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T.C. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü

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T.C. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü T.C. SÜLEYMAN DEMİREL ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ KABLOSUZ HABERLEŞME UYGULAMALARI İÇİN FREKANSI YENİDEN DÜZENLENEBİLİR MİKROŞERİT ANTEN TASARIMI İman Hafedh Yaseen Al HASNAWİ Danışman Doç. Dr. Mesud KAHRİMAN YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ ELEKTRONİK VE HABERLEŞME MÜHENDİSLİĞİ ANABİLİM DALI ISPARTA - 2018 © 2018 [İman Hafedh Yaseen Al HASNAWİ] İÇİNDEKİLER İÇİNDEKİLER ..................................................................................................................................... i ÖZET .................................................................................................................................................. iii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ iv TEŞEKKÜR ......................................................................................................................................... v ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ ........................................................................................................................... vi ÇİZELGELER DİZİNİ ................................................................................................................... viii SİMGELER VE KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ .................................................................................... ix 1. GİRİŞ................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Yeniden Yapılandırılabilir Anten Sınıflandırması ................................................. 3 1.1.1. Yeniden yapılandırılabilirlik fonksiyonuna göre antenler ........................ 3 1.1.2. Konfigürasyonuna göre yeniden düzenlenebilir antenler ........................ 4 1.1.3. Anten tiplerine göre yeniden düzenlenebilir antenler ............................... 4 1.2. FET Anahtarı : ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.3. Pin Diyot Anahtarlama .................................................................................................... 7 1.4. Varikap Diyotlu Anahtarlama ....................................................................................... 9 1.5. MEMS anahtarları ........................................................................................................... 10 2. KAYNAK ÖZETLERİ ................................................................................................................ 13 3. MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM ...................................................................................................... 21 3.1. Anten Tipleri..................................................................................................................... 21 3.1.1. Dipol anten ............................................................................................................... 22 3.1.2. Slot anten ................................................................................................................... 24 3.1.3. Çanak Antenler ........................................................................................................ 25 3.1.4. Horn Anten ............................................................................................................... 26 3.2. Mikroşerit Antenler ....................................................................................................... 27 3.3. Mikroşerit Anten Tipleri .............................................................................................. 28 3.3.1. Mikroşerit Yürüyen Dalga Antenleri............................................................... 28 3.3.2. Mikroşerit Yarıklı Antenler ................................................................................ 29 3.4. Mikroşerit yama antenler ............................................................................................ 29 3.5. Mikroşerit Antenin Temel Özellikleri ..................................................................... 31 3.6. Mikroşerit Anten Uygulamaları ................................................................................ 32 3.6.1. Mobil Ve Uydu İletişimi Uygulamaları ........................................................... 32 3.6.2. GPS (Küresel Konumlandırma Sistemi) Uygulamaları ............................ 32 3.6.3. RFID Uygulamaları................................................................................................. 32 3.6.4. Radar Uygulamaları............................................................................................... 33 3.6.5. Rectenna Uygulamaları ........................................................................................ 33 3.6.6. Teletıp Uygulamalar .............................................................................................. 33 3.6.7. Tıbbı Tedavi Uygulamaları ................................................................................. 33 3.7. Anten Parametreleri: ..................................................................................................... 34 3.7.1. Işıma Örüntüsü........................................................................................................ 34 3.7.2. Verim ........................................................................................................................... 35 3.7.3. Kazanç ........................................................................................................................ 36 3.7.4. Yönlülük ..................................................................................................................... 36 3.7.5. Kutuplanma .............................................................................................................. 37 3.8. Empedans Eşleştirme ................................................................................................... 38 3.8.1. Yansıma kaybı.......................................................................................................... 39 3.8.2. Duran Dalga Oranı (SWR) ................................................................................... 39 3.8.3. Bant Genişliği (BW) ............................................................................................... 40 i 3.9. İmalat İşlemi ..................................................................................................................... 40 3.10. Mikroşerit Antenin Avantaj ve Dezavantajları.................................................. 40 3.11. Mikroşerit Anten Besleme Teknikleri .................................................................. 42 3.11.1. Mikroşeri hat beslemesi .................................................................................... 42 3.11.2. Koaksiyel Besleme .............................................................................................. 43 3.11.3. Açıklık Bağlantı Besleme .................................................................................. 44 3.12. Yaklaşım Bağlaşımlı Besleme .................................................................................. 45 3.13. Analiz Yöntemleri ......................................................................................................... 46 3.13.1. İletim Hatt Modeli ............................................................................................... 46 3.13.2. Cavity modeli ......................................................................................................... 49 4. ARAŞTIRMA BULGULARI ..................................................................................................... 52 4.1. Dört PIN Diyot kullanarak yenidendüzenlenebilir anten Tasarımı ............ 52 4.2. PIN diyot ............................................................................................................................ 52 4.3. Önerilen Anten Tasarımı ............................................................................................. 54 4.4. Simülasyon Ve Ölçüm Sonuçları ............................................................................... 57 5. SONUÇ ve ÖNERİLER ............................................................................................................. 77 KAYNAKLAR .................................................................................................................................. 78 ii ÖZET Yüksek Lisans Tezi KABLOSUZ HABERLEŞME UYGULAMALARI İÇİN FREKANSI YENİDEN DÜZENLENEBİLİR MİKROŞERİT ANTEN TASARIMI İman Hafedh Yaseen Al HASNAWİ Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Elektronik ve Haberleşme Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Danışman: Doç. Dr. Mesud KAHRİMAN Modern iletişim sistemlerindeki gelişmeler, antenlerin birden fazla frekans bandında çalışması ihtiyacını ortaya çıkarmaktadır Kablosuz sensör ağları, tıbbı uygulamalar gibi birçok uygulama; birden fazla frekans bandına ihtiyaç duyabilmektedir. Hazırlanan çalışmada, farklı frekanslarda kullanılabilecek mikroşerit tasarımı gerçeklenmiştir. Tasarlanan mikroşerit yama anteninin analitik modelleri, Ansoft HFSS yazılımı kullanılarak, analiz edilmiştir. Temel anten parametrelerinden olan yansıma katsayısı ve ışıma örüntüleri incelenmiştir. Tasarlanan mikroşerit antenin, RF anahtarların durumuna, yani kontrol noktalarına uygulanan farklı besleme durumlarına göre, farklı frekanslarda (1.7, 1.9, 2.2, 2.6 ve 2.75 GHz) rezonansa geldiği tespit edimiştir. RF anahtarlama için 4 adet PIN diyot modellenmiş ve kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca PIN diyotların durumuna bağlı olarak antenin ışıma örüntüsünün
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