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Handbook for New Actors in Space Secure World Foundation H SECURE WORLD FOUNDATION ANDBOOK HANDBOOK FOR NEW ACTORS IN SPACE SECURE WORLD FOUNDATION Space is rapidly changing. Every year, more numerous F and more diverse actors embark on increasingly novel, innovative, and disruptive ventures in outer space. They are OR HANDBOOK FOR joining the more than 70 states, commercial companies, N and international organizations currently operating over 1,500 satellites in Earth orbit. EW A NEW ACTORS The prospects are bright; accessing and exploring outer space now require less capital investment, less time, and CTORS fewer people than ever before. However, this rapid pace of IN SPACE growth and change exists in a complex landscape of legal, regulatory, political, technical, and administrative issues. New actors in space face a steep learning curve and will I stress existing institutions and governance frameworks. N Additionally, the inherently difficult and fragile nature of S the space environment means that accidents or mistakes in PACE space might affect us all. In considering the great possibilities for growth and innovation, and in light of the myriad and interlinked challenges new space activities will confront, the Secure World Foundation offers this Handbook for New Actors in Space in the hopes that it will assist all aspiring new entrants—whether governmental or non-governmental— in planning and conducting space activities in a safe and sustainable manner. 2017 EDITION 2017 Edition ISBN 978-0-692-45413-8 90000> | 1 9 780692 454138 2 | Handbook for New Actors in Space Secure World Foundation Handbook for New Actors in Space Edited by Christopher D. Johnson Nothing contained in this book is to be considered as rendering legal advice for specific cases, and readers are responsible for obtaining such advice from their legal counsel. This book is intended for educational and informational purposes only. The Handbook for New Actors in Space by the Secure World Foundation is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. ISBN: 978-0-692-85141-8 CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ABOUT SECURE WORLD FOUNDATION.........................................................................vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS....................................................................................................vii FOREWORD — Michael K. Simpson, PhD.........................................................................viii HOW TO USE THIS BOOK..................................................................................................x LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Signing of the Outer Space Treaty.........................................................................4 Figure 2 Growth in the Number of States Party to the Space Law Treaties......................7 Figure 3 OOSA International Registry Form.....................................................................13 Figure 4 ITU World Regions..............................................................................................18 Figure 5 The Electromagnetic Spectrum, Including Uses Along the Spectrum................19 Figure 6 Space Debris 1 cm and Larger in Orbit................................................................34 Figure 7 Protected Regions in Space................................................................................36 Figure 8 The UK Satellite Applications Catapult...............................................................67 Figure 9 Fishbone Diagram............................................................................................123 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 The Core Treaties on Space..................................................................................6 Table 2 Planetary Protection Categories........................................................................43 Table 3 National Registries of Space Objects.................................................................73 Table 4 Indemnification Regime of Some Spacefaring States........................................75 Table 5 Common Contract Types....................................................................................82 Table 6 Flight Safety Analyses......................................................................................105 Table 7 Examples of CA Screening Volumes.................................................................115 Table 8 International Orbital Debris Limitation Documents........................................125 Table 9 End-of-Life Disposal Actions.............................................................................129 | i CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION — Tanja Masson-Zwaan.........................................................................2 THE INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR SPACE ACTIVITIES........................................3 Freedom and Responsibility.................................................................................................3 Freedom of Exploration and Use of Space..................................................................3 The Core Treaties.........................................................................................................6 Peaceful Purposes.......................................................................................................8 International State Responsibility................................................................................9 Registration of Space Objects............................................................................................10 UNGA Resolution 62/101..........................................................................................12 National Registration................................................................................................12 Suborbital Launches..................................................................................................16 International Frequency Management..............................................................................17 World Radiocommunication Conference..................................................................20 Space Frequency Coordination Group......................................................................20 Laser Communications..........................................................................................................20 Remote Sensing.................................................................................................................21 International Standards.....................................................................................................22 International Organization for Standardization.........................................................23 ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector........................................................23 Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems.......................................................24 International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems............................24 United Nations Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management...............................................25 International Export Control..............................................................................................25 International Liability.........................................................................................................27 Dispute Settlement............................................................................................................29 International Court of Justice.....................................................................................30 Arbitration and Mediation.........................................................................................30 Environmental Issues.........................................................................................................31 Protection of the Earth Environment.........................................................................31 Back-Contamination of Earth....................................................................................31 Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Space..................................................................32 Space Debris..............................................................................................................33 Advanced Issues................................................................................................................38 Boundary Between Airspace and Outer Space........................................................38 Space Traffic Management........................................................................................40 Status of Humans in Space........................................................................................41 Protecting Celestial Bodies........................................................................................42 ii | Handbook for New Actors in Space CONTENTS Space Resources........................................................................................................45 Relevant Organizations......................................................................................................47 International Intergovernmental Organizations........................................................47 Non-Governmental Organizations.............................................................................50 CHAPTER TWO: INTRODUCTION — Mazlan Othman, PhD.......................................................................54 NATIONAL SPACE POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION......................................................55
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