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GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE V

GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE V

GSA GEOLOGIC SCALE v. 5.0 MAGNETIC MAGNETIC B DY. POLARITY PICKS AGE POLARITY PICKS AGE PICKS AGE . PERIOD AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE EON PERIOD AGES (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) HIST HIST. ANOM.

ANOM. (Ma) CHRON. N CHRO 1 C1 QUATER- 30 C30 66.0 541 0.012 NARY * 1. 8 31 C31 251.90 2 C2 70 2.58 Lopin- 254.14 2A 32 C32 72.1 635 C2A gian 3.600 259.1 33 260 720 3 NEOPRO- 5 C3 Guada- 265.1 750 5.333 80 C33 LATE 268.8 TEROZOIC 3A C3A lupian 83.6 272.95 7.246 4 C4 86.3 ~283.5 280 4A Cisura- C4A 90 89.8 1000 1000

PERMIAN 10 5 lian C5 290.1 93.9 11.63 295.0 34 C34 5A 100 100.5 300 298.9 1200 C5A 13.82 LATE 303.7 307.0 1250 MESOPRO- 15 5B C5B MIDDLE MOSCOVIAN TEROZOIC 15.97 315.2 5C C5C 110 VANIAN PENNSYL- 1400 EARLY 5D C5D ~113 320 323.2 5E C5E 1500 6 C6 LATE 120 330.9 20 20.44 6A C6A EARLY 1600 M0r 6B C6B M1 ~125 340 MIDDLE VISEAN MISSIS- M3 SIPPIAN C6C 23.03 6C 130 M5 ~129.4 346.7 1750

HAUTERIVIAN EARLY 7 C7 ~132.9 1800 25 7A C7A M10 358.9 8 C8 M12 360 140 M14 ~139.8 9 C9 M16 27.82 M18 2000 10 C10 LATE PALEOPRO- M20 ~145.0 ~372.2 2050 11 C11 TEROZOIC 30 M22 150 380 12 ~152.1 ~382.7 C12 M25 LATE ~387.7 MIDDLE 2250 M29 ~157.3 2300 13 C13 33.9 160 ~393.3

OXFORDIAN 35 15 C15 ~163.5 400 C16 16 ~166.1 ~407.6 17 ~168.3 EARLY C17 170 MIDDLE ~410.8 2500 2500 37.8 ~170.3 18 ~419.2 ~174.1 PRIDOLI 40 C18 CHANGES 420 ~423.0 19 ~425.6 C19 41.2 180 ~427.4 WENLOCK ~430.5 2750 20 ~182.7 ~433.4 2800 LLANDO- C20 ~438.5 EARLY 440 VERY ~440.8 45 190 ~443.8 ~190.8 ~445.2 MESO-

RAPID POLARITY 3000 21 LATE ~453.0 C21 47.8 ~199.3 ~458.4 200 460 ~201.3 22 MIDDLE 50 C22 ~467.3 3200

PALEOGENE ~470.0 3250 23 C23 210 ~208.5 EARLY ~477.7 480

24 PALEO- ~485.4 C24 LATE AGE 10 55 FURON- ~489.5 ARCHEAN 220 56.0 GIAN ~494 3500 25 ARCHEAN C25 ~497 500 ~500.5 3600 Epoch 3 26 ~227 ~504.5 59.2 230 AGE 5 C26 ~509 AGE 4 60 3750 Epoch 2 ~514 ~237 AGE 3 27 61.6 520 C27 ~521 240 MIDDLE ~242 AGE 2

28 C28 ~529 TERRE- 4000 4000 65 29 247.2 NEUVIAN C29 EARLY 251.2 66.0 250 30 C30 251.90 540 541.0

Walker, J.D., Geissman, J.W., Bowring, S.A., and Babcock, L.E., compilers, 2018, v. 5.0: Geological Society of America, https://doi.org/10.1130/2018.CTS005R3C. ©2018 The Geological Society of America *The Pleistocene is divided into four ages, but only two are shown here. What is shown as Calabrian is actually three ages—Calabrian from 1.80 to 0.781 Ma, Middle from 0.781 to 0.126 Ma, and Late from 0.126 to 0.0117 Ma. The Cenozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic are the of the Eon. Names of units and age boundaries usually follow the Gradstein et al. (2012), Cohen et al. (2012) , and Cohen et al. (2013, updated) compilations. Numerical age estimates and picks of boundaries usually follow the Cohen et al. (2013, updated) compilation. The numbered epochs and ages of the Cambrian are provisional. A “~” before a numerical age estimate typically indicates an associated error of ±0.4 to over 1.6 Ma. REFERENCES CITED Cohen, K.M., Finney, S., and Gibbard, P.L., 2012, International Chronostratigraphic Chart: International Commission on , www.stratigraphy.org (accessed May 2012). (Chart reproduced for the 34th International Geological Congress, Brisbane, , 5–10 August 2012.) Cohen, K.M., Finney, S.C., Gibbard, P.L., and Fan, J.-X., 2013, The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart: Episodes v. 36, no. 3, p. 199–204 (updated 2017, v. 2, http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale; accessed May 2018). Gradstein, F.M, Ogg, J.G., Schmitz, M.D., et al., 2012, The Geologic Time Scale 2012: Boston, USA, Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00004-4. Previous versions of the time scale and previously published papers about the time scale and its are posted to http://www.geosociety.org/timescale.