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Posttectonic Limitations on Early Devonian Post-tectonic limitations on Early Devonian (Emsian) reef development in the Gobi-Altai region, Mongolia ADAM F. A. PELLEGRINI, CONSTANCE M. SOJA AND CHULUUN MINJIN Pellegrini, A.F.A., Soja, C.M. & Minjin, C. 2012: Post-tectonic limitations on Early Devo- nian (Emsian) reef development in the Gobi-Altai region, Mongolia. Lethaia,Vol.45, pp. 46–61. This study investigates a Lower Devonian (Emsian) carbonate sequence from the Chu- luun Formation where it is exposed in the Gobi-Altai region of southern Mongolia. Quantification of abundance patterns across guild, morphotype and general taxonomic levels was based on stratigraphical and thin-section analyses. Comparison with other Emsian carbonate platforms allowed the factors that influenced community development in the wake of a tectonic perturbation to be determined. Our evidence reveals that poten- tial reef-building biotas preserved in the Chuluun Formation experienced rapid coloniza- tion of a newly submerged carbonate platform following an episode of tectonic uplift and the development of a coastal alluvial fan. Although critical reef-building organisms were present, colonial corals and stromatoporoids exhibited limited vertical growth and showed no significant lateral expansion of individuals or biotic assemblages. Nor did those taxa experience significant increases in abundance, density, or size. We conclude that incomplete succession and the lack of reef development occurred most likely because of an unsuitable substrate, limited accommodation space and isolation that reduced colonization potential. h Community succession, Emsian, palaeoecology, reef suppression. Adam F. A. Pellegrini [[email protected]] (Current address: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA); Constance Soja [[email protected]], Department of Geology, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, NY 13346, USA; Chuluun Minjin [[email protected]], Research Center for Stratigraphy and Paleontology, School of Geology and Petroleum Engineering, Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaanbaatar-46, Mongolia; manuscript received on 25 ⁄ 02 ⁄ 2011; manuscript accepted on 11 ⁄ 07 ⁄ 2011. Palaeontologists and ecologists have a vested interest Europe, Morocco and South China platforms, sup- in understanding how organisms adapt to environ- ported reef development (James & Bourque 1992; mental change. Response trends in marine inverte- Kiessling et al. 1999; Copper & Scotese 2003; Kiessling brate communities following significant changes in 2006). Generally, the reefs were constructed by a habitat availability (areal or spatial loss, degradation diversity of stromatoporoid sponges, tabulates and caused by pollution or siltation, etc.; Karlson & Cor- colonial rugose corals characterized by domal growth nell 1998) are important to study because of the wide- forms. The reef builders were associated with other spread destruction of reef communities today (Done taxa, such as branching corals and solitary rugosans, 1999; Gardner et al. 2003; but see Hughes et al. 2003 and thin, slender, branching colonies of bryozoans for alternative). In particular, investigations into the (Edinger et al. 2002; Fagerstrom & Bradshaw 2002). successful settlement of larvae and adults in a variety The high abundance of reefs in the Emsian (late Early of at-risk marine habitats are especially relevant Devonian) provides an impressive database with because they help document variables related to colo- which to examine the factors that contributed to reef nization and the long-term establishment of benthic development. communities. This helps identify the processes that This study, by contrast, examines the environmen- influence re-colonization of previously occupied sites tal conditions that inhibited reef growth. Stratigraphi- after conditions have returned to ‘normal’. Geological cal sequences in the Gobi-Altai region are dominated deposits with well-preserved fossils provide a valuable by fossil-rich carbonate rocks, including Lower basis for documenting the response of individual taxa Silurian stromatoporoid-coral reefs exposed in the and of communities to environmental change in the Scharchuluut Formation at Yamaan-Us and ‘Wenlock pre-human past. Hill’ (Soja et al. 2010). In the Lower Devonian During the Early Devonian, shallow-marine car- (Emsian) Chuluun Formation, well-preserved stroma- bonate depositional systems across the world, includ- toporoid sponges and tabulate corals secreted massive, ing the Siberian, Timan-Pechora, Alberta, central domal skeletons but failed to produce reefs as DOI 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2011.00292.x Ó 2011 The Authors, Lethaia Ó 2011 The Lethaia Foundation LETHAIA 45 (2012) Early Devonian reef suppression 47 indicated by the low abundance and low density of A colonies that form isolated ‘heads’ in well-bedded limestone. Comparative palaeocommunity composi- 96°E tion suggests that the region was located within 35° of 0 100 the equator (Copper & Scotese 2003). In addition, km Ulaanbaatar global sea surface temperatures are estimated to have been on average 30°C in the Early Devonian (Copper 2002), thus temperature does not explain the lack of Shine Jinst reef development in the south Gobi. 44°N The Chuluun Formation represents the first wide- spread carbonate to accumulate after tectonic uplift terminated carbonate platform sedimentation and induced alluvial fan development in the Pragian (earli- est Early Devonian) (Gibson 2010; Pellegrini 2010). Our study shows that after marine habitats were B re-established in the Emsian, colonization and suc- Tsakhir N cessful settlement of invertebrate larvae occurred, but ecological succession from low- to high-diversity bio- tas did not take place. This study suggests that post- 0 1 tectonic factors, including an unsuitable substrate, km limited accommodation space and isolation of the car- bonate platform, hampered reef growth in southern Ulaan-Shand Mongolia in the Emsian. The results of this research Tsahaan bulag add to a growing body of data about diversification Tsagaankhaalga formation, L.(?)–M. Devonian patterns in marine communities, specifically those Chuluun formation, L. Devonian (Emsian) with the potential to build reefs in tectonically active Tsakhir formation, L. Devonian (Pragian) areas. Fig. 1. Maps illustrating the field site. A, location of Shine Jinst in the Gobi-Altai region of southern Mongolia (modified from Soja et al. 2010); and B, geology of Tsakhir Basin (se of Shine Jinst), Geological setting exposures of Lower–Middle Devonian formations in contact with the Chuluun Formation, and transect site (arrow) located at Near Shine Jinst in southern Mongolia, well-preserved 44°21¢39¢¢ Nand99°26¢47¢¢ E. Modified from Wang et al. (2005) and Sullivan (2010). and richly fossiliferous Ordovician–Silurian marine successions are overlain by Devonian–Triassic volca- nic–sedimentary rocks (Fig. 1) (Badarch et al. 2002). Devonian–Carboniferous, accretion in the late Lithological and taxonomic studies document the Palaeozoic–Mesozoic, and multiple episodes of defor- basic stratigraphical relationships of Phanerozoic for- mation in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic (Lamb et al. mations exposed across this broad region (Rozman & 2008). Rong 1993; Minjin 2000, 2001, 2002; Rozman 1999; Ordovician to Devonian deposits in the Gobi-Altai Lamb & Badarch 2001; Minjin & Tumenbayer 2001; region are dominated by limestone, which is interca- Wang et al. 2005; Lamb et al. 2008; Soja et al. 2010). lated with siliciclastic, volcaniclastic and volcanic rock. Detrital zircons extracted from Upper Ordovician to These strata exceed 3000 m in thickness and reveal Lower Devonian formations suggest that the area abundant shallow-water indicators, including cross- formed as an ocean basin, which was trapped between bedded sandstone, stromatolites and oncoidal lime- an unidentified continent and an offshore island-arc stone, abundant peloids and micritized grains, and complex and was isolated from the Palaeo-Asian reefal limestone. This suggests that a broad, shallow Ocean (Fig. 2) (Lamb & Badarch 1997, 2001; Lamb carbonate ramp existed for much of the Early–Middle et al. 2008; Gibson 2010). Volcanic rock interbedded Palaeozoic. During the Early Silurian, reef growth with terrigenous sediment, which was deposited appears to have produced a rimmed shelf. Tectonic- episodically from the Late Ordovician through the induced regression and siliciclastic sediment influx Late Devonian, provides additional support for this terminated carbonate platform sedimentation in the palaeogeographical model (Lamb & Badarch 1997, Late Silurian–Early Devonian (Soja et al. 2010). 2001; Lamb et al. 2008; Gibson 2010). Recent work The Chuluun Formation (Emsian), specifically the adds new details about the region’s subsequent crustal basal unit, is the focus of this study (Fig. 1). Conform- growth associated with volcanic arc activity in the able contact of the basal member with the underlying 48 Pellegrini et al. LETHAIA 45 (2012) by identifying fossil biota – general taxonomic com- position, species abundance and individual richness, and mode and state of fossil preservation – and rock type with a polarizing microscope. All samples and thin sections are housed in the Department of Geol- ogy, Colgate University. Identification numbers for all sample localities, such as AP-0.1-09, denote the height in metres above the base of the measured section fol- lowed by the year each sample was collected. Guild concept Data from the field and thin sections
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