About the Editors

C. Peter Bankart, Ph.D., is professor of psychology and director of the Student Counseling Service at Wabash College in Crawfordsville, Indiana. He is author of Talking Cures: A History of Western and Eastern Psychotherapies (1997), and numerous publications that explore the integration of Eastern thought with Western psychotherapeutics. He has taught on the faculty of the International Division of Waseda University in Tokyo.

Kathleen H. Dockett, Ed.D., is professor of psychology and former Chairperson of the Department of Psychology and Counseling at the University of the District of Columbia. She is author of Resources for Stress Resistance: Parallels in Psychology and (1993). A community psychologist, her research and numerous presentations focus on Buddhism as a resource for the promotion of personal and societal well-being, and it’s application to diversity and ethnic conflict.

G. Rita Dudley-Grant, Ph.D., MPH, ABPP, is a licensed clinical psychologist and director of program development at the Virgin Islands Behavioral Services in St. Croix. She is an APA Fellow, a member of the Board of Professional Affairs, past chair of the Committee on International Psychology, and past president of the Virgin Islands Psychological Association. She has presented on and been instru- mental in a series of American Psychological Association programs examining the intersection of .

287 Author Index

Abel, T. M., 50, 67 Berry, T., 203, 204, 213 Chopra, D., 223–224, 236 Adams-Leavitt, W., 174, 185 Birkhead, S. H., 204–205, 213 Claxton, G., 54–55, 67, 110, Akanuma, C., 262, 273 Bishop, P. D., 208, 213 123 Albee, G. W., 176, 191, 194, Blatt, S. J., 114, 123 Clifford, T., 51, 55, 56, 67 212 Blumberg, H. H., 226, 236 Cohen, E., 174, 194 Alcoholics Anonymous, 112– Bohman, J., 134, 138 Condrau, G., 144–145, 154, 113, 117, 120, 122, 123 Boss, M., 139–140, 142–144, 155–156, 158 Alexander, A., 226, 237 145, 154, 156, 158 Conze, E., 81, 99 Alexander, F. G., 48–50, 67 Bowden, B. S., 208, 213 Cook, T. D., 198, 213 Alinsky, S. D., 175–176, 194 Bowlby, J., 108, 123 Cooper, D. E., 150, 158 Allport, G. W., 225, 236 Brandt, R. B., 73, 99 Corless, R., 66, 67 Anes, M. D., 204–205, 213 Brough, J., 261, 273 Craig, E., 142, 158 Anundsen, K., 207, 214 Brown, D. P., 62, 64, 69 Craig, R. J., 114, 123 Apfel, R., 59, 67 Broyard, A., 131, 138 Crassweller, K. D., 59, 67 Appleyard, B., 131, 136, 138 Bry, B. H., 200–201, 213 Csikszentmihalyi, M., 107, Arendt, H., 218, 236 Bryom, T., 136, 138 123, 202, 213 Ariyaratne, A. T., 210, 212, Bulock, M., 216, 217, 237 Curtin, M., 208, 213 271, 273 Burkhardt, M. A., 203, 213 Cushman, P., 46, 67 Arns, P. A., 59, 67 Buswell, R. B., 270, 273 Asch, S., 73, 74, 75, 85, 90, Dalai , 23, 43, 83, 91, 91, 99 Cairns, E., 222, 237 96, 99, 132, 138, 151, Atkins, C. R., 223–224, 236 Campbell, J., 202, 213 158, 268–269, 271, 273 Carr-Kaffashan, L., 59, 69 Daniels, M. D., 59, 67 Bangi, A., 210, 213 Carroll, S., 112, 123 Davison-Katz, D., 178, 195 Bankart, C. P., 34, 43, 46, 61, Causton, R., 230, 236 De, G., 265, 273 65, 67 Chan, K., 268, 273 DeBary, W. T., 224, 232, 236 Barlow, D. H., 278, 285 Chan, W., 30–31, 43 Deikman, A., 46–47, 50, 67 Bar-Tal, D., 216, 237 Chappell, D. W., 24, 26, 34, Dermatis, H., 115, 123 Batchelor, S., 148, 158 37, 38–39, 41, 43, 175, De Silva, P., 58–59, 60, 61, Beck, A. T., 183–184, 194 187, 194, 232, 235, 236, 67, 110, 123, 140, 158 Bedard, J., 223–224, 236 263, 266, 267, 268, 270, Dhammananda, K. S., 146, Ben-Avi, A., 51, 52, 64, 67 271, 273, 283 148, 156, 158, 224, 226, Benson, H., 59, 69 Chimata, R., 210, 213 230, 231, 236 Benz, E., 42, 43 Chirot, D., 218, 219, 221, 236, Dinwiddie, S. H., 114, 123 Berenberg, A. N., 48, 68 277, 285 Dockeki, R. R., 174, 194

289 290 Author Index

Dockett, K. H., 111, 123, 174, Galanter, M., 115, 123 Ikeda, D., 3, 10, 29, 109, 117, 182–183, 185, 194, 198, Galtung, J., 231, 236 118, 121, 124, 173, 180, 203, 211, 213, 214, 223– Gardiner, H., 271, 273 186, 187, 190, 194, 215, 224, 231, 232, 236, 283– Gensheimer, L. K., 174, 185 217, 219–220, 221, 223, 283 Gillette, V., 174, 194 224, 233, 237, 271, 273, Doi, T., 47, 67 Gimello, R. M., 270, 273 277, 285 Dreyfus, G. B. J., 91, 99 Goldfarb, L. M., 115, 123 Ikemi, A., 110, 124 Dudley-Grant, G. R., 115, 116, Goleman, D., 146, 159, 202, Ikemi, Y., 110, 124 123, 280 213 Imamura, R., 51, 68, 184, 195 Duffy, K. G., 176, 194, 191– Gombrich, R., 271, 273 192, 198, 199, 213 Goodwin, D. W., 114, 124 Jacobsen, C. A., 183, 194 Duncker, K., 73, 91, 99 Gorsuch, R., 173, 194 Jacobson, A., 48, 68 Dusenbury, L. A., 176, 191, 194 Gosho Translation Committee, Jacobson, N. P., 147, 159 Dvorchak, P. A., 208, 213 108, 109–110, 111, 113, Jason, L. A., 174, 195, 203, 117, 119, 121, 123 204–205, 206, 208, 210, Eagle, M., 107, 111, 123 Green, L. L., 112–113, 120, 213, 214, 278, 283 Egendorf, A., 223, 224–225, 124 Ji, P. Y., 204–205, 213 236 Greenwood, M. M., 59, 67 Joffe, J. M., 176, 191, 194 Ehrenwald, J., 46, 67 Groessel, E. J., 208, 213 Johanson, G., 205, 213 Elliott, R., 61, 67 Gross, R. M., 66, 68 Johnson, D., 210, 213 Ellis, A., 183–184, 194 Groves, P. G., 120, 124 Jones, G. A., 61, 68 Ellis, R. D., 73, 99 Gyatso, T., 152, 159 Jung, C. G., 51–53, 68, 71, Endo, T., 109, 124 98, 215, 237, 250, 256 Engler, J., 62, 64, 69 Hammond, P., 175, 194 Epstein, M., 107, 113, 121– Harlow, H. F., 108, 124 Kalupahana, D. J., 224, 235 122, 123, 148, 154, 159 Harter, S., 64, 68 Kawada, Y., 36–37, 43, 226– Erikson, E., 225, 236 Hartmann, H., 107–108, 124 227, 232–233, 237, 240, Erricker, C., 281, 285 Haruki, Y., 65, 67 249, 256, 279, 282, 285 Harvey, P., 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, Kelly, J. G., 199–200, 213, Fairburn, W. R. D., 108, 123 25–26, 31, 32, 33, 44, 214 Farmer, R., 120, 124 240, 241, 256 Kelman, H., 54, 56–57, 58, Ferrari, J. R., 208, 213 Heard, G., 21 68 Fingarette, H., 50, 68 Heidegger, M., 142, 143, 144, Keown, D., 240, 256 Finkel, N. J., 183, 194 145, 147, 149–151, 159 Kerman B., 185, 195 Fishman, B., 65, 68 Henle, M., 72, 98, 100 Khantzian, E. J., 115, 124 Florin, P., 185, 195 Hewstone, M., 222, 237 Khong, B. S. L., 151, 159, Fontana, D., 106, 123 Hiley, D., 134, 138 281, 285 Forest, J. H., 268, 273 Hirsch, B. J., 200–201, 213 Khongchina, P. C., 265, 273 Fox, D., 30, 43 Ho, D. Y. F., 109, 124 Kimmel, P. R., 217, 218–219, Frankel, F. H., 59, 67 Holmes, D. S., 60, 68 235, 237 Frankel, V., 130–131, 138 Holzhey-Kunz, A., 144, 159 King, S. B., 271, 274 Frankena, W. K., 73, 99 Hood, R. W. Jr., 173, 194 Kingry-Westergaard, C., 200, Freire, P., 176, 191, 194 Hopkins, J., 76, 78, 79–81, 214 Freud, S., 46, 67, 98 83, 84, 91, 96, 100 Kloos, B., 174, 195 Fromm, E., 54, 55, 58, 68, Horney, K., 54, 56, 58, 68 Kobasa, S. C., 7, 10, 177, 179, 225, 236 Houshmand, Z., 128, 138 195 Fullilove, M. T., 112–113, 120, Hughey, J., 174, 185 Köhler, W., 72–73, 88, 90, 124 Hunsberger, B., 173, 194 94, 100 Fullilove, R. E., 112–113, 120, Hurst, J., 35, 39–40, 43, 175, Kohut, H., 108–109, 124 124 194 Kondo, K, 47, 55–56, 68 Author Index 291

Kornfield, J., 155, 159 McCrady, B. S., 114, 124 Perkins, D. D., 174, 195, 223, Koshikawa, F., 65, 67 McDonald, C., 114, 123 237 Kot, E., 208, 213 McDowell, D., 115, 123 Ponce, D, E., 61, 68 Kotch, J. B., 59, 67 McLeod, W. T., 141, 159 Poussaint, A., 226, 237 Kotler, A., 174, 195, 224, 237 McMillan, B., 185, 195 Pratt, T., 210, 213 Kraft, K., 6, 10, 191, 192, 211, McMillan, D., 193, 195 Prebish, C. S., 40, 41, 44, 66, 214 McNulty, T. F., 59, 69 69, 175, 195 Kroeker, C. J., 175–176, 191, Metraux, R., 50, 67 Prilleltensky, I., 30, 43 195 Metz, G. J., 112, 124 Putnam, H., 133, 138 Kuhn, T. S., 132, 138 Metzner, R., 115–116, 124 Kurtz, R., 205, 213 Mikulas, W. L., 58, 68 Queen, C. S., 223, 237, 271, Miller, W. R., 112, 124 274 Lalich, J., 34, 43, 65, 69 Mitchell, R. E., 185, 195 Lavine, A., 27, 43 Mizuno, K., 224, 230, 237 Ragsdale, E. S., 72, 93, 100, Lazarus, A. A., 65, 68 Mobray, C. T., 174, 194 282 Lazarus, R. C., 206, 214 Modsen, S. T., 269, 274 Rahula, W., 146, 159 Lee, Z. N., 143, 159 Molino, A., 1–2, 10, 107, 124 Ramanan, K. V., 81, 86, 100 Lefcourt, H. M., 178, 195 Montagu, A., 226, 228, 237 Rappaport, J., 174, 175, 176, Lehrer, P. M., 59, 69 Moore, T., 174, 195 177, 179, 191, 196, 199, Leifer, R., 106, 124 Morvay, Z., 107, 124 214 Levine, M., 19–20, 25, 44 Myers, D. G., 220, 237 Ray, C., 51, 61, 69, 107, 124 Lewin, K., 91, 100 Reich, T., 114, 123 Lewontin, R., 135–136, 138 Nakamura, H., 241, 256 Reiff, R., 30, 44 Lifsutz, H., 115, 123 Napper, E., 76, 78, 80, 82–83, Reischl, T. M., 200–201, 213 Livingston, R., 128, 138 84, 91, 100 Reynolds, D. K., 1–2, 10, 65, Lokamitra, D., 272, 273 Nattier, J., 40–41, 42, 44 69, 205, 214 Lopez, D., 82, 100 Nedate, K., 65, 67 Rhee, D., 156, 159 Nemiah, J. C., 59, 67 Rhodes, J. E., 205, 214 Machacek, D., 175, 194 Neumann, E., 91, 93, 100 , S., 280, 286 Mack, J. E., 115, 124 Newbrough, J. R., 200–201, Roll, S., 50, 67 MacMurray, J., 131, 138 213 Rosch, E., 76, 81, 100 Macy, J. R., 227, 237 Nhat Hanh, T., 2, 10, 202, Rosenzweig, M. R., 216, 217, Mahler, M., 109, 124 214, 278, 286 237 Maier, S. F., 178–179, 196 Daishonin, 182, 183, Rosner, B., 59, 67 Marsella, A. J., 157, 159, 174, 244, 257 Ross, N. W., 16, 21, 22, 32– 195, 215, 217, 237, 284– Nichiren Shoshu International 33, 44 285, 286 Center, 109, 124 Ross, S. A., 19, 44, 113, 119, Marsh, P., 208, 213 124 Martin, G., 221, 222, 223, Obeyesekere, G., 271, 273 Rothberg, D., 6, 10, 29, 174, 233, 237 Ohnishi, S., 230, 237 191–192, 193, 196, 211, 214 Maslow, A., 223–224, 237 Ouspensky, P. D., 223, 237 Rotter, J. B., 178, 196 Maton, K. I., 7, 10, 174, 175– Owens, C. M., 198, 214 Rouhana, N. N., 216, 237 176, 185, 186, 187, 188, Rowan, C. T., 216, 238 189–191, 195, 284, 286 Pargament, K. I., 174, 182, Royce, J. E., 115, 124 Matson, F., 226, 228, 237 184, 195 Rubin, J. B., 55, 57–58, 66, Mayne, T. J., 65, 68 Park, C. L., 182, 195 69, 145–146, 154, 159 Mays, V. M., 216, 217, 237 Parry, S. J., 61, 68 Rummel, R., 264, 274 McCloskey, G., 37–38, 44 Payutto, P. A., 277, 282–283, McConnell, J. A., 262, 274 286 Said, E. W., 47, 69 McCool, G., 2, 10 Pechota, M. E., 208, 213 Saito, K., 109, 124 292 Author Index

Salem, D. A., 7,10, 174, 175– Staub, E., 218, 219, 220, 238 Watanabe, K., 243, 245, 247, 176, 185, 186, 187, 188, Stevenson, J., 185, 195 256 189–191, 195, 284, 286 Strenger, C., 129–130, 138 Watts, A. W., 62, 69 Sato, K., 47, 69 Suda, H., 109, 124 Watts, R. J., 185, 196 Schachtel, E. G., 225, 226, 238 Sugarman, A., 114, 123 Wegela, K. K., 203, 204, 206, Schafer, R., 137, 138 Suzuki, B. L., 224, 225, 231, 214 Schmithausen, L., 240, 256 232, 238 Weide, T. N., 206, 214 Schnielwind, H. E., 59, 67 Suzuki, D. T., 47, 52, 54, 56, Weinrich, P., 225, 238 Seikyo Times, 181, 196 69 Wells, E. A.,185, 195 Selesnick, S. T., 48–50, 67 Suzuki, S., 33, 44 Welwood, J., 54–55, 69, 285, Seligman, M. E. P., 178–179, Swindle, R. W., 200–201, 213 286 196, 218, 229, 236, 277, Wertheimer, M., 74, 89, 95, 285 Tajfel, H., 222, 238 101 Shadish, W. R., 198, 213 Takakusu, J., 243, 245, 247, Wessells, M., 216, 217, 238 Shaffer, C. R., 207, 214 256 West, M. A., 64, 69 Shapiro, D. H., 59–60, 65, 69 Takamura, T., 217, 219, 221, Wilber, C., 114, 123 Sharpe, E., 265, 274 228, 238 Wilber, K., 62, 64, 69 Shumann, H. W., 262, 274 Takayama, N., 226, 238 Wilson, A. F., 59, 69 Shusterman, R., 134, 138 Taylor, C., 134–135, 138 Winnicott, D. W., 109, 124 Siegel, B., 223–224, 238 Thompson, E., 76, 81, 100, Wolf, W., 54, 69 Sifneos, P. E., 59, 67 174, 194 Wong, F. Y., 176, 194, 191– Simpkins, R., 174, 196 Thurman, R. A., 27–28, 44, 192, 198, 199, 213 Singer, M. T., 65, 69 66, 76, 85, 86, 100, 174, Woolfolk, R. L., 59, 69 Sivaraksa, S., 271, 274 180, 192, 196, 202, 211, Smith, B., 208, 213 214, 231, 238 Yalisone, D. L., 115, 124 International- Tripitakas, 242, 256 Yamamoto, S., 233, 238, 240, USA, 36, 37, 38, 41, 44, 257, 281 116 Van Dusen, W., 55, 69 Yokoyama, S., 248, 257 Solarz, A., 174, 196 Varela, F. J., 76, 81, 100 Spalding, D., 112, 124 Vaughan, F., 63, 69, 206, 214 Zifferblatt, S. M., 59–60, 69 Speer, P. W., 174, 185 Zilbergeld, B., 59, 69 Spilka, B., 173, 194 Wallace, A., 128, 138 Zimmerman, M. A., 174, 175, Spretnak, C., 8, 10, 201, 202, Wallace, R. K., 59, 69 176, 177, 185, 195, 196, 204, 214 Walsh, R. N., 18, 44, 63–64, 223, 237 Stacks, T. N., 36–37, 44, 249, 69 Zimmerman, M. E., 151, 153, 250, 256 Ware, C., 210, 213 159 Subject Index

Abe, Manao, 266 Age/period, defilement of, 219, 245 Abhidhamma, 121 Aging, 153 , 128 Aitken, Anne, 192 Abortion, 74–75 Aitken, Robert, 192, 265, 266, 267 Absolutism, 77 Alaya-consciousness, 248–250, 252, 253, 254, ethics of, 73–75 255, 256 moral, 93 Alcoholics Anonymous, 112–113, 208 implication for the disenfranchised, 98 Alcoholism, genetic factors in, 114 relational determinants of, 94–95 Alertness, focused, during meditation, 165 relationship with nihilism, 81–87, 88–90 Alinsky, Saul, 176 in value conflict, 71 Altruism, 180, 181–182, 192 Accountability, 126, 127, 141 universal, 232 Acedia, 228 Ambedkar, B. R., 272 Activism, 191–192, 262; see also Buddhism, American Journal of Psychoanalysis,47 socially engaged American Journal of Psychotherapy, 54 “” in, 169–170 American Psychological Association, major Addiction, 111–123 divisions of, 270 Buddhist theories of, 112, 116–119 Ânada, 169 denial of, 120 : see Not-self psychological theories of, 112, 113–116 Anger behavioral theory, 114 as component of addiction, 117, 118 cognitive-behavioral theory, 112, 114, 118, as “delusion of the mind,” 227 119 irritation-related, 164 commonalities with Buddhist theories, negativity of, 147, 163 118–119 Angulimala, 262 disease theory, 113–114 Anicca: see psychodynamic theory, 112, 114–115, 118, 119 Animality, 182 systems theory, 114 as component of addiction, 116, 117, 118 transpersonal theory, 118, 119 Animals, human mutuality with, 241 Addiction recovery, spirituality in, 112–113, Anxiety, 143 115–116, 280 Apathy, 228 Buddhist practices for, 119–122 Archives of General Psychiatry, 59 Adler, Alfred, 22 , 263 African Americans, as Soka Gakkai Nichiren Ariyaratne, A. T., 210, 267, 271, 283 Buddhists, 37, 38 , 36n, 240

293 294 Subject Index

Asavas, 267 , 15–16 Asch, Solomon, 73, 92 Bodyhood, 143 , Emperor, 24–25 Boss, Medard, 139–140, 141, 142–143, 144– Asia, Buddhist social action in, 192 145, 146, 147, 149, 153, 154 Atimelang villagers, 50 Brahmins, 13, 166, 261 Atman, 264; see also Ego Brantschen, Niklaus, 266 Attachment Buddha Buddhist concept of, 19–20, 108, 113, 119, basic teachings of, 18–22 220–221, 223 on the cause of conflict, 221 to difference, 220–221, 223, 234 Chinese Buddhists’ concept of, 30 to pleasure, 19–20 compassion of, 231–232 psychoanalytic concept of, 108 death of, 19 role of, 109 disciples of, 16 as source of suffering, 113, 119 enlightenment of, 15–16, 229–230, 267 to symbols of permanence, 147–148 family life guidelines of, 168–169 Aung San Suu Kyi, 268 “fire sermon” of, 21 Authenticity, 144 guidance for reduction of frustration, 161– Aversion, 84 162, 165, 169–170 Awareness, 281 life of, 13–16 meditation practice and guidelines of, 15,165 Beck, Aaron, 183–184 psychoanalytic interpretation of, 48 Behavior, biological/genetic basis of, 127, 131, as Shakyamuni, 16, 105–106 135–136, 278 as Siddhartha Gautama, 13–16 Behavioral modification techniques, in as social activist, 262 Buddhism, 110 teachings on responsibility, 146–147 Behavioral patterns, 26 , Bhikshu, 267 Behavioral psychology , 118 Buddhist practices in, 59–61, 107, 110 Buddha nature, 221, 225–229, 282 commonalities with Buddhism, 58–59, 110 Buddhism’s interpretation of, Behavioral theory, of addiction, 114 226–229 “Being as Nothingness,” 143 of nonsentient beings, 241–242 “Being-Guilty,” 142, 143–144 Buddhism: see also Mahayana Buddhism; “Being-in-the-world,” 140, 142–143, 146 ; “Being-unto-Death,” 143, 144, 147 Buddhism; () Berrigan, Daniel, 267 Buddhism; Tibetan (Northern) , 262 Buddhism; Buddhism “Biobabble,” 125–138, 280 absolutism/nihilism relationship in, 81–87 definition of, 125 in America, 40–42, 66 in the human sciences, 135–136 basic teachings of, 16–17 Bio-diversity, 241 in China, biospheric egalitarianism of, 241– Biological determinism, 129, 130–132, 135, 280 242 Blows, Mark, 61 commonalities with psychoanalysis/ -consciousness, 254–255 psychology, 106–107 Bodhisattva imperative, 179, 180, 181, 189, behaviorism, 110 232–233 concepts of the self, 108–110 Bodhisattva Never Disparaging, 227 drive theory, 107 self-control, 111 actions and characteristics of, 118, 202, 232 doctrinal complexity of, 106 definition of, 180 early literature of, 166–169 in Shinto, 32 “elite,” 41–42 Subject Index 295

Buddhism (cont.) Ch’an Buddhism, 31–32 “ethnic”(“baggage”), 40–41, 42 , 78, 82–83 “evangelical,” 41, 42 Change, 230; see also Impermanence influence of Brahmic beliefs on, 13–14 acceptance of, 153–154 in Japan, biospheric egalitarianism of, 241–242 Buddhist concept of, 26, 27, 52, 153–154 as the “middle path,” 169–170 daseinsanalytic understanding of, 153 objectivity of, 127 social origin of, 13–16 Buddhist concept of, 197–198 practice of, 23–40 community psychology models of, 199 basic components of, 23 through individual change, 282 relationship with scientific knowledge, 127– “Changing poison into medicine,” 39, 111, 128 179, 183–184 social action principles, 260–272 Chan-jan (Fa-hua-hsuan-i-shih-ch’i), 243 socially engaged, 29–30, 174, 259, 278, , 14 283–284; see also Nichiren Buddhism Chanting, 113, 118 activities of, 192–193 use in addiction recovery, 121–122 definition of, 191, 211 Cheating, Buddhism’s precept against, 23 Western influences on, 270–271 Chi-i, 109–110 “socially inclusive,” 41, 42 Childhood and Society (Erikson), 225 spread of, 16 Children T’ien T’ai sect of, 110, 243 of alcoholics, 114 Western psychotherapy’s responses to, 45–69 involvement in ethnopolitical conflicts, 217 analytical mysticism, 51–53 China, Buddhism in behavioral pragmatism, 58–61 biospheric egalitarianism of, 241–242 neofreudian eclecticism, 54–58 Falun Gong folk Buddhist movement, 269 New Age consciousness, 61–65 Zen Buddhism, 30–33 psychodynamic orientalism, 46–51, 66 Chinese immigrants, Buddhism of, 40 rejection of Buddhism, 47–51 Christians, dialogue with Buddhists, 266 in the Western world, 24, 27, 45–49 Chuang-tzu, 62 Buddhist Alliance for Social Engagement, 192 Civilization and Its Discontents (Freud), 46, 62 Buddhist-Christian Symposium, 266 Code of Manu, 272 Buddhist Peace Fellowship, 29, 192, 211 Cognitive-behavioral theory, of addiction, 112, Buddhist Peacework: Creating Cultures of 114, 118, 119 Peace (Chappell), 259, 270 Cognitive-behaviorism, 131 Buddhist psychology, empowerment concept Cognitive reframing therapy, 183–184 of, 283–284 Collective unconsciousness, awareness of, 53 Buddhists, enemies of, 268 Commitment Burma, 25 as empowerment component, 177–178, 180– Burnout, 169–170 181 stress resistance related to, 177–179, 180–181 Cakkavatti-Sãhanàda, 166–168 Community Calm, during meditation, 25, 165 Buddhist: see also Calming (), 260, 264 as example of harmonious living, 168 Cambodia, 25 of friends, 166 Capitalism, 74 Community psychology, 197–214 Caste system, 13, 211, 261, 272 Buddhist influences on Categorization, social, 222 ecological transformational interventions, Challenge, as empowerment component, 179, 206–208, 209 183–184 foundational values, 203–205, 212 Challenge orientation, 183–184 Oxford House movement, 208–210 296 Subject Index

Community psychology (cont.) Consciousness-Only doctrine, 281 Buddhist influences on (cont.) characteristics of, 247–250 psychological construct measurement, definition of, 247 203–205 environmental applications of, 239, 240, therapies, 205–208, 209, 283 246–256 commonalities with Buddhism, 197–198, 278 bodhisattva-consciousness and, 254–255 with Mahayana Buddhism, 198 to environmental movement, 253–254 with socially , 6–7, Consensus, in decision making, 263, 265–268, 174–175 271, 272 with Theravada Buddhism, 197–198 Contemplation, 162; see also Meditation empowerment concept of, 283–284 Contextualism, 200–201 origin of, 198 Control, as empowerment component, 178–179, as social change movement, 29–30 181–183 social change strategies of, 198–199, 201– Covetousness, Buddhism’s precept against, 164 203 Covert sensitization, 59 ecological model of, 199–201 Craving, addictive, 119 empowerment model of, 199 Critical psychology, 30 social competence model of, 199 Cultivation, as phase of wisdom, 162–163, 165 Compassion, as Buddhist ethic, 22–24, 128– Cultural identity, post-Cold War, 218–219 129, 267 Cultural membership, 97–98 for all living things, 17, 23–24 Cultural states, post-Cold War, 218–219 as basis for social responsibility, 150–151 Buddha’s expression of, 231–232 Daimoku, 121 as contemporary Buddhist social principle, , 27, 96, 283 271, 272 attitude toward the Chinese, 265 Dalai Lama on, 151, 271 on compassion, 151, 271 as environmental ethic, 255 Consciousness at the Crossroads, 128 Mahayana Buddhism’s concept of, 232 on human intelligence, 132 relationship with moral dualism, 85–86, 87 as Nobel Peace Prize recipient, 265, 268 relationship with wisdom, 75–76, 85, 87 on peace, 268–269 Competitiveness, 163 as promoter of world peace, 24 Conception, 242 Da-sein, 146, 149 Conditionality, principle of, 20 definition of, 142 Conditioned arising, 20, 23; see also Daseinsanalysis, 139–159 Dependent origination Buddhist meditative practices in, 154–156 Confucianism, 30, 31–32 commonalities with Buddhism, 139, 140 Confucius, 259–260, 261 description of, 139–140 Confusion, as mental negativity, 163 differences from Buddhism, 141 Consciousness fourfold concept of, 149–150 Buddhist concept of, 242–243 responsibility concept of, 141–145 alaya, 248–250, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256 application to client empowerment, 155– bodhisattva, 254–255 156 , 247, 248, 249, 251, 252–253 case example of, 156–157 in Nichiren Buddhism, 36–37 comparison with Buddhist concepts of similarity with Jungian theory, 249–250 responsibility, 145–149, 150–154 development of, 64 as foundation for psychological change, New Age, 61–65 152–154 William James on, 63 ontological foundation for, 142–145 Consciousness at the Crossroads (Dalai Lama), personal responsibility, 142–145, 151 128 social responsibility, 149–150, 151–152 Subject Index 297

Death Dogmatism, 163 acceptance of, 153 Drive theory, 107, 108 Buddhist concept of, 230 Dualism Deception, Buddhism’s precept against, 23 ethical, 86–87 Decision making, by consensus, 263, 265–268, moral, 85–87, 93 271, 272 relationship with compassion, 85–86, 87 Deep abdominal breathing, adverse psychiatric Dukka: see Suffering effects of, 65 Duncker, Karl, 73, 74, 91, 92 Defilements: see Five defilements Dehumanization, 226 Earth Charter, 192, 211, 271 Democracy, 98–99, 263, 265 Ecological model, of social change strategies, Denial, of addiction, 120 199–201 Dependent origination, 20, 233–235, 246, 262, Ecological protection, 20, 271, 272 280–281 Ecological transformational interventions, 206– of the alaya-consciousness, 250 208, 209 application to addiction, 116 Ecology: see also Environmental ethics as basis for altruism, 181, 233 environmental effect in, 244 as basis for responsibility, 147, 150–151 environmental formation effect in, 244, 245 definition of, 180, 241, 281 similarity with dependent origination, 241 existence as, 82–83 Egalitarianism, biospheric, 241–243 as principle of Buddhist social activism, 192 Ego stress resistance and, 179, 180–181 Buddhism’s concept of, 225, 226–227, 230, Depth psychology, 93–94 264 Desires, 83–84 Ego, 264 as basis for addiction, 116 Jung’s theory of, 249–250 defilement of, 219, 220 Ego dystonic impulses, 111 effect on the environment, 251, 281 Ego psychology, 107–108 Nichiren Buddhism’s concept of, 113 Ego syntonic impulses, 111 reduction of, 161–162 Eightfold Noble Path, 21, 22, 148–149, 202 Determinism, biological, 129, 130–131, 135, Eight Rights, 21 280 , 32 Devas,13 Elders, respect for, 263 , 61, 110, 136, 163–164, 261 Elementarism, 88–89 : see Truth Ellis, Albert, 183–184 Dharmacakra (wheel of the law), 272 Empathy, 17 Dhyana, 260 Empowerment, 173–196, 283–284 Dialogue community, 6, 176, 185–191 discursive, 265–266 as community psychology concept, 283–284 human, 265 concept of, 175–177 interior/spiritual, 265–266, 267 of daseinsanalysis clients, 155–156 interreligious, 265–266, 267 definition of, 174, 223 secular, 265 individual, 175–176, 177–185, 281–283 as social , 264–265 challenge component of, 179, 183–184 Diamond , 85 commitment component of, 177–178, 180– Difference 181 attachment to, 220–221, 223, 234 control component of, 178–179, 181–183 transcendence of, 234, 235 definition of, 177 Dilthey, W., 133 Mahayana Buddhism’s concept of, 224 Disease theory, of addiction, 113–114 Nichiren Buddhism’s concept of, 37, 175 Distraction, 59 challenge component of, 183–184 298 Subject Index

Empowerment (cont.) Environmental ethics, of Buddhism, 239–257 Nichiren Buddhism’s concept of (cont.) applied to sentient and nonsentient beings, commitment component of, 180–181 241–242 control component of, 181–183 biospheric egalitarianism, 241–243 implication for research and action, 184– Consciousness-Only doctrine, 239, 240, 185 246–256 organizational, 176, 185–191 applied to adverse effects of science and origin of, 177 technology, 252–253 religion as source of, 173–174 common karma concept of, 249–250, societal/political, 176, 191–193 251–252 Soka Gakkai International’s potential for, dependent origination doctrine, 241, 2462– 185–191 47 strategies for, 176 five defilements concept, 245–246 Empowerment model, of social change nonduality of life, 243–245 strategies, 199 three realms of existence doctrine, 242–23 Emptiness, 76–87, 96, 147; see also Not-self Environmental movement, 253–254 as environmental ethic, 255 Equality, spiritual, 221 relationship with dependent arising, 82–83 Erikson, Erik, 223 as sunyata, 76–77, 81 Escape from Freedom (Fromm), 225 as sunyatasunyata, 81 Esho funi, 111, 179, 181, 182–183, 243 Enculturation, 220 EST, 105 Engi, 192 Esteem support, 188, 189 Enlightenment, 23; see also Bodhisattva Ethical relativism, 73–75 imperative Ethics attainment of, 113 absolutist, 73–75 as awareness of the collective unconscious, Buddhist, 76, 84–85, 86 53 Buddhist, 23–24, 162, 163–164; see also of Buddha, 15–16, 229–230, 267 Compassion; Wisdom in Ch’an Buddhism, 31 absolutist, 76, 84–85, 86 as goal of Buddhist psychotherapy, 51 dualist, 86–87 as goal of psychotherapy, 56–57 environmental: see Environmental ethics, in Mahayana Buddhism, 75–76, 224, 231, of Buddhism 232 relational determination of, 95 meaning of, 16 secular, 23 in Nichiren Buddhism, 35 Ethnocentrism, 220 of nonsentient beings, 242 Ethnopolitical conflict, 215–238 in , 31 application of Mahayana Buddhism’s in Theravada Buddhism, 231 principles to, 222–235 in , 113 bodhisavatta imperative principle, 224, Western, 46 231–233 in Zen Buddhism, 33, 48–50, 86 dependent origination principle, 224, 233– Enomiya-Lassalle, Hugo, 266 235 Environment eternity of life principle, 224, 229–231 effect of human desires on, 281 true self/Buddha nature principle, 224, individual’s improvement of, 244–245 225–229 individual’s oneness with, 181–183 Buddhism’s explanation of, 219–222 Environmental context, of karma, 243–245, causes of, 218–222 248–250, 251–252, 254, 255, 256 definition of, 216 Environmental crisis, cause and solution of, magnitude and nature of, 216–218 245–246 Evidence-based practice, 278 Subject Index 299

Evil passions, 245 Genetic factors, in behavior, 127, 131, 135–136, Excitement, 163 278 Existence Genocide, 215; see also Ethnopolitical conflict as dependent arisings, 82–83 Buddhism’s explanation of, 219 emptiness of, 77–87 definition of, 216 independent, as illusion, 96–97 examples of, 217 naive realism concept of, 87–88, 92 predisposing factors for, 218, 226 Ten Factors of, 244 Gestalt psychology, 71–101, 282 three realms of, 146, 242–243, 246 comparison with Mahayana Buddhism, 71– Existentials, 142, 143 73, 74–75, 87–99 Expectations, conformation with reality, 161–162 absolutism/nihilism relationship, 88–90 Exposure, 59 meaning-value relationship, 95–98 rejection of naive realism, 87–88, 92 Fa-hua-hsuan-i-shih-ch’i (Chan-jan), 243 relational determination, 71–73, 74–75, Falun Gong folk Buddhist movement, 269 87, 91–92, 93–95 Family life, Buddha’s guidelines for, 168–169 origin of, 72 Fantasy, 18 Gongyo, 121 Federal Anti-Drug Abuse Act, 208–209 Good, cultivation of, 271, 272 Fetzer Institute, 112 Good character (sãla), 163–164 Finkel, Norman, 183–184 Gotama, 242 First Noble Truth, 19–20 Graham, Don, 266 Five defilements, 245–246 Greed, 163, 220, 228 as explanation of ethnopolitical conflict, as “delusion of the mind,” 227 219–220 Green Party, 29 Formation, relationship with ontology, 241 Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, 46– Foster, Nelson, 192 47 Foundational Values Scale, 203–204 Group procedures, Buddhist, 262–263 , 19–22, 95, 146, 148, 202, 282 Gyger, Pia, 266 First, 19–20 Second, 20 Hakomi body-centered psychotherapy, 205 Third, 21 Happiness, 23, 37, 232–233 Fraud, Buddhist precept against, 23 Happiness in This World (Nichiren Daishonin), Freedom, 143 183 Freeing, of all beings, 271, 272 “Hardy persons,” 177 Freire, Paolo, 176 Harm, avoidance of, 271 French Revolution, 270 Hatred, 83, 84 Freud, Sigmund, 36–37, 154, 223 irritation-related, 164 attitude toward Eastern philosophy, 107 as negativity, 163 Civilization and Its Discontents,62 Healing, role of religious belief in, 223–224 drive/instinct theory of, 107, 108 Healing from the War (Egendorf), 224–225 Friends Healthy mind model, classical Buddhist, 161– false, 169 170 good/true, 166, 169, 170 ethics component of, 163–164 universal circle of, 170 meditation component of, 164–165 Fromm, Erich, 54, 55 wisdom component of, 165–166 Frustration, 161–162, 165, 169–170 Heard, Gerald, 21 , 82 Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, 210–211, 272 Heian period, in Japan, 32 Gautama: see Buddha Heidegger, M., 139, 140, 142–144, 145, 149– Gelupka School, of Tibetan Buddhism, 90–91 150, 153, 154 300 Subject Index

Helplessness, 178–179 Information theory, 130 Hendoku iyaku: see “ Changing poison into Inquisition, 136 medicine” Insentient beings: see Nonsentient beings Hinayana Buddhism: see Theravada Buddhism Insight, 260 Hinduism, 14 through meditation, 165; see also Vipassana Hispanics, as Soka Gakkai Nichiren Buddhists, Instinct, 107 37, 38 Intelligence Historicity, 143 Dalai Lama on, 132 History of Psychotherapy (Alexander and self-conscious, self-reflective, 133–134 Selesnick), 48–49 Intention(s), 129–132 Holocaust, 136, 218 definition of, 129 Horney, Karen, 54, 107 negative, 163 Human genome, 135–136 positive, 163–164 Humanity psychodynamic theory of, 129–130, 131, 132 meaning of, 224–225 relationship with subjectivity, 129–132, 134– state of, 117 135 Human rights, Buddhist social morality and, scientific explanation of, 132–133 268–270 Interdependence, 20, 109–11, 128, 221; see also Hunger, as component of addiction, 116–117, Dependent origination 118 as basis for socially engaged Buddhism, 192 Hutus, 220 of 12-step program members, 122 as vipassana, 264 Ichinen , 109–110, 116 International Network of Engaged Buddhists, Identity 29, 192, 211 as basis for ethnopolitical conflict, 225 Interracial Buddhist Council, 192, 193, 211 Buddhism’s concept of, 222, 228 Intoxicant use, Buddhism’s precept against, 23 Id impulses, control of, 111 Intoxicated by My Illness (Broyard), 131 Ignorance, 83, 84 Irresolution, 163 as cause of suffering, 95 as “delusion of the mind,” 227 James, William, 63 spiritual, 20 Japan, Buddhism in of the true nature of life, 220 biospheric egalitarianism of, 241–242 of virtue, 166 Ch’an Buddhism, 31–32 Ikeda, Daisaku, 24, 37, 109, 117, 118, 269, 271, Nichiren Buddhism, 34–35 283 Japanese immigrants, Buddhism of, 40 on inner reformation process, 186 Jiang Zemin, 268 interreligious dialogue of, 267 Johnston, William, 266 as president of Soka Gakkai, 190 Joint Commission on Accreditation of on unity, 187 Healthcare Organizations, 115 Immodesty, 163 Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 63, 72 Impermanence, of existence Jung, Carl, 51–53, 223 Buddhist concept of, 146–147, 152–153 on , 36–37 daseinsanalytic concept of, 152–153 influence of Buddhism on, 107 India theory of the unconscious of, 36–37, 52–53, biospheric egalitarianism beliefs in, 241, 242 249–250 Buddha’s life in, 13–16 on Zen Buddhism, 53 caste system in, 13, 211, 261, 272 Individual, relationship with society, 109 Kagypa order, of Tibetan , 27 Individualism, 46, 47, 107 Karma, 14, 136–137 Informational support, 189 alaya-consciousness and, 252 Subject Index 301

Karma (cont.) Living beings as basis for personal responsibility, 148 Buddhism’s respect for, 262 as basis for social responsibility, 150–151 defilement of, 219, 220, 245 common, 249–250, 251–252, 256, 281 Living Buddha, Living Christ (Nhat Hanh), 267 definition of, 22, 148, 229 Locke, John, 46 environmental context of, 243–245, 248– Locus of control 250, 251–252, 254, 255, 256 external, 178–179 feedback loop in, 250, 251, 255 internal, 178, 179, 181, 182 as good intentions, 163 , 27, 109, 121, 183, 219–220, 227, identity as, 228 229, 232, 270–271 individual, 249, 250, 256 as basis for Nichiren Buddhism, 34–35 internal locus of control in, 182–183 Loyalty, of friends, 169 as process, 148 Lying, Buddhism’s precept against, 23, 164, relationship with psychodynamic theory, 137 260–261 stress resistance and, 179 Karma seeds, 248–249, 250, 252, 254 Madhyamika school, of Mahayana Buddhism, Karmic tendencies, 21–22 relationship with Gestalt psychology, Kelly, George, 61 87–89, 91–92, 94, 95–96 Kelman, Harold, 54, 56–57 absolutism/nihilism relationship, 88–90 Kierkegaard, Søren Aabye, 52 meaning-value relationship, 95–98 Killing rejection of naive realism, 87–88, 92 Buddhism’s precept against, 23, 164, 260– relational determination, 71–73, 74–75, 87, 261 91–92, 93–95 negativity of, 163 Madigan, Edward, 208 Knowledge, contextualism of, 200–201 Maha Ghosananda, 269 Koffka, Kurt, 72 Mahaparinibbana Sutta, 262–263 Köhler, Wolfgang, 72–73 Mahayana Buddhism, 26–27, 28; see also Koliya clan, 262 Nichiren Buddhism Komeito Party, 29 application to ethnopolitical conflict Kondo, K., 47, 55 resolution, 215–238 Korea, Ch’an Buddhism in, 31 bodhisavatta imperative principle, 224, Kosen Rofu, 24 231–233 Koun, Yamada, 266 dependent origination principle, 224, 233– Kshatriya warrior caste, 13 235 Kuhn, T. S., 132–133, 134 eternity of life principle, 224, 229–231 Kusala, 162 true self/Buddha nature principle, 224, Kyoto, Japan, 32 225–229 distinguished from Theravada Buddhism, Lamas, 27 28–30 Laziness, 163 empowerment principle of, 224 Leadership, empowering, 189–190 enlightenment in, 75–76, 224 Learned helplessness, 178–179 Madhyamika school of, relationship with Learning, 118 Gestalt psychology, 87–89, 91–92, 94, Life 95–96 eternity of, 222, 229–231 as reaction against Theravada Buddhism, nonduality of, 243–245 224 sanctity of, 224 social change focus of, 198 Life span, defilement of, 220 threefold morality of, 270, 271 “Lion’s Roar on the Turning of the Wheel,” Yogacara School of, 36n, 240 166–168 Zen Buddhism as form of, 30 302 Subject Index

Malevolence, Buddhism’s precept against, 164 Mindfulness training, 260, 264–265 Managed care, evidence-based practice in, 278 Missionary activity, by Buddhists, 41 Management practices, 264 Molloy, Paul, 208 Manas-consciousness, 247, 248, 249, 251, Monasteries, Buddhist, in China, 31 252–253 Monastic orders, Buddhist, rules of, 261 Man’s Search for Meaning (Frankel), 130–131 Moneylending, 74 Matter, 242, 243 Monks, Buddhist, 166, 232, 259 Meaning Buddha’s instructions to, 262 cultural, 92–93 involvement in ecological movement, 192 relational determination of, 95–96 psychoanalysis of, 50 relationship with values, 95–98, 282 rules for, 263 Meditation Theravada, 28 in addiction recovery, 121 Tibetan, first American, 27 adverse psychiatric effects of, 65, 280 Mood, 143 behavioral psychotherapy’s use of, 58, 60– Moral enculturation, 93 61 Morality as Brahmic practice, 13–14 as Buddhist practice component, 271 Buddha’s practice and methods of, 15, 165 as component of the Eightfold Path, 148 as Buddhist practice component, 271 Morita therapy, 47, 55, 205 as component of the Eightfold Path, 148, 149 Mortality, 143, 144 contemplative exercises in, 164–165 Mujaku: see Asanga cultural influences on, 24 Multiculturalism, 186–187 in daseinsanalysis, 154–156 Mysticism, analytical, 51–53 diversity of practices in, 24 Mystic Law, 181 Freud’s interpretation of, 107 Jung’s interpretation of, 51–53 , 26–27, 76, 79–80, 84, 85 misconceptions about, 164 Nakamura, 241 in Nichiren Buddhism, 118 Nam-myoho-renge-kyo, 34–35, 36, 38 responsibility in, 149 Nanden-Daizokyo, 242 transcendental, 59, 60 Nara, Japan, 32 adverse psychiatric effects of, 65 Narcissism, “healthy,” 108–109 vipassana, 25–26, 260, 264 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Western psychoanalysts’ interpretation of, Alcoholism, 112 49–50 Natural sciences , 33, 198 biological determinism of, 129, 130–131 Menninger, Karl, 57 differentiated from human sciences, 132–135 Mental clarity, maintenance of, 23 Nature, rights of, 247 Mental culture: see Meditation Nazism, 136 Mental discipline, 16 Negativity, 163, 164 Merton, Thomas, 266 Neo-Freudians, influence of Buddhism on, 54– Middle Path, Buddhism as, 169–170 58 Mindfulness, 202, 281 Neumann, Erich, 98 adverse psychiatric effects of, 280 Neuroscience, 128 definition of, 25 New Age consciousness, 61–65 ecological, 272 Nhat Hanh, Thich, 24, 29, 191, 211, 267, 268, in psychotherapy, 205 270–271, 283 social, 272 Nibbana: see dialogue as, 264–265 Nichiren Buddhism, 34–40, 108–109, 232; see in socially engaged Buddhism, 29 also Soka Gakkai International in vipassana meditation, 25–26 aims of, 37 Subject Index 303

Nichiren Buddhism (cont.) Nuclear Guardianship Project, 192 application to addiction recovery, 121 Nunneries, Buddhist, 263 basic teachings of, 35–37 Nuns, Buddhist, 166, 232 belief system of, 284 Nyingmapa order, of Tibetan Lamas, 27 core philosophy of, 37 empowerment and stress resistance potential O-bai-tor-i, 186–187 of, 175 Objectivity, of psychology, 278 challenge component of, 183–184 Object relations theory, 108, 109–110 commitment component of, 180–181 On attaining Buddhahood (Nichiren control component of, 181–183 Daishonin), 35 implication for research and action, 184– Ontology, relationship with formation, 241 185 Organizations, empowering, 176, 185–191 enlightenment in, 113 Orientalism, psychodynamic, 46–51, 66 historical background of, 34–35 Our Inner Conflicts: A Constructive Theory of as Mahayana Buddhism, 34 Neurosis (Horney), 56 Nine Consciousnesses of, 35–36 Oxford Group, 208 practices of, 37 Oxford House, 208–210 stress resistance and, 179–181 Ten Worlds doctrine of, 35–36, 231–232 Pain, differentiated from suffering, 126 application to addiction , 116–118 language, 24, 162, 167 Nichiren Daishonin, 109, 113, 119, 183, 244 Paradigms, scientific, 132–133, 134 On attaining Buddhahood, 35 Paramitas, Six, 76 as founder of Nichiren Buddhism, 34–35 , 262 Happiness in This World, 183 Peace on interdependence with the environment, bodhisattvas’ contributions toward, 232–233 182 as Buddhist goal, 277–278, 279 life of, 34 Buddhist initiatives for, 210–211 Nichiren Shoshu School, 111 Dalai Lama on, 268–269 Nihilism, 77, 81–83 religion as vehicle for, 277 relationship with absolutism, 81–87, 88–90 social, 264 Nine consciousnesses, of Nichiren Buddhism, Peace movement, Buddhist, 35 35–36 Peacework, 265 Nirvana Pedagogy of the Oppressed (Freire), 176 attainment through vipassana meditation, 25 Perception, 163–164, 242 definition of, 21 Personality traits, 26 individual attainment of, 224 Phenomena, transient, 109 Western psychoanalysts’ interpretation of, 49 Phenomenological seeing, 154, 155 Noah, 233–234 Plants, Buddha-Nature of, 241–242 Nobel Peace Prize, Dalai Lama as recipient of, Plato, 136 265, 268 Pleasure, attachment to, 19–20 , 21, 22, 148–149, 202 Political protest, by Buddhists, 270 “No mind” doctrine, 47, 62 Politics, Buddhists’ participation in, 28, 29–30 Nonduality, of life, 243–245 Poor, neglect of, 167–168 Nonsentient beings, 233, 241, 242 Postmodernism, ecological, 201 Buddha-Nature of, 241–242 Poussaint, A., 223 Nonviolence, as Buddhist ethic, 268 Powerlessness, as basis for empowerment, 176 Norberg-Hodge, Helena, 192, 193 Pragmatism, behavioral, 58–61 Not-self, 25–26, 27, 109, 146, 222, 225 Prajna: see Wisdom Western concept of, 181 Prajnaparamitra Sutra, 81–82 Nuclear disarmament, 192 Priests, Brahmin, 13, 261 304 Subject Index

Psychiatry Race wars, 216 Buddhist, 47 Rapture, 116, 117 Japanese, 48 Rational emotive therapy, 183–184 PsychINFO, 173 Rationalism, 46 Psychoanalysis Realism, naive, 87–88, 92 commonalities with Buddhism Reality regarding behaviorism, 110 Buddhist concept of, 76–80, 83–84 regarding concepts of the self, 108–110 conformation of expectations with, 161–162 regarding self-control, 111 dependent origination concept of, 281 contemplative, 57–58 naive realism concept of, 87–88, 92 Psychoanalytic Review, 55 Realization, 118 Psychodynamic theory , Buddhist belief in, 262 of addiction, 112, 114–115, 118, 119 Reflection, as phase of wisdom, 162, 165 of suffering, 126 Reframing, 183–184 Psychologies 55 Refugees, from ethnopolitical conflicts, 217 Psychological growth, of society’s members, Regression, pathological, Zen Buddhism as, 98 49–50 Psychological integration, 285 Reincarnation, 230 Psychology: see also Behavioral psychology; of the Lamas, 27 Community psychology; Psychiatry; Relational determination Psychoanalysis; Western psychology as Gestalt psychology concept, 71–73, 74– commonalities with Buddhism, 106–107 75, 87, 91–92, 93–95 global orientation of, 284–285 of meaning, 95–96 Psychosomatic illness, focusing treatment for, of values, 95 110 Relativism Psychotherapy descriptive, 73–74 Buddhism’s pertinence to, 140 ethical, 73–75 “healthy mind” goal of, 282 nihilistic, 201 responses to Buddhism, 45–69 in value conflict, 71 analytical mysticism, 51–53 Relaxation techniques, adverse psychiatric behavioral pragmatism, 58–61 effects of, 65 neofreudian eclecticism, 54–58 Renunciation, 21 New Age consciousness, 61–65 Resistance, as negativity, 163 psychodynamic orientalism, 46–51, 66 Respondability, 151 Western Responsibility, 148, 232 comparison with Eastern psychotherapy, daseinsanalytic concept of, 141–145 47 ontological foundation for, 142–145 integration of Buddhist practices into, 66 regarding personal responsibility, 142–145, integration of Eastern psychotherapy into, 151 65 regarding social responsibility, 149–150, rejection of Eastern psychotherapy by, 151–152 47–51 definition of, 141 Psychotherapy East and West (Watts), 61, 62 dependent origination as basis for, 147, 150– Public policy, Buddhists’ participation in, 28, 151 29–30 enlargement of, 151–152 Pure Land Buddhism, 31, 32–33 individual, 126 for one’s actions, 106 Quang Duc, Thich, 270 ontic manifestation of, 142 “Quiet therapies,” adverse psychiatric effects personal of, 65 Buddhist concept of, 145–149, 151 Subject Index 305

Responsibility (cont.) Self personal (cont.) Buddhist concepts of, 20, 23, 79–80, 181–182 daseinsanalytic concept of, 142–145, 151 “compassionate oneness,” 18 relationship with social responsibility, 152 five aggregates doctrine, 146, 147 proactive versus passive, 151 in Hinayana (Theravada) Buddhism, 108, 109 social, 23–24 in Mahayana Buddhism, 108–109 Buddhist concept of, 150–152 in Nichiren Buddhism, 179 daseinsanalytic concept of, 149–150, 151–152 vipassana meditation-related, 25–26 relationship with personal responsibility, 152 definition of, 225 Reveille for Radicals; Rules for Radicals development of, 64 (Alinsky), 176 ethnicity-based misconceptions about, 226 Rights lesser, 226–227 “eight,” 21 psychoanalytic concepts of of nature, 247 comparison with Buddhist concepts, 108– Right understanding, 149 110 Rinpoche, Akong , 28 object relations theory of, 109, 110 Rogerian therapy, 54 true, 225–229 Rohini River, 262 understanding of, 106 Rokuharamitsu Sutra, 111 Western concept of, 181 Role structure, empowering opportunity, 187– Self-change, 37 188 Self-control, 37, 111, 118 Rolland, Romain, 107 Self-dehumanization, 226 Rubin, Jeffrey, 55, 57–58 Self-discipline, 148 Rwanda, Tutsi-Hutu conflict in, 220 Self-identity, 222 development of, 225–226 St. Atisa, 86 Self-psychology, 108 St. Augustine, 46 Self-recognition, analytical, 155–156 clan, 262 Self-reflection, 148 Sãla (good character), 163–164 Self-responsibility, 37 Samatha (calming), 260, 264 Self-understanding, ontological versus otic, 144 Samuria warriors, Zen Buddhism of, 32 Sensuality, harmful, Buddhism’s precept Samyutta Nikaya, 152, 156 against, 164 Sangha, 23, 262, 263 Sentient beings, 233, 241, 242 consensus-building in, 265, 266 defilement of, 245 of Soka Gakkai, 39 parity between, 152 Sanghamitta, 25 realm of, 243 Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement, 210–211 Sexual misconduct, Buddhism’s precept : see Enlightenment against, 23, 164, 260–261 Scapegoating, 220, 229 Shakubuku, 35 Schizophrenia, 144–145 clan, 16 School of Youth for Social Service, 268 Shakyamuni: see Buddha Science Shamelessness, 163 adverse environmental effects of, 252–253 , 280 human differentiated from natural, 132–135 Sharpe, Eric, 266 metaphysics of, 126 Shinto, 32 Newtonian, 46 “Ship to Cross the Sea of Suffering, A” paradigms in, 132–133, 134 (Nichiren Daishonin), 183 Scientists, involvement in public policy, 30 Shorui, 241 Second Noble Truth, 20 Shotoku, Emperor, 31–32 Secularism, 126 Siddhartha Gautama: see Buddha 306 Subject Index

Sigàlaka Sutta, 168–169 Soka Gakkai International-USA (cont.) Sila, 260–261 membership of, 37 Sivaraksa, Sulak, 192, 192 as socially inclusive Buddhism, 41 Six Paramitas, 76 Soul, 230 , 81, 82 South Carolina Partnership in Dialogue, 193 Slander, Buddhism's precept against, 164 Spatiality, 143 Sloth, 228 Spirituality Social categorization, 222 in addiction recovery, 112–113, 119–122, 280 Social competence model, of social change Buddhist practices for, 119–122 strategies, 199 psychoanalysis and, 46-47 Social identity, formation of, 220 Sri Lanka, Thervada/Hinayana Buddhism in, Social identity theory, 222 24–25 Socialization, by Buddhists, 183 Stealing, Buddhism's precept against, 164, Social organization, Buddha's principles for, 260–261 262–263 Storytelling, as Zen Buddhist practice, 33 Social principles, Buddhist, 259–274, 283 Stress resistance contemporary, 270–272 commitment-related, 177–179, 180–181 traditional, 260 Nichiren Buddhism and, 179–181 group procedures, 262–263 Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The (Kuhn), moral principles, 260–262 132 social activism, 262 Students' International Meditation Society, 59 Social well-being, 283 Study, as phase of wisdom, 162, 165 Society Subjectivity, 128, 129–132 ideal, Buddhism's concept of, 166–169 human science of, 134, 137–138 relationship with the individual, 109 natural sciences' interpretation of, 134–135 Society for Value-Creation: see Soka Gakkai of psychology, 278 International relationship with intention, 129–132, 134–135 Socrates, 259–260, 261 scientific analysis of, 130 Soka Gakkai International, 24, 37–40, 109, Suddhodana, 13,1 4 180, 191, 211 Suffering cognitive restructuring and, 183 alleviation of, 279–280 controversies regarding, 39–40 behavioral interventions for, 58–59 description of, 175 “biobabble” interpretation of, 125–138 founding of, 190 Buddhism's concept of, 140, 146 meaning of, 186 Buddhist concept of, 19–22, 23, 106 peace efforts of, 35 application to community psychology, political participation by, 29 202–203 social development of members, 38–39 definition of, 279 social organization of, 38, 39 Four Nobel Truths of, 202 world peace goal of, 186, 187, 188 as karma, 136–137 Soka Gakkai International Charter, 37 in Nichiren Buddhism, 37 Soka Gakkai International-USA, 29, 41, 192 in Tibetan Buddhism, 113 belief system of, 284 differentiated from pain, 126 empowerment and stress resistance potential ethic of, 136–138 of, 175, 185–191 personal responsibility for, 146 belief system for, 186–187 in post-September 11, 2001 world, 279–280 implication for research and action, 190–191 psychoanalytic concept of, 137 leadership for, 189–190 psychoanalytic response to, 46 opportunity role structure for, 187–188 psychodynamic theory of, 126 support system for, 188–189 psychological basis of, 140 Subject Index 307

Suffering (cont.) Thinking (cont.) release from, 16–17 meditative, 150 sources of, 21, 125–126 technological, 149 attachment, 113 Third Noble Truth, 21 ignorance, 77, 95 Thoughts, defilement of, 220 intentions, 129–130 Thought stopping, 59 types of, 147 Thought-substitution, 59 Sujata, 15 , 83–84 Sulak Sivaraksa, 269 Three realms of existence, 146, 243–245, 246 Sunyata, 76–77, 81 Thurman, Robert, 27–28 Sunyatasunyata, 81 Thus I Have Heard: The Long Discourses of Support systems, empowering, 188–189 the Buddha, 167, 168, 170 Tibet, Chinese invasion of, 27 Diamond, 85 Tibetan (Northern) Buddhism, 27–28 Heart, 82 Gelupka School of, 90–91 Lotus, 27, 109, 270–271 T’ien T’ai, 109–110, 220, 245 Prajnaparamitra, 81–82 T’ien t’ai sect, 110, 243 Rokuharamitsu, 111 Titmuss, Christopher, 29 Suzuki, Daisetz T, 54, 56 Toda, Josei, 190 Symbiosis, 241, 246 Traditions, maintenance of, 263 Systems theory, 130 Bauddha Mahasangha Sahayaka of addiction, 114 Gana, 272 Tranquility, 117 Taisho-Shinshu-Daizokyo, 243, 245, 247, 256 Transcendental meditation, 59, 60 Takeo Doi, 47 adverse psychiatric effects of, 65 T’ang dynasty, 31 Transformations of Consciousness (Wilber, Tantric practices, 27 Engler, and Brown), 64 Tao, 143 Transmigration, 246 Taoism, 31, 205 Transpersonal theory, of addiction, 118, 119 Rokpa therapy, 28 Transpersonal therapies, 206 Technology, adverse environmental effects of, Trauma-strengthening conversions, 183–184 252–253 Truth Temples, Buddhist, 30, 32, 40 Buddhism’s concept of, 18, 19 Temporality, 143 revelation of, 16 Ten Factors, of life, 244 Tsong Khapa, 90–91 Ten-Fold Path, 76, 84 Tsunesaburo Makiguchi, 186 Ten Worlds doctrine, 35–36, 112 Tudor, Ahangamage, 210 application to addiction , 116–118 Tutsis, 220 Tenzin Gyatso: see Dalai Lama Twelve-step programs, 112, 115 Thailand, 25 Buddhists’ participation in, 120 Theft, Buddhism’s precept against, 23 Buddhist theory and, 280 Theravada (Hinayana) Buddhism, 24–25, 28 interdependence of members in, 122 Abhidhamma of, 121 differentiated from Mahayana Buddhism, Ucko, Hans, 266 28–30, 231–232 Unconscious, Jung’s theory of, 249–250 psychological orientation of, 145–146 United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, Thinking 269, 270, 271 abstract, 130 United Nations Peace Award, 190 calculative, 149–150 Unity, Buddhism’s concept of, 187 linear versus nonlinear, 106 Universal identity, 222 308 Subject Index

Universe, as system of interrelated parts, 17 Wisdom, as Buddhist ethic, 75–76, 149, 260 Unsatisfactoriness, 146–147; see also Suffering as antidote to “fruitless outlook,” 166 “Untouchable” caste, 211, 272 as Buddhist practice component, 271 Upanishads, 166 as environmental ethic, 255–256 , 260 Foundational Values Scale measurement of, Usury, 74 203–204 interrelationship with compassion, 75–76, Vajjian state, 262–263 85, 87 : See Tibetan (Northern) Buddhism meaning of, 165–166 Value conflict, 71 phases of, 162–163, 165–166 absolutist, 92 for reduction of suffering, 279 meaning and value relationship in, 74 World Council of Churches, 266 Values World peace, 24 absolutist, 73 Worldview, Buddhist, 221–222 foundational, 201–205 of Mahayana Buddhism, 224–225 Judeo-Christian, 73 Wrong views, Buddhism’s precept against, 164 moral enculturation of, 93 relationship with meaning, 95–98, 282 Yoga, 13–14 Values-pluralism, 186–187 hatha, 15 Vasak, Karel, 270 as pathological regression, 49–50 , 36n., 240, 247, 250 Yogacara School, of Mahayana Buddhism, Veda, 166 36n, 240 Vegetarianism, 262 Yogi-Scientists, 63–64 Verbal misconduct Young-Eisendrath, Polly, 278 Buddhism’s precept against, 164 Yuishiki-ha: see Consciousness-Only doctrine negativity of, 163 Vietnam, Diem regime in, 270 Vietnam War, 29, 278 Zazen, 33, 198 , defilement of, 245 Zen Buddhism, 30–34 scriptures, 260–261 anti-intellectualism of, 32 Vipassana, 25–26, 260, 264; see also applications in Western psychotherapy, 34 Interdependence basic teachings of, 30–31, 32–33 Virtue, ignorance about, 166 in behavioral psychiatry, 59–60 Visualization, adverse psychiatric effects of, 65 Ch’an Buddhism and, 31–32 Vivaraksa, Sulak, 267, 271 in China, 30–33 Voidness: See Emptiness enlightenment in, 86 Volition, 242 focusing technique in, 110 as form of Mahayana Buddhism, 30 Walsk, Roger, 18 Fromm on, 55 War, Buddhist resistance to, 211 history of, 30–33 Watts, Alan, 61, 62, 63 influence on Karen Horney, 56, 107 “Way of the Elders”: see Theravada influence on neo-freudians, 54, 55, 56, 57 (Hinayana) Buddhism Jung on, 53 Wei-shih-san-shih-lun, 250 as personal experience, 52 Wertheimer, Max, 72 practices in, 33 Wesak, 270 Pure Land Buddhism and, 31, 32–33 Western psychology; see also Psychotherapy, teacher’s role in, 34 Western Western psychoanalysts’ interpretation of, influence of Buddhism on, 42–43 48–50 integration of Buddhist practices into, 280 zazen meditation practice in, 33