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Psychiatry and Anti-Psychiatry: History, Rhetoric and Reality
2 (4) 2018 DOI: 10.26319/4717 Daniel Burston, Psychology Department, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh PA [email protected] Psychiatry and Anti-psychiatry: History, Rhetoric and Reality Abstract: The term “anti-psychiatry” was coined in 1912 by Dr. Bernhard Beyer, but only popularized by Dr. David Cooper (and his critics) in the midst of a widespread cultural revolt against involuntary hospitalization and in-patient psychiatry during the 1960s and 1970s. However, with the demise of the old-fashioned mental hospital, and the rise of Big Pharma (with all its attendant evils), the term “anti-psychiatry” has outlived its usefulness. It survives merely as a term of abuse or a badge of honor, depending on the user and what rhetorical work this label is expected to perform. Those who use the term nowadays generally have a polemical axe to grind, and seldom understand the term’s origins or implications. It is time that serious scholars retire this term, or to restrict its use to R.D.Laing’s followers in the Philadelphia Associates and kindred groups that sprang up in the late 1960s and 1970s. Keywords: psychiatry, anti-psychiatry, psychoanalysis, DSM V, Big Pharma, normalization, psychopolitics On November 16, 2016, Dr. Bonnie Burstow, Associate Professor of Adult Education and Community Development at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, which is affiliated with the University of Toronto, launched the first (and thus far, only) scholarship in North America to support doctoral theses on the subject of “anti-psychiatry.” Predictably, this bold gesture garnered praise in some quarters, but provoked a barrage of criticism from both in and outside the university. -
A New Model for Sustainable Mental Health I 1 UNIVERSITEIT TWENTE VOOR DOCENT VAN HET JAAR 2017
NOMINATIE VAN DE A new model for sustainable mental health I 1 UNIVERSITEIT TWENTE VOOR DOCENT VAN HET JAAR 2017 Een docent die al meerdere malen tot beste docent bij zijn eigen opleiding is verkozen, altijd hele positieve studentbeoordelingen krijgt en afgelopen jaar ook nog eens de titel ‘Docent van het Jaar 2016’ van deERNST Universiteit TwenteT. BOHLMEIJER heeft ontvangen, verdient hetAND wat ons betreft ook om de ISO Docent van hetGERBEN Jaar 2017 award J. teWESTERHOF winnen. Daarom dragen wij met trots Martin van der Hoef voor, docent bij de bacheloropleiding scheikundige technologie, de masteropleiding chemical engineering en bij het University College Twente (ATLAS). Hij geeft onder andere de abstractere vakken thermodynamicaA enNEW quantummechanica MODEL (in de Bachelor) en fasenlee FORr (in de Master). LOOPBAAN tijd op onderwijs komen te liggen. Hiervoor Martin van der Hoef heeft zelf ook aan de heeft hij een goede wetenschappelijke carrière Universiteit TwenteSUSTAINABLE gestudeerd, Applied opgegeven (op het moment dat hij terug- Physics. Na zijn PhD te behalen en daaropvol- keerde naar Twente had Martin meer dan 50 gend een Postdoc aan de University of Oxford publicaties op zijn naam staan), om zich vrijwel gevolgd te hebben, is hij weer teruggekomen volledig op onderwijs te kunnen concentreren. naar Twente.MENTAL Als Associate Professor heeft HEALTHZelf noemt hij dit wellicht een ongebruikelijke Martin hier vervolgens 16 jaar gewerkt. Toen stap, maar hij heeft er nooit spijt van gehad. de hoogleraarINTEGRATING van zijn toenmalige WELL-BEING vakgroep INTODat PSYCHOLOGICALstudenten hier ook blij TREATMENT mee zijn, blijkt wel naar de TU Eindhoven vertrok is hij aanvanke- uit het feit dat hij drie keer de decentrale prijs lijk, samen met anderen, meegegaan. -
Antipsychiatry Movement 29 Wikipedia Articles
Antipsychiatry Movement 29 Wikipedia Articles PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Mon, 29 Aug 2011 00:23:04 UTC Contents Articles Anti-psychiatry 1 History of anti-psychiatry 11 Involuntary commitment 19 Involuntary treatment 30 Against Therapy 33 Dialectics of Liberation 34 Hearing Voices Movement 34 Icarus Project 45 Liberation by Oppression: A Comparative Study of Slavery and Psychiatry 47 MindFreedom International 47 Positive Disintegration 50 Radical Psychology Network 60 Rosenhan experiment 61 World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry 65 Loren Mosher 68 R. D. Laing 71 Thomas Szasz 77 Madness and Civilization 86 Psychiatric consumer/survivor/ex-patient movement 88 Mad Pride 96 Ted Chabasinski 98 Lyn Duff 102 Clifford Whittingham Beers 105 Social hygiene movement 106 Elizabeth Packard 107 Judi Chamberlin 110 Kate Millett 115 Leonard Roy Frank 118 Linda Andre 119 References Article Sources and Contributors 121 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 123 Article Licenses License 124 Anti-psychiatry 1 Anti-psychiatry Anti-psychiatry is a configuration of groups and theoretical constructs that emerged in the 1960s, and questioned the fundamental assumptions and practices of psychiatry, such as its claim that it achieves universal, scientific objectivity. Its igniting influences were Michel Foucault, R.D. Laing, Thomas Szasz and, in Italy, Franco Basaglia. The term was first used by the psychiatrist David Cooper in 1967.[1] Two central contentions -
A Book Review
Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 523-526, 2010 BOOK REVIEWS Opinion vs. Opinion A Review of: Doctoring the mind: Is our current treatment of mental illness really any good? By Richard P. Bentall New York University, 2009 There are in fact two things, science and opinion; the former begets knowledge, the latter ignorance. Hippocrates Today everyone knows someone who is ‘mentally ill,’ ‘possessed,’ ‘disturbed,’ ‘unhinged,’ or just plain ‘crazy.’ While past generations have been more open to all of these expressions, we have been taught to think only in terms of the first. Working hand in hand, the psychiatric and psychopharmacology establishments have indoctrinated us into the belief that any odd behaviour or unpleasant feeling is due to an illness of either neurobiological or genetic origin. A natural corollary is that drugs are the cure. Doctoring the Mind by Richard Bentall, a professor of clinical psychology at the University of Manchester challenges this belief. After a cursory review of the history of psychiatry with a British slant, he systematically puts under scrutiny psychiatric diagnosis à la Kraeplin and then the DSM, psychiatric theories of genetic and brain factors, and psychiatric drugs. Pointing out methodological problems, statistical manipulations and faulty assumptions, he concludes that “the dominant paradigm in psychiatry, which assumes that mental illnesses are genetically influenced brain diseases, has been a spectacular failure.”(264, emphasis added) “Conventional psychiatry,” he declares, “has been profoundly unscientific and at the same time unsuccessful at helping some of the most distressed and vulnerable people in society.” (vx) His conclusion is convincing as it follows from a critique of psychiatry that appears to be based on a good knowledge of science and the proper interpretation of research results. -
The Demonisation of Psychiatrists in Fiction (And Why Real Psychiatrists Might Want to Do Something About It) Jacqueline Hopson Psychiatric Bulletin 2014, 38:175-179
EDUCATION & TRAINING The demonisation of psychiatrists in fiction (and why real psychiatrists might want to do something about it) Jacqueline Hopson1 Psychiatric Bulletin (2014), 38,175-179, doi: 10.1192/pb.bp.113.045633 1University of Sheffield Summary To encourage psychiatric practitioners to be aware of and to work to Correspondence to Jacqueline Hopson counteract the representations of the profession as evil manipulators in fiction, film (j.hopson@sheffield.ac.uk) and popular culture. A wide-ranging number of representative sources portraying First received 29 Sep 2013, final psychiatrists are explored. It is demonstrated that psychiatry is overwhelmingly revision 4 Dec 2013, accepted 11 Dec presented in a damagingly negative light. 2013 B 2014 The Royal College of Declaration of interest None. Psychiatrists. This is an open-access article published by the Royal College of Psychiatrists and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Psychiatry has never enjoyed the respect and social prestige believed, often have appallingly evil tendencies. It is these of other medical specialties. In a 2004 survey of medical fictional portrayals of psychiatrists that present the most students, Rajagopal et al found the following reasons were prevalent and readily accessible images of the profession to ‘prominent for not choosing psychiatry’: ‘boring, unscientific, the general public. These are the damagingly negative, depressing, stressful, frustrating and ‘‘did not enjoy rotation’’ widespread representations that dominate the way in which 1 (in that order)’. -
Promotion and Prevention in Mental Health: Well-Founded Hope, Futile Illusion Or Psychopathologizing Contraband?
Articles Papeles del Psicólogo / Psychologist Papers , 2019 Vol. 40(3), pp. 211-216 https://doi.org/10.23923/pap.psicol2019.2894 http://www.papelesdelpsicologo.es http:// www.psychologistpapers.com PROMOTION AND PREVENTION IN MENTAL HEALTH: WELL-FOUNDED HOPE, FUTILE ILLUSION OR PSYCHOPATHOLOGIZING CONTRABAND? Félix Cova Solar, Pamela Grandón Fernández, Sandra Saldivia Borquez, Carolina Inostroza Rovegno and Consuelo Novoa Rivera Universidad de Concepción La promoción y prevención en salud mental son crecientemente reconocidas como estrategias fundamentales. Se ha demostra - do que programas promocionales y preventivos en esta área pueden ser efectivos. Existe la expectativa de que la disemi - nación de estos programas pueda ayudar a disminuir la brecha entre necesidades de atención en salud mental y recursos disponibles. Junto con describir estos antecedentes, este artículo analiza algunos desafíos centrales para que esta área pueda tener el desarrollo esperado. Se plantea que si este desarrollo se realiza desde la lógica del modelo médico puede contribuir a generar respuestas inadecuadas y, paradójicamente, a incrementar las necesidades de recursos en salud mental. Se analiza el riesgo que implicaría el uso masivo y recurrente del tamizaje de trastornos mentales desde una concepción medicalizadora. Se propone que el desarrollo de la promoción y prevención en salud mental es un desafío mayor y necesario pero que debe atender a las advertencias de lo que se denomina prevención cuaternaria. Palabras clave: Promoción-prevención-salud mental-prevención cuaternaria-tamizaje. Promotion and prevention are increasingly recognized as essential strategies in mental health. It has been shown that promo - tional and preventive programs in this area can be effective. It is expected that spreading these programs may help to de - crease the gap between the assistance needs in mental health and the resources available. -
Why Psychiatry Should Be Abolished As a Medical Specialty
Why Psychiatry Should Be Abolished as a Medical Specialty Wayne Ramsay, J.D. “The fact is that this institution of psychiatry has just done monstrous, monstrous inestimable harm through its several hundred year existence.” Peter R. Breggin, M.D., a psychiatrist, “The Dr. Peter Breggin Hour — 10.03.18” — October 3, 2018 at 58:45 point: https://drpeterbregginshow .podbean.com/e/the-dr-peter-breggin-hour- %E2%80%93-100318/ “Psychiatry is failing because it is everywhere being exposed as the facile and destructive hoax that it is.” Psychologist Philip Hickey, Ph.D., “Psychiatry Bashing”, Behaviorism and Mental Health, March 7, 2016, http://behaviorismandmentalhealth.com /2016/03/07/psychiatry-bashing/ “PSYCHIATRY is an emperor standing naked in his new clothes. It has striven for 70 years to become an emperor, a full brother with the other medical specialties. And now it stands there resplendent in its finery. But it does not have any clothes on, and even worse, nobody has told it so. To tell an emperor that he does not have any clothes on has never been advocated as the best way to win friends. The alternative, however, is equally painful, for you must then become part of the general delusion.” — E. Fuller Torrey, M.D., in the Preface to his book The Death of Psychiatry (Penguin Books 1974) “Psychiatry remains as reluctant as ever to recognize the devastating impact of its treatments upon the minds and brains of its patients.” Psychiatrist Peter R. Breggin, M.D., “Coercion of Voluntary Patients in an Open Hospital”, Archives of General Psychiatry -
Western Models for Mental Health: a Cautionary Note
Western models for mental health: A cautionary note Richard P. Bentall Severe mental illness (psychosis; conditions in which the individual to treat than other kinds of mental illness. Perhaps there are special is said to in some sense lose touch with reality, and in which kinds of stresses in the developed world, which make recovery more hallucinations and delusions – abnormal beliefs – are prominent difficult despite the existence of effective treatments. An alternative symptoms) has a major impact on the well-being of individuals and possibility is that, despite widespread support, there is something the prosperity of nations. Individuals with severe mental illness are fundamentally wrong with the Western biomedical approach. Here I typically diagnosed as suffering from ‘schizophrenia’, ‘bipolar briefly address two false assumptions made by the Western disorder’ or related conditions. These conditions are associated with biomedical approach that go some way to explaining its failure. a high risk of suicide, prolonged disability, loss of economic productivity, and very high costs to carers and governments (see Assumption 1 Bentall, 2009). There are many different kinds of psychiatric disorder, Not surprisingly, in the developed world these conditions are the which are qualitatively distinct from healthy functioning focus of well-resourced psychiatric services. In the second half of the 20th century, many new treatments were developed for Any rational scientific system requires a way of classifying the patients with psychosis, including antipsychotic and other drug phenomena of interest. Modern psychiatry uses diagnostic therapies (Healy, 2004), and also psychological treatments such as concepts similar to those employed in physical medicine to behavioural family therapy and cognitive behaviour therapy (Pilling differentiate between different kinds of psychiatric disorders. -
Draft Manifesto for a Social Materialist Psychology of Distress
DRAFT MANIFESTO FOR A SOCIAL MATERIALIST PSYCHOLOGY OF DISTRESS Journal of Critical Psychology, Counselling and Psychotherapy 12,2: 93-107 (2012) THE MIDLANDS PSYCHOLOGY GROUP John Cromby Bob Diamond Paul Kelly Paul Moloney Penny Priest David Smail Jan Soffe-Caswell Numbers in square brackets [p.xx] refer to page numbers in the published version. In this version we have corrected some minor errors that crept into the version published in the JCPCP (including an error in the attribution of authorship). CONTACT: [email protected] [p.93]Draft Manifesto for a Social Materialist Psychology of Distress ABSTRACT This paper explains the shared background and working practices of the authors; identifies the main assumptions of a social materialist psychology; and sets out a manifesto showing what it might mean to consider distress from a social materialist perspective. INTRODUCTION What follows is aimed in part, but not exclusively, at people in the ‘psy’ professions who seldom have any other vocabulary with which to talk about these issues - outside of psychiatry, on the one hand, and talking therapy on the other. The article marshals a wide range of theory and research on the kinds of misery that get treated by mental health professionals. We are a group of psychologists: clinical, counselling and academic. We have been meeting regularly since 2003. We call ourselves social materialist psychologists. This is not necessarily a formally worked-out philosophical stance. Most psychology is individual and idealist. It takes the individual as a given unit of analysis, and treats the social as a somewhat optional and often uniform context. -
'Shared Practice in Non-Medicalised Health Care' Conference Flyer
CONFERENCE IN CELEBRATION OF 20 YEARS OF PCCS BOOKS Shared practice in non-medicalised mental health care 16th October 2013 10.00 am–4.30 pm Clarendon Suites, Edgbaston, Birmingham B16 9SB PCCS Books is celebrating 20 years of independent publishing this year with a one-day conference bringing together experts in their fields who share the desire for honest, democratic, equal and fully informed care for people in distress. The speakers represent the dominant themes in PCCS Books’ lists: person-centred psychology, critical psychology and psychiatry, and service-user perspectives. Speakers Richard Bentall Professor of Psychology, University of Liverpool Mick Cooper Professor of Counselling, University of Strathclyde Jacqui Dillon Chair of Hearing Voices Network, England Stephen Joseph Professor of Psychology, Health and Social Care, University of Nottingham Joanna Moncrieff Senior Lecturer in Psychiatry, University College London and Co-chair of the Critical Psychiatry Network Lisbeth Sommerbeck Client-centred clinical psychologist, accredited specialist in psychotherapy, Danish Psychological Association For service users, carers, professionals, students and everyone interested in critical debate on mental health care All profits to Soteria Network UK www.pccs-books.co.uk Shared Practice in Non-medicalised Mental Health Care Richard Bentall: The myth that schizophrenia is a genetic disease The idea that schizophrenia is an inherited disease has been treated as an axiom rather than a hypothesis throughout the history of psychiatry. Recent expensively funded attempts to find the molecular basis of schizophrenia have been justified by the high heritability coefficient (> 70%) calculated from twin studies. Because this coefficient has been widely misunderstood as a gene/environment causation ratio, high values have been assumed to mean that the causes of schizophrenia are mostly genetic. -
Late Modernist Schizophrenia: from Phenomenology to Cultural Pathology
LATE MODERNIST SCHIZOPHRENIA: FROM PHENOMENOLOGY TO CULTURAL PATHOLOGY A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by Jonathan Gagas May 2014 Examining Committee Members: Daniel T. O'Hara, Advisory Chair, Department of English Sheldon Brivic, Department of English Alan Singer, Department of English Robert L. Caserio, External Member, The Pennsylvania State University, Department of English © Copyright 2014 by Jonathan Gagas All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT My dissertation explains the problematic nature of using the diagnostic category schizophrenia as a cultural metaphor, whether the disorder is stigmatized or romanticized, and demonstrates how representations of schizophrenic characters in novels can combat widespread misuses of psychiatric terms and help readers empathize with mentally ill people if we read these novels with some understanding of psychiatry and the psychoanalysis that influenced them. Public understanding of psychiatry and psychology has played an increasingly important role in mentally ill people’s prospects for recovery as inpatient care has given way to outpatient care supplemented by patients’ families and communities during the past half century. Many people with severe mental illnesses end up homeless or in prison not only because of cuts to services that help them work toward autonomy and social integration, but also because of how their communities treat them, from ignorance and misunderstanding of mental health issues to the stigma that often accompanies mental illness. Contemporary scholars and artists have much to learn about changing attitudes toward mental disorder through an examination of the schizophrenia concept’s migration from the mental health professions to fiction and cultural theory. -
Understanding and Treating Madness: Biology Or Relationships?
Understanding and Treating Madness: Biology or Relationships? A review of Doctoring the Mind: Is Our Current Treatment of Mental Illness Really Any Good? by Richard P. Bentall New York, NY: New York University Press, 2009. 364 pp. ISBN 978-0-8147-9148-6. $29.95 Reviewed by Arthur C. Bohart Richard Bentall’s thesis can be stated simply. He says at the end of Doctoring the Mind: Is Our Current Treatment of Mental Illness Really Any Good?: In this book I have argued that, by any reasonable standard, the dominant paradigm in psychiatry, which assumes that mental illnesses are genetically influenced brain diseases, has been a spectacular failure. Despite enormous expense, its benefits for those suffering from the most severe forms of mental disorder have been slight. [Psychiatry’s] failures have been the consequence of tenaciously held but erroneous assumptions about the nature of mental illness. They reflect a kind of intellectual myopia, which has blinded professionals to the fact that the distress in human beings is usually caused by unsatisfactory relationships with other human beings. They are the consequence of ignoring what has been obvious to most ordinary people, that warmth and kindness are necessary to promote psychological healing. What is needed is a more compassionate approach that places the therapeutic relationship at the center of clinical practice. (pp. 264–265) Bentall espouses a position that some might call antipsychiatric, and he has been lumped into that grouping. However, he denies that he is an antipsychiatrist. Indeed, he is distinctly different from the critics of psychiatry of the 1960s such as R.