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University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong in Dubai - Papers University of Wollongong in Dubai 2018 Radio frequency (Rf) energy harvesting using metamaterial structure for antenna/rectenna communication network: A review Nornikman Hassan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Badrul Ahmad Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Mohd Fareq Abdul Malek University of Wollongong in Dubai, [email protected] Mohamad Zoinol Abi Aziz Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Hamizan Abu Bakar Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Publication Details Hassan, N., Ahmad, B. Hisham., Abd Malek, M. Fareq., Aziz, M. Zoinol Abidin Abd., Bakar, H., Azizi, M. Syafiq oorN . & Ismail, M. Khairy. 2018, 'Radio frequency (Rf) energy harvesting using metamaterial structure for antenna/rectenna communication network: A review', Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, vol. 96, no. 6, pp. 1538-1550. Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Authors Nornikman Hassan, Badrul Ahmad, Mohd Fareq Abdul Malek, Mohamad Zoinol Abi Aziz, Hamizan Abu Bakar, Muhammad Syafiq ooN Azizi, and M Ismail This journal article is available at Research Online: http://ro.uow.edu.au/dubaipapers/976 Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 31st March 2018. Vol.96. No 6 © 2005 – ongoing JATIT & LLS ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195 RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) ENERGY HARVESTING USING METAMATERIAL STRUCTURE FOR ANTENNA/RECTENNA COMMUNICATION NETWORK: A REVIEW *1NORNIKMAN HASSAN, 1BADRUL HISHAM AHMAD, 2MOHAMED FAREQ ABD MALEK, 1MOHAMAD ZOINOL ABIDIN ABD AZIZ, 1HAMIZAN ABU BAKAR, 1MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ NOOR AZIZI, 1MOHD KHAIRY ISMAIL 1Center for Telecommunication Research and Innovation (CeTRI), Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering (FKEKK), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia 2Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong in Dubai (UOWD), United Arab Emirates (UAE) E-mail: *[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT Starting from the year 2000, metamaterial structure has been one of the favorite techniques used by several researchers to improve the performance of many radio frequency (RF) device designs, especially in the microwave range area. Wireless charging technologies that have emerged are also one of the highlighted discussions among users, fabricators and researchers. This paper presents a literature review of radio frequency energy harvesting, using a split ring resonator (SRR) and other metamaterial structure in antenna network applications. The objective of this paper is to define and compare the several performances such as the technique used, the material of the substrate, dimension, return loss and the resonant frequency of the antenna. The split ring resonator is an interesting metamaterial structure, that is applied in several researcher’s work compared with other metamaterial structure such as electronic band gap (EBG), photonic band gap (PBG), and artificial magnetic conductor (AMC). This structure has the capability to improve the performance of the resonant frequency, minimizing the size and improving the return loss of the design, while sometimes creating a filter notch to the design. SRR structure is a good candidate for energy harvesting because it can increase the conversion efficiency. Keywords: Radio Frequency, Energy Harvesting, Antenna Network, Split Ring Resonator, Metamaterial, Rectenna 1. INTRODUCTION efficiency of the devices or the system. Secondly, to enable the implementation of a new technology, for Urgent need caused by environmental example wireless sensor networks while the third is conditions which are less secure and energy to reduce the cost of fabrication, for example the consuming to have caused widespread computing cost which can be reduced by harvesting contamination in need of alternative energy such as the waste heat and this can be used to power the energy harvesting from natural energy. Energy computer. harvesting or energy scavenging is a practice where Previously, several reviews on energy natural energy is derived from external sources that harvesting has been carried out. Babayo [2] is caught and stored in small wireless devices. reviewed on the energy management scheme, in The examples of energy harvesting sources energy harvesting wireless sensor networks while are mechanical energy, thermal energy (heat), Guo [3] focused on the piezoelectric and vibration, movement, sound, light energy, thermoelectric technologies for energy harvesting. electromagnetic energy, natural energy, human In another review paper, Mohrehkesh [4] described body energy and others [1]. One of the advantages energy harvesting in electromagnetic nanonetwork of energy harvesting is firstly, to improve the areas while Zhao [5], Invernizzi [6] and Albrni [7] 1538 Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology 31st March 2018. Vol.96. No 6 © 2005 – ongoing JATIT & LLS ISSN: 1992-8645 www.jatit.org E-ISSN: 1817-3195 focused on wind energy harvesting, the technique of photonic band gap (PBG), and artificial magnetic energy harvesting on human motion and ultra-low conductor (AMC) for energy harvester. power energy harvester wireless communication Firstly, the focus is about the limitations of devices, respectively. Apart from that, Shaikh [8] the previous antenna design works which only reviewed wireless sensor networks while Soyata considered the patch antenna works, without other [9], Qasem [10] and Monticone [11] reviewed the antenna such as the YagiUda, helical, horn antenna RF energy harvesting in embedded system, rectenna or parabolic type antenna. Secondly, the selected design in energy harvesting, and metamaterial on antenna of the previous study is only on the patch the optical range, respectively. Sothman [12] antenna with metamaterial structure such as SRR, focused on thermoelectric energy harvesting while EBG, PBG and AMC that is applied in the energy Le [13] and Sum [14] focused on energy harvesting harvesting works. Also, the limit consideration of in aeronautical applications and metaresonator array antenna is only focused on the microwave range on energy harvesting. antenna with antenna resonant frequency between Radio Frequency (RF) energy harvesting is 300 MHz and 300 GHz. It also focusses on the an emerging technology that will drive the next antenna or rectenna that with embedded structure of generation of wireless sensor networks (WSN) metamaterial. without the need of batteries. The battery is the The research gap of this work is that there main source of goods, but the disposal of it is are limited literature review papers which focus on causing extreme toxic pollution to the environment. the energy harvesting devices that apply the In addition, the replacement and disposal of the metamaterial structure in the antenna design. The battery are a hassle, because of its limited useful life previous research. The need of this research is to [15]. Therefore, environmentally friendly collect and describe the previous work about the technology is needed to avoid disposal of batteries metamaterials, which applied several works of the that contain hazardous chemicals and metals. energy harvesting. The review of this study can be RF energy harvesting is a green technology used for other researchers and show meaningful that has the potential to provide power indefinitely. gaps in this topic. This collected literature review It is suitable for an inclusive range of wireless can be used to other researcher to compare and applications, such as RFID tags, wireless sensor guide their next research. The limitation and networks and implantable electronics devices. demerits in this work is when searching for Figure 1 shows the block diagram of an effective information including not open access manuscript antenna including a circuit capable of converting in several libraries. RF signals to DC voltage. Again, this study of literature review will compare the several types of the metamaterial structure used in antenna or rectenna application. It also shows the material of the substrate used for fabrication, the resonant frequency used, antenna gain result and return loss achieved. 2. BASIC CONCEPT OF METAMATERIAL Figure 1: Block diagram of an effective antenna network STRUCTURE alongside a circuit capable of converting RF signals to The metamaterial resonator structure has an DC voltage. artificial media that is not usually found in nature, but their parameters can be engineered to any The efficiency of an antenna mainly depends specified value. Research on metamaterial resonator on its impedance and the impedance of the energy structure started in the late 1960s by Veselago [18] converting circuit [16-17]. A normal RF energy who introduced the electrodynamics of substances harvesting system consists of an antenna as the with simultaneously negative values of dielectric main component with an impedance matching permittivity and magnetic permeability. Split ring circuit, voltage booster rectifier and a charging resonator (SRR) is a popular and basic circuit. metamaterial resonator structure. Veselago The discussion of this study will focus on explained that, if a material had both negative previous
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