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A Comparative Study of Thomas Jefferson's Renders at Poplar Forest, University of Virginia, and Barboursville University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Theses (Historic Preservation) Graduate Program in Historic Preservation 1997 A Comparative Study of Thomas Jefferson's Renders at Poplar Forest, University of Virginia, and Barboursville Kristin Meredith Fetzer University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses Part of the Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons Fetzer, Kristin Meredith, "A Comparative Study of Thomas Jefferson's Renders at Poplar Forest, University of Virginia, and Barboursville" (1997). Theses (Historic Preservation). 391. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/391 Copyright note: Penn School of Design permits distribution and display of this student work by University of Pennsylvania Libraries. Suggested Citation: Fetzer, Kristin Meredith (1997). A Comparative Study of Thomas Jefferson's Renders at Poplar Forest, University of Virginia, and Barboursville. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/391 For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Comparative Study of Thomas Jefferson's Renders at Poplar Forest, University of Virginia, and Barboursville Disciplines Historic Preservation and Conservation Comments Copyright note: Penn School of Design permits distribution and display of this student work by University of Pennsylvania Libraries. Suggested Citation: Fetzer, Kristin Meredith (1997). A Comparative Study of Thomas Jefferson's Renders at Poplar Forest, University of Virginia, and Barboursville. (Masters Thesis). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/391 . university?" PENNSYIMWK LIBRARIES A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THOMAS JEFFERSON'S RENDERS AT POPLAR FOREST, UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, AND BARBOURSVILLE Kristin Meredith Fetzer A THESIS in Historic Preservation Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE 1997 iuate Group Chair and Advisor FrahTTf. Matero Associate Professor of Architecture Reader A. Elena Charola Conservation Scientist fm/fy^/\\k{ UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA LIBRARIES Table of Contents Page List of Figures v List of Tables viii Introduction 1 Chapter One Historical Documentation 4 1.1 Description of Materials 4 1.1.1 Lime 6 1.1.2 Aggregate 9 1.1.3 Water 11 1.1.4 Additives 12 16 1 .2 1 8th and 1 9th Century Plastering Techniques 1.3 Jefferson's Knowledge of Renders 19 1.3.1 Correspondence 20 1.3.2 Architectural Library 21 1.3.3 Contemporaries 24 Chapter Two The Use of Renders at Poplar Forest. 28 University of Virginia and Barboursville 2.1 Poplar Forest 28 2.2 University of Virginia 36 2.3 Barboursville 48 Table of Contents Chapter Three Characterization and Analysis 53 3.1 Sampling 54 3.2 Previous Render Analysis at Poplar Forest 64 3.3 Cross Section Examination 66 3.4.1 Preparation 66 3.4.2 Examination 66 3.4 Thin Section Examination 73 3.4.1 Preparation 73 3.4.2 Examination 73 3.4.3 Quantitative Analysis 74 3.4.3.1 Poplar Forest 75 3.4.3.2 University of Virginia 76 3.4.3.3 Barboursville 77 3.4.4 Summary and Discussion 78 3.5 Acid Digestion 88 3.6 X-Ray Powder Diffraction 92 3.7 Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive 93 Spectroscopy 3.8 Thermogravimetric Analysis and Mass Spectrometry 97 Chapter Four Discussion 98 Appendices Appendix A Summary of Sample Removal and Macroscopic 107 Characteristics in Table of Contents Appendix B Mortar/Plaster Analysis Data Sheets 1 09 Appendix C Thin Section Quartz Grain Measurement Worksheets 1 20 Appendix D X-Ray Powder Diffraction Spectra 1 26 Appendix E Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy Spectra and 1 32 X-Ray Dot Maps Appendix F Thermogravimetric Analysis and Mass Spectrometry 1 38 Spectra Bibliography 1 44 Index 151 IV . List of Figures Page 1 . Reconstructed floor plan of Poplar Forest showing the house as built. 30 Photocopied from Poplar Forest and Thomas Jefferson by S. Allen Chambers (1993), Tim Buehler, delineator, 1991. 2. Drawing of South Elevation as it originally appeared. Photocopied from 31 Poplar Forest and Thomas Jefferson by S. Allen Chambers (1 993), drawing by Mesick-Cohen-Waite-Architects, 1 992. 3. Engraving of the University of Virginia. Photocopied from Poplar Forest 37 and Thomas Jefferson by S. Allen Chambers (1 993), published in London in 1 831 now part of the Virginia State Library & Archives. 4. Latrobe's drawing of Pavilion VIM. Photocopied from Mr. Jefferson 43 Architect by Desmond Guiness and Julius T. Sadler, Jr. (1973). 5. Plan of Barboursville. Photocopied from Mr. Jefferson Architect by 49 Desmond Guiness and Julius T. Sadler, Jr. (1973). 6. Photograph of South Facade taken prior to fire in 1 884. Photocopied 50 from "A Governor of Virginia Who Never Ran for Office" by Duff Green appeared in Orange County Review, 1992. 7. North portico, samples removed from capital of inner west column - 57 Poplar Forest, 1 996. 8. North portico, sample removed from the east side of outer east column 58 shaft - Poplar Forest, 1 996. 9. South portico, sample removed from the west side of the outer west 59 column shaft - Poplar Forest, 1 996. 1 0. Pavilion VIII - University of Virginia, 1 996. 60 1 1 Pavilion VIM, sample removed from north side of inner south column - 60 University of Virginia, 1 996. 1 2. Colonnade, south of Pavilion VIM, sample removed from just above 61 the base of column indicated - University of Virginia, 1 996. 1 3. Detail showing sample removal from colonnade just south of Pavilion 61 VIM - University of Virginia, 1996. 14. North portico, sample removed from west side of the inner northwest 62 column shaft just above the base - Barboursville, 1 996. v List of Figures 15. South portico, sample removed from west side of the inner southwest 63 column shaft just above the base - Barboursville, 1 996. 16. Cross section of original render removed from the north portico of 69 Poplar Forest (PF 3), 1996, 100x magnification, reflected light. 17. Cross section of original render removed from the south portico of 69 Poplar Forest (PF 7), 1996, 25x magnification, reflected light. 1 8. Cross section of Hutter plaster (1 845) removed from north portico of 70 Poplar Forest (PF 10), 1996, 25x magnification, reflected light. 1 9. Cross section of render removed from the inner south column of 71 Pavilion VIII - University of Virginia, 1996, 25x magnification, reflected light. 20. Cross section of render removed from one of the colonnade columns 71 just south of Pavilion VIM - University of Virginia, 1996, 25x magnification, reflected light. 21. Cross section of render removed from south portico of Barboursville, 72 1 996, 25x magnification, reflected light. 22. Cross section of render removed from north portico of Barboursville 72 showing biological growth along exposed surface, 1996, 100x magnification, reflected light. 23. Photomicrograph showing pitted quartz grain found in Poplar Forest 80 samples, 100x magnification, crossed polarized light. 24. Photomicrograph showing a crushed quartz grain found in Poplar 80 Forest sample, 100x magnification, crossed polarized light. 25. Photomicrograph of accessory mineral, muscovite, found in Poplar 81 Forest samples, 1 0Ox magnification, crossed polarized light. 26. Photomicrograph showing brick particles found in Poplar Forest 81 samples, 25x magnification, using a combination of transmitted and reflected light. 27. Photomicrograph of later 1 845 plaster removed from Poplar Forest 82 showing a more uniform grain size and shape, 25x magnification, plane polarized light. VI List of Figures 28. Photomicrograph of later 1845 plaster removed from Poplar Forest 82 showing a crushed grain of feldspar, 100x magnification, crossed polarized light. 29. Photomicrograph of UVA 42 removed from the University of Virginia, 83 25x magnification, crossed polarized light. 30. Photomicrograph of UVA VIM removed from the University of Virginia, 83 25x magnification, crossed polarized light. 31 . Photomicrograph of plagioclase feldspar from the University of Virginia, 84 100x magnification, crossed polarized light. 32. Photomicrograph of alkali feldspar (microcline) from the University of 84 Virginia, 100x magnification, crossed polarized light. 33. Photomicrograph of UVA 42 showing concentration of brick particles 85 just beneath the finish coat, University of Virginia, 1 0Ox magnification, combination reflected and transmitted light. 34. Photomicrograph of UVA 42 showing feldspar deterioration between 85 base and finish coats, University of Virginia, 1 0Ox magnification, crossed polarized light. 35. Photomicrograph of Barboursville sample B 2 showing greater number 86 of accessory minerals, 25x magnification, crossed polarized light. 36. Photomicrograph of brick particle as seen in B 2, 100x magnification, 86 combination transmitted and reflected light. 37. Photomicrograph of the deterioration of the feldspar minerals as seen 87 in sample B 2 from Barboursville, 25x, crossed polarized light. 38. Photomicrograph of a detail of the deterioration of the feldspar 87 minerals as seen in sample B 2 from Barboursville, 1 0Ox, crossed polarized light. 39. Scanning electron micrograph of PF 7, 1,000x magnification. 96 VII List of Tables Page 1. Summary of Thin Section Examination Criteria. 79 Compiled by K. Fetzer 2. Results from the Acid Digestion Performed on the Renders. 90 Compiled by K. Fetzer. 3. Results from the Acid
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