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Space Traffic Management and Orbital Debris a Position Paper
Space Traffic Management and Orbital Debris A Position Paper Provided By Association of Space Explorers 141 Bay Area Blvd Webster, TX 77598 15 July 2020 INTRODUCTION The Association of Space Explorers (ASE) is an international nonprofit professional and educational organization of over 400 flown astronauts and cosmonauts from 38 nations. Membership in ASE is open to individuals who have completed at least one orbit of the Earth in a spacecraft. ASE member countries include Afghanistan, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, and Vietnam. When Sputnik was launched in 1957 there was only one man made object in orbit. Now there are over 500,000 spacecraft and space debris objects orbiting the earth. Because these objects travel at speeds on the order of 8 kilometers per second, even a very small piece of material represents a hazard to other spacecraft should a collision (conjunction) occur. Great effort is underway to better understand the orbits of all of these objects and to develop the capability to identify potential collisions. ASE fully supports activities aimed at making operations in earth orbit safe, efficient, and collegial, and is often asked for “the astronaut’s/cosmonaut’s perspective” on subjects that fall under these headings. Space Traffic Management and Orbital Debris are two such topics where ASE sees the need for a coordinated, international effort to insure safe and efficient operations in earth orbit. -
Space Traffic Management in the Age of New Space Glenn Peterson, Marlon Sorge, and William Ailor the Aerospace Corporation
CENTER FOR SPACE POLICY AND STRATEGY APRIL 2018 SPACE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN THE AGE OF NEW SPACE GLENN PETERSON, MARLON SORGE, AND WILLIAM AILOR THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION © 2018 The Aerospace Corporation. All trademarks, service marks, and trade names contained herein are the property of their respective owners. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. OTR 201800503 GLENN PETERSON Dr. Glenn Peterson is senior engineering specialist in the System Analysis and Simulation Subdivision. He works on a variety of topics pertaining to space traffic management and is responsible for analysis regarding orbital debris and micrometeoroid environments, collision risk and avoidance modeling, and the threat from near earth objects. He has an M.S. in aerospace engineering from San Diego State University and a Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin. MARLON SORGE Marlon Sorge is senior project engineer for the Space Innovation Directorate, and a core member of the corporation’s Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies (CORDS), having worked on orbital debris research for nearly 30 years. Sorge supports a variety of projects related to space debris and space situational awareness as well as strategic planning, conceptual design, technology development, and astrodynamics analysis. He developed the Aerospace fragmentation model and conducted some of the first work in real-time fragmentation event risk assessment. He holds an M.S. in aeronautical and astronautical engineering from Purdue University. WILLIAM AILOR Dr. William Ailor is the principal engineer for the Center for Orbital and Reentry Debris Studies (CORDS). He has extensive expertise on spacecraft reentry and breakup and is frequently asked to provide commentary and context for national news outlets. -
Handbook for New Actors in Space Secure World Foundation
H SECURE WORLD FOUNDATION ANDBOOK HANDBOOK FOR NEW ACTORS IN SPACE SECURE WORLD FOUNDATION Space is rapidly changing. Every year, more numerous F and more diverse actors embark on increasingly novel, innovative, and disruptive ventures in outer space. They are OR HANDBOOK FOR joining the more than 70 states, commercial companies, N and international organizations currently operating over 1,500 satellites in Earth orbit. EW A NEW ACTORS The prospects are bright; accessing and exploring outer space now require less capital investment, less time, and CTORS fewer people than ever before. However, this rapid pace of IN SPACE growth and change exists in a complex landscape of legal, regulatory, political, technical, and administrative issues. New actors in space face a steep learning curve and will I stress existing institutions and governance frameworks. N Additionally, the inherently difficult and fragile nature of S the space environment means that accidents or mistakes in PACE space might affect us all. In considering the great possibilities for growth and innovation, and in light of the myriad and interlinked challenges new space activities will confront, the Secure World Foundation offers this Handbook for New Actors in Space in the hopes that it will assist all aspiring new entrants—whether governmental or non-governmental— in planning and conducting space activities in a safe and sustainable manner. 2017 EDITION 2017 Edition ISBN 978-0-692-45413-8 90000> | 1 9 780692 454138 2 | Handbook for New Actors in Space Secure World Foundation Handbook for New Actors in Space Edited by Christopher D. Johnson Nothing contained in this book is to be considered as rendering legal advice for specific cases, and readers are responsible for obtaining such advice from their legal counsel. -
Perspectives on Future Space Traffic Management
Perspectives on future space traffic management Alexander Soucek 10th UN Space Law Workshop Legal Officer, International Law Division, European Space Agency 5 September 2016, Vienna, Austria Space Traffic Management: the concept • Conceptualized in the 1980s • “Space Traffic Management is the set of regulatory rules to ensure safe access to outer space, safe operations in outer space and safe return from outer space.” (IAA, 2006) • Basis: to view space activities as a comprehensive traffic regime and regulate them accordingly. 2 Evolution of spaceflight • New ways of using outer space: e.g. mega- constellations, on-orbit servicing missions, space tourism • New actors (privatization, “space democratization”) • New technical challenges (amount of space objects, maneuverability, etc.) • => new regulatory requirements 3 Today: “status management” • The basis of international space law is embodied in five multilateral treaties without a “normative hierarchy”. • The Outer Space Treaty sets forth some fundamental, commonly recognized principles pertaining to the status of outer space and the conduct of space activities. • Primary purpose: to regulate inter-state relations (in times of the Cold War). 4 The example of the “space object” • The term is not defined beyond that it includes “component parts (…) as well as its launch vehicle and parts thereof”. • No normative distinction is made between different object categories, their function or their purposes. • No technical or safety requirements a space object would have to meet are defined; nor are physical object parameters or rules pertaining to space object operations. 5 STM elements in int. space law • The space treaties do not provide for technical requirements but are interstratified with STM elements, e.g.: – Specific kinds of payloads are forbidden in certain orbits; – Registration and notification requirements; – appropriate consultations to avoid harmful interference. -
The Outer Space Legal Regime and UN Register of Space Objects
The Outer Space Legal Regime and UN Register of Space Objects ITU-R Symposium and Workshop on the Small Satellite Regulation and Communication Systems Prague, Czech Republic, 2-4 March 2015 Niklas Hedman United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs 1 Legal Regime of Outer Space and Registration Outer Space Treaty Article VI “International responsibility” Article VII “International liability” Article VIII “Jurisdiction and control” Liability Convention Article II “Absolute liability” Article III “Fault liability” Article IV “Joint and several liability” Registration Convention Preamble Article I “Definitions” (LIAB Art. I) Articles II, III, IV (fundamental registration requirements) Rescue Agreement, NPS Principles, GA resolution 59/115, 62/101 and 68/74, COPUOS debris mitigation guidelines, Safety Framework on NPS 2 Status of the Registration Convention As of December 2014, there are 62 States Parties and 4 Signatory States: Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi (Signature only), Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran (S), Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Mexico, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, Nicaragua (S), Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Seychelles, Singapore (S), Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay. Three international intergovernmental organizations have declared their acceptance of rights and obligations: European Space Agency (ESA); European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT); European Telecommunications Satellite Organization (EUTELSAT-IGO). -
The Registration Convention of 1975 Space News
2016/5/23 SPACE LAW AND POLICY WITH SIMULATED NEGOTIATIONS [7] THE REGISTRATION CONVENTION OF 1975 23 MAY 2016 YURI TAKAYA (PH.D) LECTURER, KOBE UNIVERSITY SPACE NEWS: BBC News [17 May 2016] First UK astronaut calls for more Brits in space Britain's first astronaut has said the UK risks becoming a "backward nation" if the government does not pay to send more people into space. Helen Sharman believes the country would lose many of the benefits of Tim Peake's mission if a commitment to more flights is not made very soon. Ms Sharman said that this was the UK's "last chance" to be involved "in the future of the human race". http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36311799 1 2016/5/23 REGISTRATION CONVENTION OF 1975 CONVENTION ON REGISTRATION OF OBJECTS LAUNCHED INTO OUTER SPACE 3 Jurisdiction and Control State from whose territory State from whose facility State who launches States who procures Space object launched space object is launched 4 State of registry 2 2016/5/23 1. OVERVIEW check ◆Why important? to identify which space objects caused damage to identify who has jurisdiction and control over it (state of registry) to reduce suspicion against the deployment of WMD in orbit around the Earth ◆Preamble Recalling: The Outer Space Treaty of 1967: international responsibility + the state of registry The Rescue Agreement of 1968: a launching state furnish identifying data prior to the return of an object it has launched into outer space The Liability Convention of 1972: international rules and procedures about the liability of launching states for damage 5 1. -
SPACE POLICY PRIMER Key Concepts, Issues, and Actors SECOND EDITION
JOHN PAUL BYRNE John Paul Byrne is an undergraduate at the United States Air Force Academy. He was recently an intern at The Aerospace Corporation, where he supported the work of the Center for Space Policy and Strategy. He is working as the president of the Air Force Academy’s International Applied Space Policy and Strategy cadet club, where they focus on developing space-minded officers for the Air and Space Forces. John will earn his bachelor’s degree in political science with a focus in international relations, and a minor in German in 2021. ROBIN DICKEY Robin Dickey is a space policy and strategy analyst at The Aerospace Corporation’s Center for Space Policy and Strategy, focusing on national security space. Her prior experience includes risk analysis, legislative affairs, and international development. She earned her bachelor’s and master’s degrees in international studies at Johns Hopkins University. MICHAEL P. GLEASON Dr. Michael P. Gleason is a national security senior project engineer in The Aerospace Corporation’s Center for Space Policy and Strategy and is a well-regarded author on space policy subjects, including international cooperation, space traffic management, national security, and deterrence. He has presented his research on critical space policy issues at conferences in Canada, Europe, Japan, and across the United States. A graduate of the U.S. Air Force Academy, Gleason served 29 years active in the Air Force space career field, including stints in spacecraft operations, on the Air Force Academy faculty, at the Pentagon, and at the Department of State. He holds a Ph.D. -
Critical Issues Related to Registration of Space Objects and Transparency of Space Activities
Acta Astronautica 143 (2018) 406–420 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Acta Astronautica journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/actaastro Critical issues related to registration of space objects and transparency of space activities Ram S. Jakhu a,*, Bhupendra Jasani b, Jonathan C. McDowell c a McGill-IASL, Montreal, Canada b King's College, London, UK c Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, USA1 ABSTRACT The main purpose of the 1975 Registration Convention is to achieve transparency in space activities and this objective is motivated by the belief that a mandatory registration system would assist in the identification of space objects launched into outer space. This would also consequently contribute to the application and development of international law governing the exploration and use of outer space. States Parties to the Convention furnish the required information to the United Nations' Register of Space Objects. However, the furnished information is often so general that it may not be as helpful in creating transparency as had been hoped by the drafters of the Convention. While registration of civil satellites has been furnished with some general details, till today, none of the Parties have described the objects as having military functions despite the fact that a large number of such objects do perform military functions as well. In some cases, the best they have done is to indicate that the space objects are for their defense establishments. Moreover, the number of registrations of space objects is declining. This paper addresses the challenges posed by the non-registration of space objects. Particularly, the paper provides some data about the registration and non-registration of satellites and the States that have and have not complied with their legal obligations. -
The International Space Station: Legal Framework and Current Status, 64 J
Journal of Air Law and Commerce Volume 64 | Issue 4 Article 3 1999 The nI ternational Space Station: Legal Framework and Current Status Rochus Moenter Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc Recommended Citation Rochus Moenter, The International Space Station: Legal Framework and Current Status, 64 J. Air L. & Com. 1033 (1999) https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc/vol64/iss4/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at SMU Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Air Law and Commerce by an authorized administrator of SMU Scholar. For more information, please visit http://digitalrepository.smu.edu. THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION: LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND CURRENT STATUS ROCHUS MOENTER I. THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION A. BACKGROUND AND CURRENT STATUS HE DEVELOPMENT and construction of an International Space Station (ISS) began with President Reagan's an- nouncement in 1984 that the United States of America intended to build a permanently inhabited civil space station in the earth's orbit, later labeled "Space Station Freedom."' In con- nection with the announcement, President Reagan invited other countries, in particular Canada, Europe and Japan, to partici- pate in the project. This invitation was subsequently accepted by several countries, including the members of the European Space Agency (ESA).2 Some of the countries accepting were Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, the United Kingdom, Canada through the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and the Govern- ment of Japan (GOJ). Many years of negotiations followed, mainly between NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and the re- spective national space agencies, regarding the construction, de- velopment and operation of an ISS. -
Arctic Security and Outer Space
SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF Byers, M. (2020). Arctic Security and Outer Space. Scandinavian MILITARY STUDIES Journal of Military Studies, 3(1), pp. 183–196. DOI: https://doi. org/10.31374/sjms.56 RESEARCH ARTICLE Arctic Security and Outer Space Michael Byers Global Politics and International Law, University of British Columbia, CA. This article was delivered in Nuuk, Greenland, as the keynote speech at the Signature Conference of the Royal Danish Defence College, on 2 October 2019. It builds on an earlier piece: ‘Cold, dark, and dangerous: international cooperation in the arctic and space,’ Polar Record 55(1), 32–47, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0032247419000160 [email protected] Journalists often portray the Arctic and Space as rife with economic competition, contested territorial claims, and impending conflicts. In actuality, there is extensive and ongoing coopera- tion between Russia and Western states in both regions. A number of factors common to the Arctic and to Space contribute to this ongoing cooperation, including ‘complex interdependence’ and widely agreed rules of international law. This article focuses on three further common factors: the ‘cold, dark, and dangerous’ character of the regions; the absence of substantial ‘weaponisation’; and the relative ease with which information about military activities may be gathered in the Arctic and Space, for instance through Space-based technologies. The latter factor enables Arctic and Space-faring states to avoid classic ‘security dilemmas’. Keywords: Arctic; Space; Security; International Cooperation; International Law; Russia; NATO 1. Introduction The Arctic is closely connected to Outer Space (‘Space’). The Arctic climate is a consequence of Earth’s orbital mechanics, most notably the tilt of the planet, which leads to the absence of sunlight in winter and to 24-hour sunlight in summer. -
Space Debris and Challenges to Safety of Space Activity
ЦНИИМАШ FEDERAL SPACE AGENCY OF RUSSIA TSNIIMASH SPACE DEBRIS AND CHALLENGES TO SAFETY OF SPACE ACTIVITY Yuriy Makarov, Dmitriy Gorobets Federal Space Agency Michael Yakovlev Central Research Institute of Machine Building The International Interdisciplinary Congress on Space Debris Montreal May 7-9, 2009 fffffffffffff 1 hhhhhhhhhhhh ЦНИИМАШ TSNIIMASH Man-made orbital debris poses an increasing risk to space vehicles • The time have come when space debris poses the real risk for long term sustainable space activity, also for people safety and property on the Earth surface. • Each following launch of a space vehicle at long last leads to creation of new space debris. Moreover, studies indicate that beyond the middle of current century the self-collision fragments will outnumber decaying debris, and force the total debris population to increase. • Taking into account that space have got more deeply in all fields of activity of states and individuals, any limitation of space activity can lead to negative influence on economy of states and international relations up to development of potential conflicts. • So, space debris problem that have to be decided, concerns not only aspects of space engineering and space technologies, but also affects the social and economic developmentfffffffffffffof states and their national security. 2 hhhhhhhhhhhh ЦНИИМАШ TSNIIMASH Regulation of Activity on Space Debris Mitigation • national standards on space debris mitigation; • international agreements on space debris mitigation; • international standards on -
Role of COPUOS and UNOOSA in Global Space Governance
Vienna, 5 September 2018 Role of COPUOS and UNOOSA in Global Space Governance Niklas Hedman/Aygul Duysenhanova United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs United Nations Office at Vienna www.unoosa.org Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space Established by General Assembly in 1959 to govern exploration and use of space for the benefit of all humanity (& STSC + LSC) Instrumental in the creation of the five treaties and five principles of outer space, and important to strengthen the international legal regime governing outer space Provides a unique platform at a global level to monitor and discuss developments in the space agenda and space technology applications. Support efforts at national, regional and global level to maximize the benefits of the use of space science, technology and applications. Increase coherence and synergy in international cooperation in space activities at all levels Membership AG: Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia APG: Bahrain, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mongolia, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, Viet Nam EG: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Ukraine GRULAC: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mexico,