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Ticlopidine-Induced Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: a Case Report and Literature Review

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Ticlopidine-Induced Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: a Case Report and Literature Review CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector DERMATOLOGICA SINICA 32 (2014) 183e186 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Dermatologica Sinica journal homepage: http://www.derm-sinica.com CASE REPORT Ticlopidine-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: A case report and literature review Yi-Ching Chen 1, Yu-Hung Wu 1,2,3,* 1 Department of Dermatology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan 2 Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan 3 Department of Cosmetic Science and Management, Mackay Medicine, Nursing and Management College, Taipei, Taiwan article info abstract Article history: Many drugs have been reported to induce lupus in a minority of patients. Ticlopidine hydrochloride Received: Jul 5, 2013 inhibits platelet aggregation and is widely used for the prevention of thrombosis. There have been only a Revised: Dec 30, 2013 few reports of ticlopidine-induced lupus. Here, we review 13 previously reported cases and describe the Accepted: Jan 2, 2014 case of a 71-year-old man with ticlopidine-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. His diagnosis was supported by the appearance of papulosquamous skin lesions on sun-exposed areas and Keywords: detectable anti-Ro/SS-A antibodies, shortly after drug initiation as well as the gradual resolution of these lupus erythematosus symptoms after the discontinuation of ticlopidine. Our case highlights that when a patient presents with ticlopidine subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus-like skin lesions, ticlopidine should be considered as a po- tential causative agent. Copyright Ó 2014, Taiwanese Dermatological Association. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. All rights reserved. Introduction Case report Since the report of skin reactions to hydrochlorothiazide in A 71-year-old man suffered from multiple skin rashes on his trunk conjunction with Ro⁄SS-A autoantibody after the drug was first and limbs for 2 months. The rashes did not respond to topical introduced in 1985,1 more than 40 types of drugs have been re- steroid treatment. On physical examination, many scaly reddish ported to induce subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus papules and plaques were observed on the scalp, face, forearms, e (SCLE).2 4 Ticlopidine hydrochloride is a platelet aggregation in- upper chest, and upper back (Figure 1AeC). He showed no sign of hibitor used as a substitute for aspirin in patients who cannot fever, arthralgia, myalgia, pleurisy, or pericarditis. The distribution tolerate the side effects of aspirin.5 It is commonly prescribed for of the skin rash was mainly on sun-exposed areas, and thus, SCLE or stroke prevention6 or after coronary artery stenting to prevent photosensitive lichenoid drug eruption was considered. Blood tests, thrombosis based on Food and Drug Administration-labeled in- urine tests, and incisional biopsy for pathology and immunofluo- dications. Common adverse drug reactions of ticlopidine are diar- rescence were performed. rhea, exanthematus eruptions, and rarely neutropenia or bone Based on the medical and medication history, he had suffered marrow aplasia.7 Ticlopidine-induced SCLE is extremely rare. Here, from essential hypertension, benign prostate hyperplasia, and type we describe the case of a patient with ticlopidine-induced SCLE 2 diabetes mellitus for many years. He was persistently treated with who was diagnosed based on his clinical medication history, and losartan, isosorbide dinitrate, propranolol, tamsulosin, desmo- the clinical, histological, and immunopathological results. pressin, bromazepam, acarbose, glimepiride, and sitagliptin without change for more than 1 year. He was diagnosed with car- diovascular disease after coronary artery stenting that occurred 2 years prior to admission. Subsequently, he had taken aspirin for thrombus prevention until 4 months ago when he was prescribed ticlopidine hydrochloride as an aspirin substitute due to gastroin- Conflicts of interest: The authors declare that they have no financial or non- financial conflicts of interest related to the subject matter or materials discussed in testinal discomfort. this article. The blood test results revealed anemia (hemoglobin: 9.8 mg/dL) * Corresponding author. Department of Dermatology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, and the urine test results suggested proteinuria. The other test Taipei, Taiwan. items, including liver and renal functions, were within the normal E-mail address: [email protected] (Y.-H. Wu). 1027-8117/$ e see front matter Copyright Ó 2014, Taiwanese Dermatological Association. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsi.2014.01.001 184 Y.-C. Chen, Y.-H. Wu / Dermatologica Sinica 32 (2014) 183e186 Figure 1 Multiple scaly erythematous plaques on the (A) upper chest and (B) upper back. (C) A close view of the reddish papulosquamous papuloplaques on the extensor side of the right forearm. range. Circulating antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) were detected possibility of drug-induced SCLE. Ticlopidine hydrochloride, the (antinuclear factor 40X; speckled/centromere) and identified as only recent addition to the medical regimen, was highly suspected. anti-Ro antibodies (anti-Ro 347 AU/mL; normal range: <120 AU/ He was asked to discontinue oral ticlopidine, and a topical potent mL). Other tests to survey for connective tissue disease were within steroid (0.05% fluocinonide) was prescribed without oral medica- normal limits, including C3, C4, and anti-double-stranded DNA. tion. After discontinuation of ticlopidine, the skin lesions rapidly Histological examination revealed diffuse vacuolar degenera- improved and completely subsided 4 weeks later. Therefore, no tion of the basal layers of keratinocytes (Figure 2A and B) and mild further blood test was performed. Lesions did not recur during the to moderate lymphocytic perivascular infiltrates in the upper 1-year follow-up period. dermis. There was focal parakeratosis and lymphocytic exocytosis in the epidermis, but neither an increase in dermal mucin deposi- Discussion tion nor basement membrane thickening was observed. Eosino- phils were rare. Direct immunofluorescent tests of the involved There have been only 12 cases of ticlopidine-induced lupus and skin showed deposition of cytoid bodies that expressed immuno- only two cases of ticlopidine-induced SCLE reported in the litera- e globulins (Ig), including IgA, IgG, and IgM (Figure 2C and D). There ture (Table 1).8,15 20 The time from ticlopidine exposure to the was also fibrinogen deposition along the dermaleepidermal junc- onset of drug-induced lupus varied from 1 week to 4 years. Most tion. The overall features represented interface dermatitis and were patients started to feel better after discontinuing ticlopidine for consistent with a connective tissue disorder such as lupus erythe- several weeks and completely recovered after several months. matosus or dermatomyositis. ANAs and antihistone antibodies are a common finding in drug- Dermatomyositis was less likely because of the absence of induced lupus and are detected in almost all ticlopidine-induced muscle weakness and normal blood tests for muscle enzymes. The systemic lupus cases. ANAs and Ro/SS-A autoantibodies were diagnosis after clinicopathological correlation was SCLE. The pres- detected in both cases of ticlopidine-induced SCLE. The case of ence of anti-Ro antibody and his medication history raised the ticlopidine-induced SCLE reported in Poland8 shares many similar Y.-C. Chen, Y.-H. Wu / Dermatologica Sinica 32 (2014) 183e186 185 Figure 2 (A) Histopathological analysis (scanning magnification) showed moderate superficial and deep perivascular infiltrates. (B) High-powered images demonstrated diffuse vacuolar degeneration of the basal keratinocytes [hematoxylin and eosin: (A) 100Â; (B) 400Â]. (C) Many immunoglobulin G (IgG)-deposited ovoid bodies were present at the dermaleepidermal junction and papillary dermis. (D) Scattered IgM-deposited ovoid bodies at the dermaleepidermal junction [direct immunofluorescence test: (C) 400Â, (D) 400Â]. findings with our patient, including old age (age >70 years), the papulosquamous lesions occurring mainly in sun-exposed areas, presence of anti-Ro/SS-A autoantibodies, interface dermatitis, and interface dermatitis with perivascular lymphocytes infiltration, and the resolution of cutaneous lesions soon after discontinuing detectable ANA, anti-Ro/SS-A (a positive result is obtained in more ticlopidine. than 80% of cases2), or occasionally anti-La/SS-B autoantibodies. There is no significant difference between drug-induced and Attempting to distinguish drug-induced from non-drug-induced non-drug-induced SCLE based on clinical, histopathological, or SCLE by tissue eosinophilia is not reliable or feasible.11 One clue immunopathological features.9,10 Both present with annular/ for a physician to consider is that drug-induced SCLE often affects Table 1 Summary of previous reports and present case on ticlopidine-induced lupus erythematosus. Ref. Age (y) Sex Presentation Immunological finding Duration of Resolution Treatment exposure time Japan15 81 M Fever, arthralgia, ANA (1:640), antihistone 4 y 5 min Prednisolone myalgia, pericardial effusion 30 mg/d þ pulse therapy 76 M Fever, pleural effusion, ANA (1:2560), antihistone 1 y 4 min Nil myalgia Japan16 71 M Fever, arthralgia, pleural ANA (1:640), antihistone, 2 y 2 min Prednisolone 15 mg/d effusion þ mesangial anti-dsDNA, anti-ssDNA proliferative glomerulonephritis Japan17 55 M Fever, arthralgia, under ANA, antihistone,
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