DOCSLIB.ORG

The Nexus Between U.S. Foreign Policy and Conflict Resolution Or Protraction: the Case of North Korea

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Nexus Between U.S. Foreign Policy and Conflict Resolution Or Protraction: the Case of North Korea THE NEXUS BETWEEN U.S. FOREIGN POLICY AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION OR PROTRACTION: THE CASE OF NORTH KOREA by Roland B. Wilson A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Conflict Analysis and Resolution Committee: ___________________________________________ Chair of Committee ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ Graduate Program Director ___________________________________________ Dean, School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution Date: _____________________________________ Summer Semester 2015 George Mason University Fairfax, VA The Nexus between U.S. Foreign Policy and Conflict Resolution or Protraction: The case of North Korea A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at George Mason University By Roland B. Wilson Master of Arts Indiana State University, 2005 Bachelor of Arts Indiana State University, 2003 Director: Richard E. Rubenstein, Professor School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution Summer Semester 2015 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Dedication In memory of my mother and father. I have never forgotten that you both had no chance for an education and died too young, long before this day came. Although we did not have much, your love and guidance made me strong, and continue to this day to shape and guide me. And to all my fellow Veterans, let no one tell you that you can’t achieve all that you dream to be, regardless of obstacle, or disability. ii Acknowledgements This day would not have come without the endless guidance and mentorship of my committee members, and the support, friendship, faith, and love from so many dear friends and family. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my chair, Dr. Richard E. Rubenstein, and my dynamic committee members, Dr. Solon Simmons and Dr. Young Chan Ro for their excellent guidance, care, and patience. Thank you for believing in me; I am forever in your debt. I would also like to thank the entire faculty and staff of the School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution, and my dear colleagues, too many to mention, for their friendship and support. Thank you for providing me with the inspiration to succeed. I would also like to acknowledge the great impact that my fellow servicemembers and veterans have had on me. Finally, I would like to thank my family who tolerated and sacrificed so much over me for so long in order for this day to come. I would like to end with a quote that I believe applies to everyone I have ever met in my life. The word “Ubuntu” originates from one of the Bantu dialects of Africa and it fittingly translates into: “I Am Because We Are.” iii Table of Contents Page List of Tables ................................................................................................................... vii List of Figures ................................................................................................................. viii Abstract ............................................................................................................................. ix Chapter 1: Overview......................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 Research Hypothesis.................................................................................................................. 4 Justification for Study ............................................................................................................... 5 Methodology and Analytical Scope ........................................................................................ 11 Results of Research and Hypothesis ...................................................................................... 13 Theoretical Framework .......................................................................................................... 16 Study Significance ................................................................................................................... 16 Study Delimitations ................................................................................................................. 17 Study Limitations .................................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 2: Literature Review ........................................................................................ 20 Geographical and Historical Related Literature and Overview ......................................... 20 Geography ............................................................................................................................. 20 Early History ......................................................................................................................... 22 Modern History ..................................................................................................................... 23 Introduction to the Modern Protracted Social Conflict in Korea ....................................... 26 Primary CAR Theories ........................................................................................................... 28 Contact Theory ...................................................................................................................... 28 Positioning Theory ................................................................................................................ 33 Chapter 3: Research Methodology ................................................................................ 40 Methodology and Design ......................................................................................................... 40 Data Collection (Phases) ......................................................................................................... 41 Phase I ................................................................................................................................... 41 Phase II .................................................................................................................................. 42 Phase III ................................................................................................................................ 45 iv Qualitative Content Analysis (during all phases) ................................................................. 45 Timeline .................................................................................................................................... 46 Objectivity, Role of Researcher, and Validity ....................................................................... 47 Human Subjects Protection and Ethical Considerations ..................................................... 48 Logistics .................................................................................................................................... 49 Chapter 4: Defining and Creating U. S. Foreign Policy .............................................. 51 Definition of U.S. Foreign Policy ............................................................................................ 51 The Making of U.S. Foreign Policy ........................................................................................ 52 General Goals and Objectives of U.S. Foreign Policy .......................................................... 53 Tools and Execution of U.S. Foreign Policy .......................................................................... 54 Chapter 5: The History of U.S. Foreign Policy ............................................................ 62 The Early Years of U.S. Foreign Policy ................................................................................. 63 A Growing Nation’s Desire for more Power, Influence and Control ................................. 65 The World Wars and the effect on U.S. Foreign Policy ....................................................... 66 Superpower Status, Communism and Containment ............................................................ 67 End of the Cold War and new Containment ......................................................................... 69 United States and Imperialistic Tendencies .......................................................................... 70 Chapter 6: U.S. Foreign Policy toward East Asia ........................................................ 73 U.S. Colonial Search for New Markets .................................................................................. 73 Defeat of the Japanese in World War II and the Cold War in East Asia ........................... 77 Proxy War, Nuclear Threats and U.S. Hegemony ................................................................ 81 Chapter 7: U.S. Foreign Policy towards North Korea ................................................ 85 Continued Policy of Containment, Isolationism and Nuclear Assurance ........................... 86 Awakening of U.S. Interest in North Korea and an Increase in hard power Politics ....... 88 Instances of Minor Divergence in U.S. FP toward North Korea ......................................... 89 Modest Initiatives .................................................................................................................. 89 Humanitarian Assistance ......................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Effective Evangelistic Strategies for North Korean Defectors (Talbukmin) in South Korea
    ABSTRACT Effective Evangelistic Strategies for North Korean Defectors (Talbukmin) in South Korea South Korean churches eagerness for spreading the gospel to North Koreans is a passion. However, because of the barriers between the two Koreas, spreading the Good News is nearly impossible. In the middle of the 1990’s, numerous North Koreans defected to China to avoid starvation. Many South Korean missionaries met North Koreans directly and offered the gospel along with necessities for survival in China. Since the early of 2000’s, many Talbukmin have entered South Korea so South Korean churches have directly met North Koreans and spread the gospel. However, the fruits of evangelism are few. South Korean churches find that Talbukmin are very different from South Koreans in large part due to the sixty-year division. South Korean churches do not know or fully understand the characteristics of the Talbukmin. The evangelism strategies and ministry programs of South Korean churches, which are designed for South Koreans, do not adapt well to serve the Talbukmin. This research lists and describes the following five theories to be used in the development of the effective evangelistic strategies for use with the Talbukmin and for use to interpret the interviews and questionnaires: the conversion theory, the contextualization theory, the homogenous principle, the worldview transformation theory, and the Nevius Mission Plan. In the following research exploration of the evangelization of Talbukmin in South Korea occurs through two major research agendas. The first agenda is concerned with the study of the characteristics of Talbukmin to be used for the evangelists’ understanding of the depth of differences.
    [Show full text]
  • Thank You, Father Kim Il Sung” Is the First Phrase North Korean Parents Are Instructed to Teach to Their Children
    “THANK YOU FATHER KIM ILLL SUNG”:”:”: Eyewitness Accounts of Severe Violations of Freedom of Thought, Conscience, and Religion in North Korea PPPREPARED BYYY: DAVID HAWK Cover Photo by CNN NOVEMBER 2005 UNITED STATES COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM Michael Cromartie Chair Felice D. Gaer Vice Chair Nina Shea Vice Chair Preeta D. Bansal Archbishop Charles J. Chaput Khaled Abou El Fadl Dr. Richard D. Land Dr. Elizabeth H. Prodromou Bishop Ricardo Ramirez Ambassador John V. Hanford, III, ex officio Joseph R. Crapa Executive Diretor NORTH KOREA STUDY TEAM David Hawk Author and Lead Researcher Jae Chun Won Research Manager Byoung Lo (Philo) Kim Research Advisor United States Commission on International Religious Freedom Staff Tad Stahnke, Deputy Director for Policy David Dettoni, Deputy Director for Outreach Anne Johnson, Director of Communications Christy Klaasen, Director of Government Affairs Carmelita Hines, Director of Administration Patricia Carley, Associate Director for Policy Mark Hetfield, Director, International Refugee Issues Eileen Sullivan, Deputy Director for Communications Dwight Bashir, Senior Policy Analyst Robert C. Blitt, Legal Policy Analyst Catherine Cosman, Senior Policy Analyst Deborah DuCre, Receptionist Scott Flipse, Senior Policy Analyst Mindy Larmore, Policy Analyst Jacquelin Mitchell, Executive Assistant Tina Ramirez, Research Assistant Allison Salyer, Government Affairs Assistant Stephen R. Snow, Senior Policy Analyst Acknowledgements The U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom expresses its deep gratitude to the former North Koreans now residing in South Korea who took the time to relay to the Commission their perspectives on the situation in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and their experiences in North Korea prior to fleeing to China.
    [Show full text]
  • Violations of Freedom of Religion Or Belief in North Korea
    Total denial: violations of freedom of religion or belief in North Korea September 2016 FOR PUBLIC USE Be a voice for the voiceless www.csw.org.uk Contents Executive summary 3 Recommendations 4 Christian Solidarity Worldwide and North Korea 5 Methodology 5 Freedom of religion or belief in theory 6 International law vs North Korean law on freedom of religion or belief 6 Ideological foundation vs concept of religious freedom 7 Freedom of religion or belief in practice 8 Persecution of Christians 9 Political prison camps (kwanliso) 10 Discrimination against Buddhism and Shamanism 11 Detention in China 12 Repatriation from China 13 Engagement with international faith groups and organisations 14 Conclusion 15 ‘There is almost complete denial of the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion as well as the right to freedom of opinion, expression, information and association’ UN Commission of Inquiry report on North Korea, 2014 Cover image: Statue in North Korea Photo: CSW extermination, enslavement/forced labour, forcible Executive summary transfer of population, arbitrary imprisonment, torture, persecution, enforced disappearance, rape and sexual The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), violence, and other inhumane acts. Documented incidents also known as North Korea, remains a uniquely isolated against Christians include being hung on a cross over a and repressed state in an increasingly interconnected fire, crushed under a steamroller, herded off bridges, global community. The isolation is maintained by and trampled underfoot. A policy of guilt by association multi-faceted aspects of the security and political applies, meaning that the relatives of Christians are also situation, and confines the people of North Korea to a detained regardless of whether they share the Christian monolithic system of control by the dynastic Kim family.
    [Show full text]
  • Call for Papers General Information
    January 2006 Published by the American Academy of Religion Vol. 21, No. 1 2006 2006 r embe M ar alend CALL FOR C e 2 e pag Se PAPERS Annual Meeting Call for Papers General Information ........................................................................3 Deadlines ........................................................................................3 Religious Studies News is the newspaper of record Guidelines for Submitting Proposals ..................................................3 for the field especially designed to serve the pro- fessional needs of persons involved in teaching Methods of Submission ....................................................................4 and scholarship in religion (broadly construed to include religious studies, theology, and sacred Sections ..........................................................................................5 texts). Published quarterly by the American Academy of Religion, RSN is received by some Groups............................................................................................7 10,000 scholars and by libraries at colleges and universities across North America and abroad. Participant Forms ........................................................................8, 9 Religious Studies News communicates the impor- tant events of the field and related areas. It pro- Seminars ......................................................................................16 vides a forum for members and others to examine critical issues in education, pedagogy (especially
    [Show full text]
  • Building the Nation: the Success and Crisis of Korean Civil Religion
    religions Article Building the Nation: The Success and Crisis of Korean Civil Religion Andrew Eungi Kim 1 and Daniel Connolly 2,* 1 Division of International Studies, Korea University, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea; [email protected] 2 Division of International Studies, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul 02450, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Civil religion refers to a country’s beliefs, symbols, and rituals that bolster national unity and strengthen its citizens’ sense of identity and belonging. However, the literature on civil religion is divided between those who attribute it to bottom-up cultural spontaneity and those who see it as an ideological top-down construction. Moreover, there has been a relative lack of scholarly attention to Korean civil religion. This paper addresses both issues by arguing that a strong civil religion indeed exists in the country and that it has been an important part of the “nation-building” process since the founding of the Republic of Korea in 1948. The paper highlights how a succession of authoritarian regimes (1948–1987) successfully mobilized a strong civil religion for political purposes. The resulting civil religion targeted economic growth as the national goal to overcome all social ills, focused on the country’s ethnic and cultural homogeneity to boost national confidence and pride, exalted its traditional religions, especially Confucianism, as repositories of Korean traditional culture, and rendered sacred meanings to national symbols such as the flag and national anthem. Even after democratization, Korean civil religion remains largely ideological, as the Korean government is heavily involved in framing, planning, sponsoring, and promoting the country’s civil religion.
    [Show full text]
  • The Religious Phenomenon of Juche Ideology As a Political Tool
    HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies ISSN: (Online) 2072-8050, (Print) 0259-9422 Page 1 of 7 Original Research The religious phenomenon of Juche ideology as a political tool Authors: This study aims to determine the motive that led to the establishment of Juche by Kim Il 1 Fransiskus I. Widjaja Sung amidst the influence of communism and its transformation into religion in North Noh I. Boiliu2 Irfan F. Simanjuntak1 Korea. North Korea is a communist country dictated by Kim Jong-Un of the Kim dynasty and Joni M.P. Gultom1 known for its cruelty. The country underwent several changes from Marxism-Leninism to Fredy Simanjuntak1 familism to determine its strength in Juche. This ideology that acts as a religion was influenced and strengthened Kim Jong Il to Kim Jong-Un and built by shifting the concept of marxism- Affiliations: 1Graduate School, Faculty of Leninism to construct a new understanding of Juche. It will be demonstrated that this Theology, Real Theological ideology was influenced by Confucianism, Christianity, Nationalism, Chinese Communism, Seminary Batam (STT Real and Russian Communism. In the modern era, imperialism was used as an ideological tool to Batam), Batam, Indonesia restrict backwardness. This theory allegedly helped Kim Il-Sung establish a unitary, one- 2Christian Religious person rule over North Korea. ‘It will be examined whether Juche ideology is a tool the state Education, Teacher Training has used to convince people of their government. Pronouncements, an intentional religion in and Education, Christian which the people were to believe that their Ruler (Kim Il Sung) was a supreme human or an University of Indonesia, ideology that morphed into a religion’.
    [Show full text]
  • NORTH KOREA: Religious Freedom Non-Existent, but Much Still Unknown
    FORUM 18 NEWS SERVICE, Oslo, Norway http://www.forum18.org/ The right to believe, to worship and witness The right to change one's belief or religion The right to join together and express one's belief This article was published by F18News on: 29 March 2006 NORTH KOREA: Religious freedom non-existent, but much still unknown By Magda Hornemann, Forum 18 News Service <http://www.forum18.org> Two recent reports based on testimony from North Korean refugees - one by the US Commission on International Religious Freedom - have confirmed earlier findings that religious freedom does not exist in North Korea, that local people are aware of state-sponsored acts of religious persecution and that the only state-approved religion is Juche, or self-reliance, which is closely allied to the cult of the deceased leader Kim Il-Sung. Some interviewees claimed they had witnessed or heard of extreme punishments, even death, meted out to religious believers, others recounted how some religious believers were spared such punishments. Christian organisation Open Doors has noted that North Koreans arriving in China are usually very opposed to religion in general and Christianity in particular as a result of the long-term and regular state indoctrination to which they had been subjected. Visitors to Pyongyang have told Forum 18 News Service that no regular worship takes place at the three official Christian churches in the city and that Buddhist monasteries elsewhere are neglected cultural relics. Given the draconian restrictions on individual freedoms in North Korea, the most reliable knowledge available on religious freedom and other human rights in the country has to be based on insights garnered from North Korean nationals outside the country, interviews with refugees from North Korea - most recently those conducted by the US Commission on International Religious Freedom - and informed foreigners who have visited the country.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on the North Korean Human Rights
    A STUDY ON ECONOMIC SANCTIONS: STRATEGY FOR THE NORTH KOREAN NUCLEAR AND HUMAN RIGHTS CRISES -INTERNATIONAL LAW PERSPECTIVE- A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of the Science of Law by Seung Jin Oh August 2008 © 2008 Seung Jin Oh A STUDY ON ECONOMIC SANCTIONS: STRATEGY FOR THE NORTH KOREAN NUCLEAR AND HUMAN RIGHTS CRISES -INTERNATIONAL LAW PERSPECTIVES- Seung Jin Oh, J.S.D. Cornell University 2008 North Korea has been criticized not only for manufacturing weapons of mass destruction but also for denying its people the most basic rights. In response to the North Korean crises, there have been two different approaches: economic sanctions or engagement. This study is to analyze whether and how the international community could change the North Korean behavior effectively under international norms. The U.N. Charter expressly contemplates that economic sanctions may be imposed in order to maintain or restore international peace and security. Sanctions under the United Nations can be imposed when there is a threat of or breach of the peace. If the Council determines gross violations of human rights as a threat to peace, it can play a pivotal role in protecting. Humanitarian causes limit the scope and types of economic sanctions. Economic sanctions are limited by humanitarian causes. Further, comprehensive economic sanctions are not effective. North Korea has an extremely authoritarian political structure and it would make economic sanctions less effective. Sanctions might contribute directly to the economic hardship of North Koreans. There is no hope that sanctions may strengthen NGOs, opposition groups or movements in North Korea.
    [Show full text]
  • Persecuting Faith: Documenting Religious Freedom Violations in North Korea
    Persecuting Faith: Documenting religious freedom violations in North Korea Volume I Persecuting Faith: Documenting religious freedom violations in North Korea Volume I Korea Future Initiative October 2020 About Korea Future Initiative Korea Future Initiative is a non-profit charitable organisation whose mission is to equip governments and international organisations with authoritative human rights information that can support strategies to effect tangible and positive change in North Korea. www.koreafuture.org Recommended Citation Korea Future Initiative (2020). ‘Persecuting Faith: Documenting religious freedom violations in North Korea’. London: United Kingdom. Report Illustrations © 2020 Kim Haeun Copyright CC-BY-NC-ND This license requires that re-users give credit to the creator. It allows re-users to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format, for non-commercial purposes only. If others remix, adapt, or build upon the material, they may not distribute the modified material. Persecuting Faith: Documenting religious freedom violations in North Korea by Korea Future Initiative is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 Acknowledgements Authors Hae Ju Kang Suyeon Yoo James Burt Korea Future Initiative benefitted from the support and expertise of diaspora organisations and exiled individuals throughout the process of investigating and documenting religious freedom violations. Specifically, our thanks are extended to Tongil Somang and to the interviewees who shared their experiences with investigators. In addition, we thank Jangdaehyun School. In planning investigations, undertaking analyses of the investigation findings, and drafting this report, Korea Future Initiative received significant support from Stephen Hathorn.
    [Show full text]
  • White Paper Human Rights North Korea
    White Paper on WHITE PAPER ON Human HUMAN RIGHTS IN Rights NORTH KOREA in 2 0 2 0 North Korea White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2020 Published : September 2020 Authors : Kyu-chang Lee, Sookyung Kim, Ji Sun Yee, Eun Mee Jeong, Yejoon Rim Publisher : Koh Yu-hwan Editor : Humanitarianism and Cooperation Research Division Registration : No. 2-02361 (97.4.23.) Address : Korea Institute for National Unification 217, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul (06578), Republic of Korea Telephone : (Representative No.) +82-2-2023-8000 (Fax) +82-2-2023-8295 Website : http://www.kinu.or.kr Planning/ : Amigodesign (+82-2-517-5043) Design Print : Hancompany Co., Ltd. (+82-2-2269-9917) ISBN 979-11-6589-006-3 93340 Price ￦27,000 Copyright Korea Institute for National Unification, 2020 All KINU publications are available for purchase at all major bookstores in the Republic of Korea. (Purchase Inquiry) Government Printing Office Sales Center: ․ Store: +82-2-734-6818 ․ Office: +82-2-394-0337 The content of this White Paper is based on the opinions of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Korea Institute for National Unification. Kyu-chang Lee Director/Senior Research Fellow, Humanitarianism and Cooperation Research Division, KINU Sookyung Kim Research Fellow, Humanitarianism and Cooperation Research Division, KINU Ji Sun Yee Research Fellow, Humanitarianism and Cooperation Research Division, KINU Eun Mee Jeong Research Fellow, North Korean Research Division, KINU Yejoon Rim Assistant Professor, College of Public Policy, Korea
    [Show full text]
  • Legal Strategies for Protecting Human Rights in North Korea
    1 2 Legal Strategies for Protecting Human Rights in North Korea by Paolo Cammarota, Joe Crace, Kim Worly, and Haim Zaltzman (attorneys at Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This handbook describes the options available to human rights NGOs seeking to pursue international legal action against North Korea. North Korea presents an extreme version of the challenge that often faces non-governmental organizations. It has a daunting record of human rights abuses and atrocities. However, at the same time, North Korea is an isolated hermit state, extremely resistant to outside pressure. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) tracking human rights abuses around the world are frustrated by the difficulty of doing something about those abuses. However, the international legal system offers a variety of avenues for action which NGOs can pursue. Pursuing these avenues helps link NGOs to the larger framework of international legal institutions. This report explores these legal avenues. It does so by considering what specific options are available in the case of North Korea, exploring how those options would be pursued, and analyzing the practical advantages and difficulties of each one. The options presented are: Referral to the International Criminal Court Referral to the U.N. Security Council Working with the U.N. Human Rights Council Taking action under an international covenant to which North Korea is a party: the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women the Convention on the Rights of the Child the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights Pursuing a lawsuit under the Alien Tort Claims Act or similar U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Concentrations of Inhumanity
    1 Report cover designed by Stefan Peterson of Words by Design Satellite images of Kwan-li-so No. 15 Yodok were reprinted with permission by the U.S. Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. These satellite images and others can be viewed at www.hrnk.org. Concentrations of Inhumanity An Analysis of the Phenomena of Repression Associated With North Korea’s Kwan-li-so Political Penal Labor Camps According to the Terms and Provisions of Article 7 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and the Parallel Provisions of Customary International Law on Crimes Against Humanity David Hawk Freedom House May 2007 Copyright © 2007 by Freedom House All rights reserved. 3 About the Author DAVID HAWK directed the Cambodia Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights in the mid-to-late 1990s. In the 1980s Hawk documented the Khmer Rouge atrocities in Cambodia under the auspices of the Columbia University Center for the Study of Human Rights. In the early 1990s, Hawk directed the Cambodia Documentation Commission, which sought an international tribunal for the Khmer Rouge leadership, and human rights provisions in the 1991 Cambodia peace treaty and subsequent UN transitional peacekeeping operation. In August 1994 and again in 1995 Hawk went on missions to Rwanda for the US Committee for Refugees and Amnesty International respectively. Hawk is a former Executive Director of Amnesty International, USA and has served on the board of directors of AIUSA and Human Rights Watch/Asia. His recent publications include “Confronting Genocide in Cambodia” in Pioneers of Genocide Studies, eds.
    [Show full text]