was re-called after earlier return home. As you know, once restored as a member of FIFA, PSSI was allowed to follow the event at the 2016 AFF Suzuki Myanmar and the Philippines in November. BTN was assigned to find the best players of Indonesia to become a member of the Indonesian national team squad. In addition, BTN will also draw up a schedule friendly matches and training camp as the capital of the national team in the finals of the AFF later.166

No renewal in the regulations concerning candidates PSSI that previously required as PSSI, now everyone can become the head of the PSSI, but first the views of the fit and proper test by an independent body consisting of PSSI, Affairs, Journalist, former soccer athletes, legal experts, economists and football supporters.

Indonesia Soccer Championship A and B as a breakaway league was passed as a pre-season event in the congress. Later, it will be decided which clubs are entitled to become a major league participant (ed: ISL), First Division, and the League of the archipelago with the condition that in accordance with statutes AFC/FIFA. The plan, a new league scrolling if the entire procedure, ranging from the legality, mess of players, stadiums, early childhood development, etc. in accordance with the mandate of the AFC/FIFA.

IV.2.2. International Impact After the sanction being lift, it affects Indonesia on FIFA rankings. Indonesian national team gained eight ranking in the FIFA ranking list on December 2016, in the order of 171. Where the latest was 179 on

165 Wahyu Putro (23/5/2016). PSSI Tunda Kongres Tahunan. Retrieved April 20 2017 from http://www.beritasatu.com/sepakbola/366385-pssi-tunda-kongres-tahunan.html 166 Ibid.

September 2016. The rapid increase Indonesia's ranking in the FIFA rankings would not be separated from the achievement of Boaz Solossa and others in the AFF Cup 2016. At the regular tournament, Garuda squad was runner-up after losing to Thailand with an aggregate score of 2-3 in the top of the party.167

Here are views numbers of international agenda have been waiting for the Indonesian national team after the annulment of FIFA sanction:168

1. AFF Invitational Futsal Club Championship 10-16 July Nay Pyi Daw, Myanmar 2. AFF Women Championship 26 July-4 August Mandalay, Myanmar 3. AFF Under-16 Championship 10-23 July Phnom Penh, Kamboja 4. AFF Under-19 Championship 11-24 September Hanoi, Vietnam 5. AFF Beach Soccer Championship 5-13 August 6. AFF Futsal Championship 31 October-6 November 7. AFF Suzuki Cup Kualifikasi 13-22 October Phnom Penh, Kamboja 8. AFF Suzuki Cup Putaran final 19 November-17 December Myanmar dan Filipina169

Indonesia has a really huge participation in international sports and we can see that from the agenda they are going to join. From all of that we see how Indonesia can implement soft power diplomacy. Soft power can be obtained from the games that Indonesia played that can make scouts interested in having players from Indonesia and contract them to play at higher club level in international scale. And public diplomacy is obtained from the existence games of Indonesia. This could attract other country players to come and have the ambience to play in ISL or attract investors to come and invest in Indonesia. Most importantly is Indonesia could continue their national branding through football.

167 Nugyasa Laksamana (23/12/2016). Posisi Indonesia Melesat di Peringkat FIFA. Retrieved April 20 2017 from http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2016/12/23/07420028/posisi.indonesia.melesat.di.peringkat.fifa 168 Bangkit Usai Sanksi FIFA Dicabut. Retrieved April 20 2017 from http://koran- sindo.com/news.php?r=0&n=20&date=2016-05-27?r=0&n=20&date=2016-05-27 169 Bangkit Usai Sanksi FIFA Dicabut. Retrieved April 20 2017 from http://koran- sindo.com/news.php?r=0&n=20&date=2016-05-27?r=0&n=20&date=2016-05-27

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the above analysis, the authors conclude that Decree No. 01307 Affairs in 2015 on the imposition of Administrative Sanction Form PSSI Sport Activity Not Recognized issued by Imam Nahrawi as Minister of Youth and Sports in accordance with the mandate of the Act in force. If it is associated with ethical principles, actions taken by the Sports Minister is doing what is right in accordance with the mandate of Law (doing the right things). Although at the time this decision was issued there has been much reaction pro and con, but it should be understood that the decision was a decision taken by the Government that the duties and responsibilities is authorized to establish and implement policies and national standardization sports field. Government in order to fix the chaos that occurs in the PSSI and for the achievement of good governance, the decision was taken although reasonable with the issuance of the decision, Indonesia might be hit by sanctions from FIFA (comply or else). Thus, the decision is legally binding and must be implemented fully by the PSSI. The problems that occurred in the PSSI conflict became very complicated because a lot of interest of the parties to the conflict (conflict of interest). Dilemma occurs in the government because some of the rules of the FIFA Statutes banning third party to interfere in the conflict resolution PSSI. The parties with the conflict also must work together for a common goal, namely the rise of Indonesian football and put aside personal and group interests. According to me, Menpora decision on freezing the PSSI was right. In order to achieve the revival of football in their own country, Indonesia needs to improve itself in advance with the existing challenges. Support from the government is also very necessary for all football, such as ease in competing facilities, guarantees a professional football club management, and others. On completion of this paper, no common ground between the parties in response to the sanctions to be imposed by FIFA. However, freezing the PSSI by Menpora is expected to be the starting point of the rise of football in Indonesia

Today the world is no longer governed solely by a sovereign state, but also non-state actors. Included in this FIFA as the governing body of international football. In the language of foreign policy, FIFA is the embodiment of the so- called New Sovereignty. The consequences of the existence of multi-lateral engagement is to bring healthy competition in the absence of intervention from the state. Thus, international agreements are voluntary without coercion. In other words, if Indonesia is already incorporated in the FIFA voluntarily, then the consequences are to follow the rules that exist in FIFA.

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