The Outer Space Legal Regime and UN Register of Space Objects
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Americans and the Moon Treaty Nancy L
Journal of Air Law and Commerce Volume 46 | Issue 3 Article 6 1981 Americans and the Moon Treaty Nancy L. Griffin Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc Recommended Citation Nancy L. Griffin, Americans and the Moon Treaty, 46 J. Air L. & Com. 729 (1981) https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc/vol46/iss3/6 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at SMU Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Air Law and Commerce by an authorized administrator of SMU Scholar. For more information, please visit http://digitalrepository.smu.edu. Comments AMERICANS AND THE MOON TREATY NANCY L. GRIFFIN O N JULY 20, 1969, the United States successfully completed a technological space maneuver to place man on the moon for the first time.' Man's physical presence on the lunar surface represented such significant progress that the existing international law governing activities in outer space was no longer adequate to deal with the consequent legal questions.' The United States had taken a major step toward making the future occupation and ex- ploitation of the moon a reality. This event created a particular 1 TIME, July 25, 1969, at 10. SIn 1969, the international law governing states' activities in outer space consisted of United Nations General Assembly resolutions and two treaties: the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, 18 U.S.T. 2410, T.I.A.S. No. 6347, 610 U.N.T.S. 206, and the Rescue and Return Agreement of 1969, 19 U.S.T. 7570, T.IA.S. -
The Emergence of Space Law
THE EMERGENCE OF SPACE LAW Steve Doyle* I. INTRODUCTION Space law exists today as a widely regarded, separate field of jurisprudence; however, it has many overlapping features involving other fields, including international law, contract law, tort law, and administrative law, among others.1 Development of space law concepts began early in the twentieth century and blossomed during the second half of the century into its present state. It is not yet widely taught in law schools, but space law is gradually being accorded more space in law school curricula. Substantial notional law and concepts of space law emerged prior to the first orbiting of a man made satellite named Sputnik in 1957. During the next decade (1958-1967), an intense effort was made to bring law into compliance with the realities of expanding spaceflight activities. During the 1960s, numerous national and international regulatory laws emerged to deal with satellite launches and space radio uses and to ensure greater international awareness and governmental presence in the oversight of ongoing activities in space. Just as gradually developed bodies of maritime law emerged to regulate the operation of global shipping, aeronautical law emerged to regulate the expansion of global civil aviation, and telecommunication law emerged to regulate the global uses of radio and wire communication systems, a new body of law is emerging to regulate the activities of nations in astronautics. We know that new body of law as Space Law. * Stephen E. Doyle is Honorary Director, International Institute of Space Law, Paris. Mr. Doyle worked fifteen years in federal civil service (1966-1981), fifteen years in the aerospace industry (1981-1996), and fifteen years in the power production industry (1996-2012). -
View Conducted by Its Standing Review Board (SRB)
Science Committee Report Dr. Wes Huntress, Chair 1 Science Committee Members Wes Huntress, Chair Byron Tapley, (Vice Chair) University of Texas-Austin, Chair of Earth Science Alan Boss, Carnegie Institution, Chair of Astrophysics Ron Greeley, Arizona State University, Chair of Planetary Science Gene Levy, Rice University , Chair of Planetary Protection Roy Torbert, University of New Hampshire, Chair of Heliophysics Jack Burns, University of Colorado Noel Hinners, Independent Consultant *Judith Lean, Naval Research Laboratory Michael Turner, University of Chicago Charlie Kennel, Chair of Space Studies Board (ex officio member) * = resigned July 16, 2010 2 Agenda • Science Results • Programmatic Status • Findings & Recommendations 3 Unusual Thermosphere Collapse • Deep drop in Thermospheric (50 – 400 km) density • Deeper than expected from solar cycle & CO2 4 Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) unlocking the secrets of Noctilucent Clouds (NLCs) Form 50 miles above surface in polar summer vs ~ 6 miles for “norm79al” clouds. NLCs getting brighter; occurring more often. Why? Linked to global change? AIM NLC Image June 27, 2009 - AIM measured the relationship between cloud properties and temperature - Quantified for the first time, the dramatic response to small changes, 10 deg C, in temperature - T sensitivity critical for study of global change effects on mesosphere Response to Gulf Oil Spill UAVSAR 23 June 2010 MODIS 31 May 2010 ASTER 24 May 2010 Visible Visible/IR false color Satellite instruments: continually monitoring the extent of -
Exploring How the Outer Space Treaty Will Impact American Commerce and Settlement in Space
S. HRG. 115–219 REOPENING THE AMERICAN FRONTIER: EXPLORING HOW THE OUTER SPACE TREATY WILL IMPACT AMERICAN COMMERCE AND SETTLEMENT IN SPACE HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON SPACE, SCIENCE, AND COMPETITIVENESS OF THE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED FIFTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION MAY 23, 2017 Printed for the use of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation ( Available online: http://www.govinfo.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 29–998 PDF WASHINGTON : 2018 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Nov 24 2008 10:53 May 15, 2018 Jkt 075679 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 S:\GPO\DOCS\29998.TXT JACKIE SENATE COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE, SCIENCE, AND TRANSPORTATION ONE HUNDRED FIFTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION JOHN THUNE, South Dakota, Chairman ROGER F. WICKER, Mississippi BILL NELSON, Florida, Ranking ROY BLUNT, Missouri MARIA CANTWELL, Washington TED CRUZ, Texas AMY KLOBUCHAR, Minnesota DEB FISCHER, Nebraska RICHARD BLUMENTHAL, Connecticut JERRY MORAN, Kansas BRIAN SCHATZ, Hawaii DAN SULLIVAN, Alaska EDWARD MARKEY, Massachusetts DEAN HELLER, Nevada CORY BOOKER, New Jersey JAMES INHOFE, Oklahoma TOM UDALL, New Mexico MIKE LEE, Utah GARY PETERS, Michigan RON JOHNSON, Wisconsin TAMMY BALDWIN, Wisconsin SHELLEY MOORE CAPITO, West Virginia TAMMY DUCKWORTH, Illinois CORY GARDNER, Colorado -
Annual Report 2017
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS 2017 Annual Report UNITED NATIONS UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR OUTER SPACE AFFAIRS Annual Report 2017 Foreword . iii. About us . iv. Highlights of 2017 . 10. Focus: UNISPACE+50 preparations . 16. Partnership agreements. 22 Awareness-raising and capacity-building activities . 26. Administrative information . 36. UNITED NATIONS Vienna, 2018 ST/SPACE/72 Cover image: Northeast Syrtis Major Region of Mars © United Nations, March 2018. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Photographs ©: ESA, NASA, Sierra Nevada Corporation, UN Photo, UNIS, UNOOSA. This publication has not been formally edited. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna. Foreword throughout the year for UNISPACE+50, including flagship events for the UNISPACE+50 thematic priorities. UNISPACE+50 will bring together the broader space community, including representatives from industry and the private sector. UNOOSA sees considerable value in partnerships and contributions from industry and the private sector in promoting the benefits of space for effectively addressing challenges before humanity. The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) in 2017 acknowledged the growth of the space sector and endorsed increased engagement by the Office with the private sector and industry. The Office The year 2017 was an opportunity for the United is now working to implement procedures for such Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) to partnerships. -
Handbook for New Actors in Space Secure World Foundation
H SECURE WORLD FOUNDATION ANDBOOK HANDBOOK FOR NEW ACTORS IN SPACE SECURE WORLD FOUNDATION Space is rapidly changing. Every year, more numerous F and more diverse actors embark on increasingly novel, innovative, and disruptive ventures in outer space. They are OR HANDBOOK FOR joining the more than 70 states, commercial companies, N and international organizations currently operating over 1,500 satellites in Earth orbit. EW A NEW ACTORS The prospects are bright; accessing and exploring outer space now require less capital investment, less time, and CTORS fewer people than ever before. However, this rapid pace of IN SPACE growth and change exists in a complex landscape of legal, regulatory, political, technical, and administrative issues. New actors in space face a steep learning curve and will I stress existing institutions and governance frameworks. N Additionally, the inherently difficult and fragile nature of S the space environment means that accidents or mistakes in PACE space might affect us all. In considering the great possibilities for growth and innovation, and in light of the myriad and interlinked challenges new space activities will confront, the Secure World Foundation offers this Handbook for New Actors in Space in the hopes that it will assist all aspiring new entrants—whether governmental or non-governmental— in planning and conducting space activities in a safe and sustainable manner. 2017 EDITION 2017 Edition ISBN 978-0-692-45413-8 90000> | 1 9 780692 454138 2 | Handbook for New Actors in Space Secure World Foundation Handbook for New Actors in Space Edited by Christopher D. Johnson Nothing contained in this book is to be considered as rendering legal advice for specific cases, and readers are responsible for obtaining such advice from their legal counsel. -
International Protection of Astronauts and Space Objects
DePaul Law Review Volume 20 Issue 3 1971 Article 2 International Protection of Astronauts and Space Objects Stephen Gorove Follow this and additional works at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/law-review Recommended Citation Stephen Gorove, International Protection of Astronauts and Space Objects , 20 DePaul L. Rev. 597 (1971) Available at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/law-review/vol20/iss3/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Law at Via Sapientiae. It has been accepted for inclusion in DePaul Law Review by an authorized editor of Via Sapientiae. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF ASTRONAUTS AND SPACE OBJECTS* STEPHEN GOROVE* * HE SIGNIFICANCE OF providing international protection and as- sistance to astronauts and space objects has been brought into sharp, practical focus during the recent abortive mission of Apollo 13. In the light of what might have happened in case the space- craft and its crew had landed in an unintended area, or had de- scended under more distressing circumstances, the provisions of the Agreement on the Rescue and Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space (hereinafter referred to as Agreement) assume particular importance.' * PROESSoR GOROVE has drawn on previously published material in THE INTER- NATiONAL LAWYER, to which he expresses his appreciation. ** PROFESSOR GOROVE received his J.D. at the University of Budapest, and J.S.D. and Ph.D. at Yale University. He is the author of LAw AND POLITICS OF DANuBE: AN INTERNATIONAL STUDY and move than seventy articles. -
The Treaty on Rescue and Return of Astronauts and Space Objects
William & Mary Law Review Volume 9 (1967-1968) Issue 3 Article 4 March 1968 The Treaty on Rescue and Return of Astronauts and Space Objects Paul G. Dembling Daniel M. Arons Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr Part of the Air and Space Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Repository Citation Paul G. Dembling and Daniel M. Arons, The Treaty on Rescue and Return of Astronauts and Space Objects, 9 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 630 (1968), https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr/vol9/ iss3/4 Copyright c 1968 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr THE TREATY ON RESCUE AND RETURN OF ASTRONAUTS AND SPACE OBJECTS PAUL G. DEMBLING* AND DANIEL M. ARoNs* INTRODUCTION On December 19, 1967, the General Assembly of the United Nations by a vote of 115-0 approved an "Agreement on the Rescue of Astro- nauts, the Return of Astronauts, and the Return of Objects Launched in Outer Space"; requested the Depositary Governments "to open the Agreement for signature and ratification at the earliest possible date"; and expressed its hope "for the widest possible adherence to this Agreement."' This approval by the General Assembly marked the climax of almost a decade of efforts to secure widespread international agreement on procedures assuring the humanitarian and scientific ob- jectives of the rescue of astronauts in distress, their return, and the return of space objects. It is the purpose of this paper to trace the development of the Assistance and Return Agreement, and to exam- ine the text of its various provisions in order to provide some under- standing of the rights and obligations created thereby. -
The Registration Convention of 1975 Space News
2016/5/23 SPACE LAW AND POLICY WITH SIMULATED NEGOTIATIONS [7] THE REGISTRATION CONVENTION OF 1975 23 MAY 2016 YURI TAKAYA (PH.D) LECTURER, KOBE UNIVERSITY SPACE NEWS: BBC News [17 May 2016] First UK astronaut calls for more Brits in space Britain's first astronaut has said the UK risks becoming a "backward nation" if the government does not pay to send more people into space. Helen Sharman believes the country would lose many of the benefits of Tim Peake's mission if a commitment to more flights is not made very soon. Ms Sharman said that this was the UK's "last chance" to be involved "in the future of the human race". http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36311799 1 2016/5/23 REGISTRATION CONVENTION OF 1975 CONVENTION ON REGISTRATION OF OBJECTS LAUNCHED INTO OUTER SPACE 3 Jurisdiction and Control State from whose territory State from whose facility State who launches States who procures Space object launched space object is launched 4 State of registry 2 2016/5/23 1. OVERVIEW check ◆Why important? to identify which space objects caused damage to identify who has jurisdiction and control over it (state of registry) to reduce suspicion against the deployment of WMD in orbit around the Earth ◆Preamble Recalling: The Outer Space Treaty of 1967: international responsibility + the state of registry The Rescue Agreement of 1968: a launching state furnish identifying data prior to the return of an object it has launched into outer space The Liability Convention of 1972: international rules and procedures about the liability of launching states for damage 5 1. -
THE EUROPEAN UNION and SPACE: OPPORTUNITIES and RISKS Jana Robinson and Michael Romancov
EU NON-PROLIFERATION CONSORTIUM The European network of independent non-proliferation think tanks NON-PROLIFERATION PAPERS No. 37 January 2014 THE EUROPEAN UNION AND SPACE: OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS jana robinson and michael romancov I. INTRODUCTION SUMMARY Space has become an essential domain for Access to space is becoming increasingly important for strengthening the capacity of the European Union both public (including military and civilian) and private (EU) to advance domestic prosperity and gain users, including for the European Union (EU) and its international influence. Space policy and space- member states. The different purposes for which space is being exploited make it a dynamic and rapidly growing related cooperation have developed into an essential domain. As the number of terrestrial activities that depend component of foreign and security policy-related on the space environment increases, so too do the potential planning and decision-making. Europe has joined vulnerabilities to disruption. Regrettably, the system of a number of spacefaring states in the competition governance needed to reduce risks associated with an to derive greater civilian, societal, commercial and increasingly complex, congested and competitive space military benefits from its presence in space. environment is evolving more slowly. The EU now has a defined role in space-related The EU has made a significant investment of human, endeavours. As Article 189 of the Treaty on the technical and financial capital to develop the relevant Functioning of the European Union (as amended capacities to make use of the opportunities provided by by the 2007 Treaty of Lisbon) gave the EU, for space. This investment is likely to continue to grow. -
Critical Issues Related to Registration of Space Objects and Transparency of Space Activities
Acta Astronautica 143 (2018) 406–420 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Acta Astronautica journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/actaastro Critical issues related to registration of space objects and transparency of space activities Ram S. Jakhu a,*, Bhupendra Jasani b, Jonathan C. McDowell c a McGill-IASL, Montreal, Canada b King's College, London, UK c Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, USA1 ABSTRACT The main purpose of the 1975 Registration Convention is to achieve transparency in space activities and this objective is motivated by the belief that a mandatory registration system would assist in the identification of space objects launched into outer space. This would also consequently contribute to the application and development of international law governing the exploration and use of outer space. States Parties to the Convention furnish the required information to the United Nations' Register of Space Objects. However, the furnished information is often so general that it may not be as helpful in creating transparency as had been hoped by the drafters of the Convention. While registration of civil satellites has been furnished with some general details, till today, none of the Parties have described the objects as having military functions despite the fact that a large number of such objects do perform military functions as well. In some cases, the best they have done is to indicate that the space objects are for their defense establishments. Moreover, the number of registrations of space objects is declining. This paper addresses the challenges posed by the non-registration of space objects. Particularly, the paper provides some data about the registration and non-registration of satellites and the States that have and have not complied with their legal obligations. -
The International Space Station: Legal Framework and Current Status, 64 J
Journal of Air Law and Commerce Volume 64 | Issue 4 Article 3 1999 The nI ternational Space Station: Legal Framework and Current Status Rochus Moenter Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc Recommended Citation Rochus Moenter, The International Space Station: Legal Framework and Current Status, 64 J. Air L. & Com. 1033 (1999) https://scholar.smu.edu/jalc/vol64/iss4/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at SMU Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Air Law and Commerce by an authorized administrator of SMU Scholar. For more information, please visit http://digitalrepository.smu.edu. THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION: LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND CURRENT STATUS ROCHUS MOENTER I. THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION A. BACKGROUND AND CURRENT STATUS HE DEVELOPMENT and construction of an International Space Station (ISS) began with President Reagan's an- nouncement in 1984 that the United States of America intended to build a permanently inhabited civil space station in the earth's orbit, later labeled "Space Station Freedom."' In con- nection with the announcement, President Reagan invited other countries, in particular Canada, Europe and Japan, to partici- pate in the project. This invitation was subsequently accepted by several countries, including the members of the European Space Agency (ESA).2 Some of the countries accepting were Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, the United Kingdom, Canada through the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and the Govern- ment of Japan (GOJ). Many years of negotiations followed, mainly between NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and the re- spective national space agencies, regarding the construction, de- velopment and operation of an ISS.