Livestock Browsing Affects the Species Composition and Structure of Cloud Forest in the Dhofar Mountains of Oman

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Livestock Browsing Affects the Species Composition and Structure of Cloud Forest in the Dhofar Mountains of Oman Received: 3 October 2019 | Revised: 21 February 2020 | Accepted: 10 March 2020 DOI: 10.1111/avsc.12493 RESEARCH ARTICLE Applied Vegetation Science Livestock browsing affects the species composition and structure of cloud forest in the Dhofar Mountains of Oman Lawrence Ball1 | Joseph Tzanopoulos2 1Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State Abstract University, Columbus, OH, USA Questions: It is frequently reported that overstocking of camels, cattle and goats 2 Durrell Institute of Conservation is degrading the Anogeissus cloud forest, which is endemic to a 200-km stretch of and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, coastal mountains in southern Arabia. However, livestock impacts on the vegeta- Canterbury, UK tion have not been assessed. Furthermore, we have a limited understanding of the Correspondence impacts of large-bodied browsing livestock, such as camels, in woodland and forest Lawrence Ball, Department of Evolution, rangelands. Therefore, in this study, we examine the effects of livestock browsing on Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, the species composition, density, and phytomorphology of woody vegetation in the USA. Anogeissus cloud forests in the Dhofar Mountains of Oman. Email: [email protected] Location: Data were collected at 30 sites in the Jabal Qamar mountain range in west- Funding information ern Dhofar, Oman. This material is based upon work supported by the US National Science Foundation Methods: The point-centred quarter method was used to sample the composition, under Grant No. 1617185, the UK Economic density and structure of woody vegetation. Constrained correspondence analysis and Social Research Council under Grant No. 1595870 and the Anglo-Omani Society, UK. was used to quantify the effects of livestock browsing on woody plant species com- position, whilst effects on plant density were analysed using mixed-effects models. Co-ordinating Editor: Norbert Hölzel Standardised major axis regression was used to examine differences in height–diam- eter allometry (stunting) under different stocking rates. Results: Fog density, topographic position and long-term stocking rates were found to be important factors affecting woody species composition. We found lower spe- cies diversity and plant density, and higher frequencies of unpalatable species, under higher stocking rates. Juveniles showed a stronger response to stocking rates than adults, and several common species exhibited stunted morphology under high stock- ing rates. Conclusions: Browsing by large-bodied livestock, such as camels and cattle, can sub- stantially alter the species composition, structure, and phytomorphology of woody vegetation in semi-arid woodlands and forests. Juveniles are particularly susceptible to browsing which alters woody vegetation demography and inhibits regeneration potential. Our results support previous suggestions of overstocking in Dhofar and highlight the importance of swift measures to reduce livestock browsing pressure in the Anogeissus cloud forests. © 2020 International Association for Vegetation Science Appl Veg Sci. 2020;00:1–14. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/avsc | 1 2 BALL ADN TZANOPOULOS | Applied Vegetation Science KEYWORDS camels, cloud forest, constrained correspondence analysis, Dhofar Mountains, livestock browsing, Oman, ordination, overgrazing, pastoralism, rangelands, tree allometry, woody vegetation reproductive adults through sustained browsing pressure (Staver 1 | INTRODUCTION et al., 2009). Third, it can inhibit reproduction via the removal of re- productive components from adult plants (Augustine and Decalesta, One billion people practise pastoralism in rangelands which com- 2003). Browsing can also cause shifts in woody species composi- pose c. 35% of the world's terrestrial surface. Many of the world's tion, often to higher frequencies of unpalatable species (Yamada and rangelands are in a degraded state (Sayre et al., 2013), and live- Takatsuki, 2015). The impact of livestock production in woodland stock production in rangelands is expected to intensify to meet the and forest rangelands is greatest when woody vegetation is cleared food demand and preferences of the growing human population. for pasturage. Wild browsers such as deer, moose and elk have re- Balancing the needs of humans and biodiversity in rangelands will ceived greater research attention than browsing livestock such require sustainable grazing practices that maximise livestock pro- as goats and camels. Moreover, few studies have addressed large duction, vegetation health, and ecosystem functioning and services browsing livestock such as camels, despite 80% of their diet com- (Holechek, 2013). However, despite over a century of scientific at- prising woody plants (Dereje and Uden, 2005). tention, we still lack a comprehensive understanding of the effects Climate is the other major factor that interacts with livestock and of livestock on vegetation. One key reason for this is that the effects other disturbances to affect rangeland vegetation. For example, in can be influenced by a wide range of social and ecological factors African savannahs, a mean annual precipitation of 650 mm is the which often differ within and between rangelands (e.g. livestock threshold above which disturbances are required to maintain gaps in management practices, soil properties and climate). Thus, there is no woody vegetation cover, and below which woody vegetation cover unified set of ecological principles that apply to livestock–vegetation is constrained by precipitation (Sankaran et al., 2005). In arid range- processes (Sayre et al., 2012), making independent studies of dif- lands, woody vegetation is important for controlling soil erosion, im- ferent livestock types, in different rangeland ecosystems, important proving soil nutrient availability (Noumi et al., 2010), and for climate for understanding rangeland dynamics. Here we contribute a rather regulation (Schlesinger et al., 1990). Furthermore, low primary pro- unique study of the effects of camel, cattle and goat browsing on a ductivity and slow vegetation regeneration mean forage resources drought-deciduous cloud forest. can be more vulnerable to overuse than in wetter rangelands. The most commonly reported effects of livestock on vegeta- However, in such ‘non-equilibrium’ rangelands, pastoral practices tion include reductions in vegetation biomass, and changes in com- are often adapted to cope with unpredictable forage distributions munity structure and/or species composition (Tzanopoulos et al., (Moritz et al., 2013), and livestock often respond in a density-de- 2005). Livestock can also impact ecosystem hydrology, the physical pendent manner to available forage resources (Ellis and Swift, 1988). and chemical properties of soils (Briske, 2017), biological soil crusts In the Dhofar Mountains of Oman high numbers of camels, cattle (Belnap and Lange, 2003), and wider biodiversity (Alkemade et al., and goats do not respond in a density-dependent manor to avail- 2013). A common effect of grazing on vegetation species composi- able forage resources, due to twice-daily supplementary feeding tion is woody plant encroachment, which is a threat to the mainte- for 10–12 months of the year. Subsequently, stakeholders, includ- nance of savannah and grassland ecosystems (Briske, 2017). It occurs ing scientists, government officials and pastoralists, are concerned when herbaceous biomass (and subsequently fire frequency) is re- about the impacts of livestock on the natural environment. A sub- duced, giving woody plants a competitive advantage (Tzanopoulos stantial growth in livestock populations since the 1970s is linked to et al., 2007). Three other effects of grazing on vegetation species numerous drivers including population growth, increased wealth, composition are recognised. These are shifts from palatable to un- improved rural infrastructure, poor market access, strong pasto- palatable vegetation, shifts in dominant grass species, and shifts ral values and subsidisation of feedstuffs (Janzen, 1990; El-Mahi, between grass and forb dominance (Vetter, 2005). Under certain 2011). Whilst numerous reports have included objectives to tackle conditions grazing lawns may form, which have reduced vegetation overstocking in Dhofar (HTSL, 1978; GRM International, 1982; WS biomass but increased higher-quality forage (Hempson et al., 2015). Atkins International, 1989; UNEP, 2005), no studies have measured Browsing herbivores affect vegetation differently to grazing her- its impacts on the vegetation. bivores. Whilst grazing often leads to woody plant encroachment, Quantifying the impacts of livestock browsing on woody vege- browsing usually reduces woody cover. Browsing can change woody tation in Dhofar is important because previous research has shown vegetation demography and reduce woody vegetation regeneration that reductions in woody vegetation cover, due to livestock brows- potential through several processes. First, it can reduce seedling ing, could negatively affect the ecosystem hydrology. Fog intercep- and sapling abundance through direct consumption (Khishigjargal tion by the Anogeissus cloud forest has been estimated to contribute et al., 2013). Second, it can suppress the maturation of juveniles into as much water as rainfall to net precipitation which reaches the BALL ADN TZANOPOULOS 3 Applied Vegetation Science | ground (Hildebrandt et al., 2007). Furthermore, woody vegetation forms against
Recommended publications
  • Al Alama Centre
    ALAL AMANAALAMAALAMA CENTRECENTRECENTRE MUSCAT,MUSCAT, SULTANATESULTANATE OFOF OMANOMAN HH AA NN DD BB OO OO KK 0 OUR HISTORY – A UNIQUE LEGACY The name “Al Amana” is Arabic for “bearing trust,” which captures the spirit and legacy of over 115 years of service in Oman. The Centre is the child of the Gulf-wide mission of the Reformed Church in America that began in Oman in 1893. The mission‟s first efforts were in educational work by establishing a school in 1896 that eventually became a coeducational student body of 160 students. The school was closed in 1987 after ninety years of service to the community. The mission was active in many other endeavors, which included beginning a general hospital (the first in Oman), a maternity hospital, a unit for contagious diseases, and a bookshop. With the growth of these initiatives, by the 1950‟s the mission was the largest employer in the private sector in Oman. In the 1970‟s the hospitals were incorporated in the Ministry of Health, and the mission staff worked for the government to assist in the development of its healthcare infrastructure. The mission also established centers for Christian worship in Muscat and Muttrah. It is out of these centers that the contemporary church presence for the expatriate community Oman has grown, now occupying four campuses donated by His Majesty Sultan Qaboos bin Said. After Oman discovered oil, having a newfound wealth with which to modernize, the mission's activities were either concluded or grew into independent initiatives. However, the desire to serve the people of Oman continued.
    [Show full text]
  • Arabian Peninsula from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Jump to Navigationjump to Search "Arabia" and "Arabian" Redirect Here
    Arabian Peninsula From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search "Arabia" and "Arabian" redirect here. For other uses, see Arabia (disambiguation) and Arabian (disambiguation). Arabian Peninsula Area 3.2 million km2 (1.25 million mi²) Population 77,983,936 Demonym Arabian Countries Saudi Arabia Yemen Oman United Arab Emirates Kuwait Qatar Bahrain -shibhu l-jazīrati l ِش ْبهُ ا ْل َج ِزي َرةِ ا ْلعَ َربِيَّة :The Arabian Peninsula, or simply Arabia[1] (/əˈreɪbiə/; Arabic jazīratu l-ʿarab, 'Island of the Arabs'),[2] is َج ِزي َرةُ ا ْلعَ َرب ʿarabiyyah, 'Arabian peninsula' or a peninsula of Western Asia situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian plate. From a geographical perspective, it is considered a subcontinent of Asia.[3] It is the largest peninsula in the world, at 3,237,500 km2 (1,250,000 sq mi).[4][5][6][7][8] The peninsula consists of the countries Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.[9] The peninsula formed as a result of the rifting of the Red Sea between 56 and 23 million years ago, and is bordered by the Red Sea to the west and southwest, the Persian Gulf to the northeast, the Levant to the north and the Indian Ocean to the southeast. The peninsula plays a critical geopolitical role in the Arab world due to its vast reserves of oil and natural gas. The most populous cities on the Arabian Peninsula are Riyadh, Dubai, Jeddah, Abu Dhabi, Doha, Kuwait City, Sanaʽa, and Mecca. Before the modern era, it was divided into four distinct regions: Red Sea Coast (Tihamah), Central Plateau (Al-Yamama), Indian Ocean Coast (Hadhramaut) and Persian Gulf Coast (Al-Bahrain).
    [Show full text]
  • Oman Tourist Guide SULTANATE of Discover the Secret of Arabia
    Sultanate of Oman Tourist Guide SULTANATE OF Discover the secret of Arabia CONTENTS Sultanate 01 WELCOME // 5 of Oman 02 MUSCAT // 7 03 THE DESERT AND NIZWA // 13 04 ARABIAN RIVIERA ON THE INDIAN OCEAN // 19 05 WADIS AND THE MOUNTAIN OF SUN // 27 06 NATURE, HIKING AND ADVENTURE // 33 07 CULTURE OF OMAN // 39 08 INFORMATION // 45 Welcome 01 AHLAN! Welcome to Oman! As-salaamu alaykum, and welcome to the Head out of the city, and Oman becomes All of this, as well as a colourful annual enchanting Sultanate of Oman. Safe and even more captivating. Explore the small events calendar and a wide range of inviting, Oman will hypnotise you with towns nestled between the mountains. international sports events, ensures its fragrant ancient souks, mesmerise Visit the Bedouin villages. Drive the a travel experience unlike any other. with dramatic landscapes and leave incense route. You’ll do it all under the you spellbound with its stories. Home constant gaze of ancient forts dotted A journey of discovery awaits you in to numerous UNESCO World Heritage throughout the landscape like imposing this welcoming land at the crossroads Sites, Oman is steeped in history and sand castles. between Asia, Africa and Western has inspired some of literature’s most civilisation. Enjoy all of the marvels of famous tales. Stop by the date farms and witness the this unique setting, the ideal gateway harvesting of the roses, that cover the hills to Southern Arabia. Muscat, the vibrant capital, is full of with delicate hues of pink and fill the air memorable sites and experiences.
    [Show full text]
  • Contemporary Pastoralism in the Dhofar Mountains of Oman
    Human Ecology https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-020-00153-5 Contemporary Pastoralism in the Dhofar Mountains of Oman Lawrence Ball1 & Douglas MacMillan2 & Joseph Tzanopoulos2 & Andrew Spalton3 & Hadi Al Hikmani4 & Mark Moritz5 Received: 19 December 2019 /Revised: 31 March 2020 /Accepted: 22 April 2020 # The Author(s) 2020 Abstract In the Dhofar Mountains of Oman stakeholders are concerned about the social and ecological sustainability of pastoralism. In this study we used interviews with pastoralists to examine the prevailing drivers of pastoralism and how they are changing. We find that people are committed to pastoralism for sociocultural reasons but also that this commitment is under pressure because of husbandry costs and changing values. We find that capital investment in feedstuff enables pastoralists to overcome the density- dependent regulation of livestock populations. However, high production costs deter investment in marketing and commercial- ization, and there is little off take of local livestock. Our study reveals how pastoral values, passed down within households, motivate pastoralists in the face of high husbandry costs, modernization and social change. Keywords Arabia . Pastoral values . Supplementary feed . Camels . Overgrazing . Dhofar Mountains . Oman Introduction peoples (Chatty 2006). However, in the oil-rich gulf states of the Arabian Peninsula, pastoralist livelihoods were supported Pastoral systems are under pressure in many parts of the world through subsidised supplementary feed and rural infrastruc- due to globalization, modernization, marketization, land use ture development (Gardner 2004). Relative to other pastoral and tenure change, population growth, and climate change systems across the globe, contemporary pastoralism in the (Nyberg et al. 2015; Robinson et al. 2011; Sayre et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Oman 2008 (Arabian Leopard)
    EXPEDITION REPORT Expedition dates: 13 - 8 February 2008 Report published: November 2008 Status of the Arabian leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman. EXPEDITION REPORT Status of the Arabian leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) in Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman. Expedition dates: 13 January - 8 February 2008 Report published: November 2008 Author: Marcelo Mazzolli Projeto Puma Matthias Hammer (editor) Biosphere Expeditions 1 © Biosphere Expeditions www.biosphere-expeditions.org Abstract The Arabian leopard Panthera pardus nimr has disappeared from much of its former range on the Arabian Peninsula so that today populations are limited to the most remote areas. Previous Biosphere Expeditions studies in 2006 and 2007 have suggested the existence of a remnant population on the Omani side of the Musandam peninsula. The Musandam peninsula is located south of the Strait of Hormus at the entrance of the Arabian Gulf on the northeastern tip of the Arabian Peninsula and as such forms an exclave of Oman bordered by the United Arab Emirates. The leopard population on the peninsula was thought to be very small and the lack of evidence of two important prey species, namely the Arabian tahr Hemitragus jayakari and gazelle Gazella gazella cora, and of the other top carnivore, the Arabian wolf Canis lupus arabs, provided a clear picture of the conditions under which leopard numbers have declined. The killing of animals, habitat degradation and livestock and human disturbance were the main causes of decline. Following on from this work, this report details the surveys conducted by Biosphere Expeditions in January and February 2008 in the area limited by the wadis Amat and Uyun, located in northwest Dhofar in southern Oman.
    [Show full text]
  • Desert Cloud Forests: Adapting a Unique Ecosystem to Climate Change
    JUNE 2011 WORKING DRAFT Desert Cloud Forests: Adapting a unique ecosystem to climate change ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This paper was prepared by Elfatih AB Eltahir, Professor of Environmental Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.) for the World Bank Middle East and North Africa Region, as part of a larger knowledge activity on cloud forests in Oman and Yemen. This activity was prematurely closed in 2011 due to political instability in Yemen. The work was funded by the Program on Forests (PROFOR), a multi-donor partnership managed by a core team at the World Bank. PROFOR finances forest-related analysis and processes that support the following goals: improving people’s livelihoods through better management of forests and trees; enhancing forest law enforcement and governance; financing sustainable forest management; and coordinating forest policy across sectors. In 2011, PROFOR’s donors included the European Commission, Finland, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the World Bank. Learn more at www.profor.info. DISCLAIMER All omissions and inaccuracies in this document are the responsibility of the authors. The views expressed do not necessarily represent those of the institutions involved, nor do they necessarily represent official policies of PROFOR or the World Bank Suggested citation: Eltahir, Elfatih AB. 2011. Desert Cloud Forests: Adapting a unique ecosystem to climate change. Working draft. Washington DC: Program on Forests (PROFOR). Published in June 2011 For a full list of publications please contact: Program on Forests (PROFOR) 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433, USA [email protected] www.profor.info/knowledge Profor is a multi-donor partnership supported by: 2 Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Status Report for the Arabian Leopard in the Sultanate of Oman
    Status Report for the Arabian Leopard in the Sultanate of Oman James A. Spalton1, Hadi M. Al Hikmani1, Mansoor H. Jahdhami1, Abdulkarder A. A. Ibrahim2, Ali S. Bait Said3 and David Willis4 1 Office of the Adviser for Conservation of the Environment, Diwan of Royal Court, PO Box 246, Muscat 113, Sultanate of Oman <[email protected]> 2 Directorate General of Royal Farms & Gardens, Royal Court Affairs, PO Box 787, Salalah, Sultanate of Oman 3 Directorate General of Environment, Ministry of Regional Municipalities, Environment & Water Resources, PO Box 2035, Salalah 211, Sultanate of Oman 4 PO Box 238, Al Khuwair 133, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman Once widespread in the mountains of Oman the Arabian leopard disappeared from the Hajar range in 1976 and has not been recorded in the Musandam Governorate since 1997. However, it continues to survive through much of the Dhofar Mountains. The first significant step to conserve the Arabian leopard was taken in 1985 when the region’s first captive breeding group was established. Further important steps were taken in 1997 when Jabal Samhan, a part of the Dhofar Mountains, was declared a Nature Reserve. In the same year the Arabian Leopard Survey was launched and since that time field surveys, camera-trapping and tracking of leopards fitted with GPS satel- lite collars has not only revealed vital information on the ecology of this species but has helped to keep this flagship species in the public eye. While new work, from ecotourism initiatives to molecular scatology, is underway further bold steps need to be taken if we are to conserve Oman’s and perhaps the regions’ last wild Arabian leopard population.
    [Show full text]
  • ASHLEY GRAHAM By
    www.harpersbazaar.com JULY 2020 £4.80 / u k Isolation diaries THE ASHLEY POWER GRAHAM OF THE MODEL CREATIVITY & MOTHER featuring… WELCOMES US Marina Abramovic INTO HER Giorgio Armani WORLD Maria Grazia Chiuri Dolce & Gabbana Antony Gormley Lubaina Himid Ralph Lauren Deborah Levy Penelope Lively AlessandroMichele Donatella Versace Enduring HEARTWARMINGLOVE FASHION INSPIRED by TRUE ROMANCE ESCAPE Edited by LUCY HALFHEAD OASES OF BEAUTY Discover the otherworldly landscape of Oman. Plus: the pleasure palaces of Marrakesh; and an insider’s guide to Mauritius Villages in the PHOTOGRAPH: CHIARA ZONCA (WWW.CHIARAZONCA.COM) ZONCA CHIARA PHOTOGRAPH: Omani hills SA NDS OF TIME Alex Preston embarks on a life-changing journey across Oman, a land of pristine beaches, flourishing reefs and vast deserts under a canopy of stars A pool villa at the Al Baleed Resort Salalah by Anantara ESCAPE Right: the Dhofar Mountains. Below: camping in the desert lmost two decades ago, I was staying with my mother- A in-law in Shropshire, when she invited a friend to lunch. The great explorer Sir Wilfred Thesiger was by this point an old man, not a year from his death, with pale eyes that seemed unsuited to the cool, dim light of my mother-in-law’s dining-room. I’d read and admired his Arabian Sands, and was glad to speak with him about the desert and its people, about a time when there were still places uncharted in the world. I thought of him later, in 2003, as I stood on the crest of a dune in the Wahiba Sands in Oman, a tiny fraction of the vast desert that Thesiger had explored in the wake of World War II – the Rub Al Khali, or the Empty Quarter.
    [Show full text]
  • Salalah (صلالة) Travel Guide
    Salalah Travel Guide - http://www.ixigo.com/travel-guide/salalah page 1 Max: Min: Rain: 28.39999961 24.79999923 43.2000007629394 When To 8530273°C 7060547°C 5mm Salalah Aug Salalah is a well-known tourist Pleasant weather. Carry Light woollen, VISIT umbrella. destination in Arabia for its annual Max: Min: Rain: Khareef season. Visit during this 27.10000038 23.60000038 56.9000015258789 http://www.ixigo.com/weather-in-salalah-lp-1180139 1469727°C 1469727°C 06mm time of the year and be a part of Sep the festivity. Jan Pleasant weather. Carry Light woollen. Famous For : City Pleasant weather. Carry Light woollen. Max: Min: Rain: 29.29999923 24.29999923 13.6000003814697 Max: Min: Rain: 1.0mm 7060547°C 7060547°C 27mm 27.60000038 18.89999961 Salalah, the capital city of southern Zufar 1469727°C 8530273°C Oct and Dhofar region, is a serene subtropical Feb Pleasant weather. Carry Light woollen. city. It is the largest city in the province of Pleasant weather. Carry Light woollen. Max: 31.0°C Min: Rain: Dhofar and second largest in the Sultanate 22.60000038 5.80000019073486 Max: Min: Rain: 1469727°C 3mm of Oman. During Khareef Festival (July to 28.39999961 19.79999923 8.30000019073486 8530273°C 7060547°C 3mm September) the city attracts a large number Nov of people from all over Oman and other Mar Pleasant weather. Carry Light woollen. parts of the world. From mid-June to mid- Pleasant weather. Carry Light woollen. Max: Min: Rain: 31.20000076 21.70000076 0.60000002384185 August, the weather in the city is pleasant Max: Min: Rain: 10.0mm 2939453°C 2939453°C 79mm 30.20000076 21.70000076 and receives constant drizzle.
    [Show full text]
  • The Conservation, Sustainable Use and Management of Mangrove Habitats in Oman
    The Conservation, Sustainable Use and Management of Mangrove Habitats in Oman Zakiya Musallam Mohammed Al-Afifi PhD University of York Environment and Geography September 2018 Abstract Mangroves are significant contributors to human wellbeing in many tropical and sub- tropical coastal communities and deliver a wide range of provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting ecosystem services. Worldwide, the value of these services has been researched, but not in Oman. I explore the role of mangrove ecosystems in Oman dominated by Avicennia marina and the value of their services based on perceptions of locals, key utilisers of the ecosystem. I also examine temporal and spatial change in mangrove cover and identify the drivers of environmental change affecting these ecosystems. Perceptions were captured using self-completed questionnaires, aerial extent was estimated from aerial photgraphs and secondary fisheries data were used to evaluate the support of Omani fisheries by mangroves. Carbon sequestration was estimated through a combination of field sampling and reported allometric equations and the service of storm buffering evaluated using data from windroses and mangrove extent. For cultural services assessment, mapping and semi-structured interviews with locals were used. I found that Oman‘s mangroves are mainly threatened by cyclonic events, both intense marine wave action and flash flooding from the landward side, as well as urbanisation, leading to coastal squeeze with implications for sea-level rise. While mangroves do not appear to highly support commercial fisheries in Oman, they do support ecologically important ecosystem engineers and essential prey for higher tropic levels (including commercially important species). Estimated values of carbon stock ranged from 59.90 to 133.05 t/ha, much lower values for A.
    [Show full text]
  • CBD Fifth National Report
    Sultanate of Oman Ministry of Environment and Climate Affairs 5th National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 2014 1 THE PRESENT REPORT IS MAINLY BASED ON INFORMATION FROM: 2 Thanks for the support and assistance of: Ms. Diane Klaimi: UNEP-ROWA Prof. Dr. Ghassan Ramadan-Jaradi: Consultant Dr.Thuraya AL Sariri & Mrs. Mariam Al-Busaidi: MECA This report is based on the information provided mainly by: Ministry of Environment and Climate Affairs, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ministry of Education,, Ministry of Heritage and Culture, Ministry of Higher Education, Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Manpower, Ministry of Regional Municipality and Water Resources, Ministry of Oil and Gas, Ministry of Social Development, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Ministry of Tourism, Office of Conservation of the Environment, Oman Botanic Garden (Diwan of Royal Court) , Research Council (Oman Animal and Plant Genetic Resources Center),Sultan Qaboos University and Environment Society of Oman. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 LIST OF ACRONYMS 7 2 LIST OF FIGURES, PLATES, AND TABLES 8 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 10 3.1 Importance of biodiversity 10 3.2 Conservation status of habitats and species 10 PART I: AN UPDATE ON BIODIVERSITY STATUS, TRENDS, AND 14 THREATS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR HUMAN WELL BEING 4 ECOSYSTEM/SPECIES BIODIVERSITY OF OMAN 15 4.1 Desert (74% of Oman) Biodiversity 15 4.2 Mountain Biodiversity 16 4.3 Agricultural (8% of Oman surface area) biodiversity 17 4.4 Wetlands, Islands and Marine Biodiversity 19 4.5 Forest and woody areas 21
    [Show full text]
  • Wildlife Tourism in Arabia. the Sultanate of Oman
    Arabian Wildlife f c THE SULTANATE OF OMAN 'v t Oman can offer a compelling sense of exploration and discovery, and a f. - - ----'-.,..-0 wildlife holiday that few would imagine possible. Tourism aim ed specif­ s ically at those interested in the natural environment, or eco-tourism, 1:: ~..~ w-il ii ii; :~ may be th e keystone to the future of the industry in Ornan . h l, . TOllri s1I1 Thoughtfully planned and carefully managed it will allow for the J III ?;.'.'Arab ia. generation of revenue without clashing with conservation concerns and " '~,~~~~~~ ;,~. cultural heritage. The stark beauty and wide range of co ntrasting landscapes that characterize the country create habitats for a wealth of wildlife. Among the variety of fauna and flora are millions of migrant wading birds passing through year after year; entire marine ecosystems unique to science; mountain, desert and shorehne plants of ~ stunning diversity; desert dwellers of surprising abundance; endangered Arabia n mammals like leopard and oryx; seashells of exquisite nature; cora l reefs that stud the ~ sea with vibra nt colours; innumerable endemic fish; whales and dolphins from coast to coast and turtles that nest in numbers matched by no other country on the pLanet. And alongside the naturaL wealth is a culture as rich as the sea, mountain and desert environmen ts with which it ha s arisen. THE MOUNTAINOUS NORTH DESERTS Wadis dissect the mountains of northern The deserts of Oman vary from the and central Oman and provide the only rolling sand seas of the Wahiba, with means of access to many areas.
    [Show full text]