Richard Branson's Space Line Is Flight-Testing for a 2014 Virgin Galactic Launch. After That: Mars by Adam Higginbotham
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RICHA R D BR A NSON ’s SPACE LINE IS FLIGHT-TESTING FOR A 2014 VIRGIN U P GALACTIC LAUNCH. AFTER THAT: MARS by ADAM HIGGINBOTHAM photography: CHRIS CRISMAN OMETIMES it almost seems to disappear into the desert. Conceived as a conjuring trick of architecture and topography, the Virgin Galactic Gateway to Space rises in a sinuous curve from the harsh New Mexico dust, its steel surfaces weathered into a red- brown mirage on the horizon; at twilight, the silhouette of the world’s first purpose- built commercial spaceport melts slowly into the ridgeline of the San Andres moun- tains, 30 kilometres away. The route that the package-tour astro- nauts of tomorrow will take through the building has been meticulously devised by the architects of Foster + Partners to fore- shadow the journey they will make into space: a concrete ramp ascends gently towards the centre of the building – a nar- row, hooded cleft that even in the blind- ing southwestern sunshine forms a small rectangle of perfect darkness. A mag- netic tag worn by each passenger triggers heavy steel doors that will open into a nar- row and dimly lit passageway, the walls curving out towards another blackened doorway, and a catwalk with views of the 4,300-square-metre hangar four storeys below, housing the fleet of spacecraft in which they will travel. And then, the finale: the last set of doors swings open into the astronaut lounge, a vast, open space filled with natural light from an elliptical wall of windows, offer- ing a panorama of the three-kilometre- long spaceport runway, and the sky beyond. The effect is just as the architects intended: although the building is not yet complete, as spaceports, but the New Mexico complex of a billion dollars (£155 million); engineers has been paid for by the state of New Mex- SPACEPORT AMERICA when a group of prospective space tourists – Spaceport America – is the only one built have paved 16 kilometres of road simply to ico, whose citizens voted for a sales tax (ABOVE) The fuTURISTic building THAT will house virgin gALACTic, in new mexicO was brought to it, they found the experience from scratch and designed to accommodate connect the site to the outside world; the designed to finance its construction. so overwhelming they were moved to tears. a regular passenger service. It was raised bill for the runway alone will eventually On a cold November morning, Christine MOON FLIGHTS Yet there remains a great deal at stake from nothing on an isolated plain 50km from be $37m. And, although the building at its Anderson, the former US Air Force offi- (LEFT) in 1968, The founder of pan am, juAN TRIPPE, beGan selling The promise of flighTS out here in the desert. There are now nine the nearest town. Creating it has not been centre bears Virgin Galactic’s name and was cial now charged with bringing Spaceport To The moon. TICKETs would be $14,000 and locations in the United States designated cheap: to date it has cost almost a quarter designed to the company’s requirements, it America to life, stands on a wind-whipped 98,000 signed up, expeCTing To TRAvel by 2000 0 0 0 access road near the Gateway to Space. fact that space tourism had become possi- projects, Will Whitehorn, attempted to reg- at Mojave, a cluster of dun-coloured cor- The Spaceship Company and a scat- “This is the beginning of the commercial ble – yet only for those who were absurdly ister the Virgin identity for use by a space- rugated steel buildings scattered along a tering of engineers from experimental- passenger space-line industry,” she says. wealthy – brought him to a more profound line at Companies House in London, he concrete airstrip in the desert a few kilo- aircraft manufacturers Scaled Compos- Anderson’s crews are on target to complete realisation. “What I regretted more was discovered someone had beaten him to it. metres from Edwards Air Force Base. ites. They’re the ones who have spent their work by the end of 2013; Virgin Galac- that neither Russia nor America was really Branson had quietly trademarked the brand He is here to mark Virgin’s final acqui- much of the last ten years building the tic plans a regular service – launching daily that interested in enabling the millions for use in space more than a decade earlier. sition of its dedicated spacecraft-manu- prototype of the world’s first spaceliner, flights into space – for the start of 2014. of people who would love to go to space Wearing black pilot’s overalls bear- facturing arm, The Spaceship Company in another giant shed on the other side of Anderson is optimistic about the future: to have the opportunity to do so.” After- ing a winged design and a patch embroi- (corporate motto: “We Build Space- Mojave airport known as Building 75. daily suborbital passenger flights will be fol- wards, he began canvassing people about dered with his name, Sir Richard Branson ships”). The newly painted building Branson and Scaled Composites’ nota- lowed by point-to-point intercontinental the idea. “I said, ‘If you had the chance to emerges from a hangar on the outskirts of behind him is the Final Assembly Inte- bly eccentric founder, Burt Rutan, go back travel that will traverse the globe in the time go to space, and were pretty sure it would Mojave Air and Spaceport in California. gration and Test Hangar – or, in the best a long way. Rutan made his reputation it takes to watch an in-flight movie; trips be a return ticket – and you could afford it Above him, the building has been recently acronym-friendly traditions of out of the Earth’s atmosphere will become – how many of you would go?’ And 95 per painted with the Virgin Galactic eye logo. spaceflight, “Faith” – where the as commonplace as taking a bus. “I hope,” corbis rocket): otary As he crosses the concrete apron of the company’s fleet of new vehicles cent of people would stick their hands up.” r Richard Branson says later, “it’s the begin- In 1995, following a conversation with hangar, he carries under his arm a card- will be put together. Gathered GEORGE WHITESIDES ning of a whole new era in space travel.” Buzz Aldrin, Branson began seriously board cutout of the six-seat Virgin space- around Branson on the Tarmac VIRGIN GALACTic’S CEO (BELOW) is alsO A FORMER CHIEF OF STAFF AT NASA. BEFORE JOINING THE But before any of that can happen, Virgin exploring the potential for democratising craft, known as SpaceShipTwo. Today is a to have their picture taken are COMPANY, whiTESIDES HAD BEEN ONE OF THE EARLY Galactic will have to build a rocket that flies. space travel. But when his head of special ( photography lightning-quick corporate meet-and-greet 200 staff from Virgin Galactic, TICKET BUYERS FOR A TRIP INTO SPACE PASSENGER space travel has been a staple ROTARY ROCKET of sci-fi for almost as long as there have DEsigned To fly verTICALLY INTo spAce and bAck, using been commercial airlines – the prefigur- ROTOR-Tip peroxide jeTs, THE ing of a frictionless future never more ROTon aTMOspheric TEST perfectly visualised than in the opening vehicle was bUILT in THE MOJAve deSERT in 1999. THEN scenes of Stanley Kubrick’s 2001: A Space The moST promising cONCEPT, Odyssey, where a white-turbaned Pan Am IT was a reUSable 18-meTRE stewardess dispenses snacks in zero G, en CRAFT. BRANSon cONSIDERED IT for commercial spACE route to an orbiting Hilton hotel. And by TRAvel bUT The cOMPany wenT the time Kubrick’s film was released in BUST shorTLy afTERWARDS 1968, the real Pan American – corporate pioneers who had flown the first transat- lantic and trans-Pacific commercial ser- vices – had already opened a waiting list fizzled away. “I definitely thought that for trips to the Moon. They estimated the one day soon we’d all be doing it,” he says. service would begin no later than 2000, And yet, he says, he could still have made and began issuing numbered member- a pleasure trip into orbit in the late 80s, ship cards for their First Moon Flights before anyone else on Earth. club. It was part corporate optimism, By then, Branson was already one of the born of a confidence in the technology world’s richest men, proprietor of his own of the high frontier, and part publicity airline, and exploring a popular sideline stunt. Galvanised by the Moon landing in daredevil brand-building – transatlan- the following year, 98,000 people world- tic powerboat rides, record-breaking bal- wide eventually signed up; one tried to loon trips – when he took a call from the guarantee his seat by sending a deposit USSR’s ambassador in London. Mikhail cheque for $1 million (£620,000). Gorbachev, the ambassador explained, But the euphoria of Apollo 11 didn’t last had a proposition for him: how would he long. Nasa slashed its lunar-exploration like to become the first tourist in space? programme, and in 1971 a similarly cash- It would require 18 months’ training at strapped Pan Am closed the waiting list; Star City outside Moscow, and came with when the airline finally went bankrupt in a significant catch: “It would cost $50m or 1991, the First Moon Flights club became a something,” Branson says. The price was a mocking footnote to the company’s obitu- problem. “I just felt that to spend that sort ary, a bellwether of fatal corporate hubris. of money going to space, people just might Now 62, his blond mane steadily feel it was a bit of a waste.