GSA GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE v. 5.0 CENOZOIC MESOZOIC PALEOZOIC PRECAMBRIAN MAGNETIC MAGNETIC B DY. AGE POLARITY PICKS AGE POLARITY PICKS AGE PICKS AGE . N PERIOD EPOCH AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE PERIOD EPOCH AGE EON ERA PERIOD AGES (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) (Ma) HIST HIST. ANOM. ANOM. (Ma) CHRON. CHRO HOLOCENE 1 C1 QUATER- 30 C30 66.0 541 CALABRIAN 0.012 NARY PLEISTOCENE* 1. 8 31 C31 MAASTRICHTIAN 251.90 2 C2 GELASIAN 70 EDIACARAN 2.58 Lopin- CHANGHSINGIAN 254.14 2A PIACENZIAN 32 C32 72.1 635 C2A gian WUCHIAPINGIAN PLIOCENE 3.600 259.1 CRYOGENIAN 33 260 720 3 ZANCLEAN CAPITANIAN NEOPRO- 5 C3 CAMPANIAN Guada- 265.1 750 5.333 80 C33 WORDIAN LATE 268.8 TEROZOIC 3A C3A MESSINIAN lupian ROADIAN 83.6 272.95 TONIAN 7.246 SANTONIAN 4 KUNGURIAN C4 86.3 ~283.5 CONIACIAN 280 4A Cisura- C4A TORTONIAN 90 89.8 1000 1000 PERMIAN ARTINSKIAN 10 5 TURONIAN lian C5 290.1 93.9 STENIAN 11.63 CENOMANIAN SAKMARIAN 295.0 34 C34 ASSELIAN 5A SERRAVALLIAN 100 100.5 300 298.9 1200 C5A 13.82 LATE GZHELIAN 303.7 KASIMOVIAN 307.0 1250 MESOPRO- 15 LANGHIAN ECTASIAN 5B C5B ALBIAN MIDDLE MOSCOVIAN TEROZOIC 15.97 315.2 5C C5C 110 VANIAN PENNSYL- 1400 EARLY 5D C5D MIOCENE ~113 320 BASHKIRIAN 323.2 NEOGENE BURDIGALIAN 5E C5E 1500 CALYMMIAN 6 C6 LATE SERPUKHOVIAN 120 APTIAN 330.9 20 20.44 6A C6A EARLY 1600 M0r 6B C6B AQUITANIAN M1 ~125 340 MIDDLE VISEAN MISSIS- M3 BARREMIAN SIPPIAN STATHERIAN C6C 23.03 6C 130 M5 CRETACEOUS ~129.4 346.7 1750 HAUTERIVIAN CARBONIFEROUS EARLY 7 C7 ~132.9 TOURNAISIAN 1800 25 7A C7A M10 358.9 8 C8 CHATTIAN VALANGINIAN M12 360 140 M14 ~139.8 FAMENNIAN OROSIRIAN 9 C9 M16 27.82 M18 BERRIASIAN 2000 PROTEROZOIC 10 C10 LATE PALEOPRO- M20 ~145.0 ~372.2 2050 11 C11 TEROZOIC 30 M22 TITHONIAN FRASNIAN 150 380 12 RUPELIAN ~152.1 ~382.7 RHYACIAN C12 M25 LATE KIMMERIDGIAN GIVETIAN ~387.7 OLIGOCENE MIDDLE 2250 M29 ~157.3 EIFELIAN 2300 13 C13 33.9 160 ~393.3 OXFORDIAN DEVONIAN 35 15 C15 ~163.5 400 EMSIAN C16 CALLOVIAN SIDERIAN 16 TERTIARY ~166.1 PRIABONIAN BATHONIAN ~407.6 17 ~168.3 EARLY PRAGIAN C17 170 MIDDLE BAJOCIAN ~410.8 2500 2500 37.8 ~170.3 LOCHKOVIAN 18 AALENIAN ~419.2 ~174.1 PRIDOLI 40 C18 BARTONIAN CHANGES 420 ~423.0 19 LUDLOW LUDFORDIAN ~425.6 NEOARCHEAN C19 TOARCIAN GORSTIAN 41.2 180 HOMERIAN ~427.4 WENLOCK SHEINWOODIAN ~430.5 2750 20 ~182.7 ~433.4 2800 LLANDO- TELYCHIAN C20 PLIENSBACHIAN AERONIAN ~438.5 EARLY 440 VERY ~440.8 LUTETIAN SILURIAN RHUDDANIAN 45 190 ~443.8 JURASSIC ~190.8 HIRNANTIAN ~445.2 KATIAN MESO- RAPID POLARITY 3000 21 SINEMURIAN LATE ~453.0 C21 47.8 SANDBIAN ARCHEAN EOCENE ~199.3 ~458.4 200 HETTANGIAN 460 ~201.3 DARRIWILIAN 22 MIDDLE 50 C22 RHAETIAN ~467.3 3200 PALEOGENE DAPINGIAN ~470.0 3250 23 C23 YPRESIAN 210 ~208.5 FLOIAN EARLY ~477.7 480 24 ORDOVICIAN TREMADOCIAN PALEO- ~485.4 C24 LATE AGE 10 55 NORIAN FURON- ~489.5 ARCHEAN 220 JIANGSHANIAN 56.0 GIAN ~494 3500 25 PAIBIAN ARCHEAN C25 ~497 THANETIAN 500 GUZHANGIAN ~500.5 3600 Epoch 3 DRUMIAN 26 ~227 ~504.5 59.2 230 AGE 5 C26 ~509 AGE 4 60 SELANDIAN CARNIAN 3750 Epoch 2 ~514 ~237 AGE 3 EOARCHEAN 27 61.6 520 C27 LADINIAN ~521 240 MIDDLE ~242 AGE 2 28 TRIASSIC C28 DANIAN CAMBRIAN ~529 ANISIAN TERRE- 4000 4000 65 29 247.2 NEUVIAN C29 PALEOCENE FORTUNIAN EARLY OLENEKIAN 251.2 HADEAN 66.0 250 INDUAN 30 C30 251.90 540 541.0 Walker, J.D., Geissman, J.W., Bowring, S.A., and Babcock, L.E., compilers, 2018, Geologic Time Scale v. 5.0: Geological Society of America, https://doi.org/10.1130/2018.CTS005R3C. ©2018 The Geological Society of America *The Pleistocene is divided into four ages, but only two are shown here. What is shown as Calabrian is actually three ages—Calabrian from 1.80 to 0.781 Ma, Middle from 0.781 to 0.126 Ma, and Late from 0.126 to 0.0117 Ma. The Cenozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic are the Eras of the Phanerozoic Eon. Names of units and age boundaries usually follow the Gradstein et al. (2012), Cohen et al. (2012) , and Cohen et al. (2013, updated) compilations. Numerical age estimates and picks of boundaries usually follow the Cohen et al. (2013, updated) compilation. The numbered epochs and ages of the Cambrian are provisional. A “~” before a numerical age estimate typically indicates an associated error of ±0.4 to over 1.6 Ma. REFERENCES CITED Cohen, K.M., Finney, S., and Gibbard, P.L., 2012, International Chronostratigraphic Chart: International Commission on Stratigraphy, www.stratigraphy.org (accessed May 2012). (Chart reproduced for the 34th International Geological Congress, Brisbane, Australia, 5–10 August 2012.) Cohen, K.M., Finney, S.C., Gibbard, P.L., and Fan, J.-X., 2013, The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart: Episodes v. 36, no. 3, p. 199–204 (updated 2017, v. 2, http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale; accessed May 2018). Gradstein, F.M, Ogg, J.G., Schmitz, M.D., et al., 2012, The Geologic Time Scale 2012: Boston, USA, Elsevier, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00004-4. Previous versions of the time scale and previously published papers about the time scale and its evolution are posted to http://www.geosociety.org/timescale. .