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United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7.019,695 B2 Cohen (45) Date of Patent: *Mar

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United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7.019,695 B2 Cohen (45) Date of Patent: *Mar US007019695B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7.019,695 B2 Cohen (45) Date of Patent: *Mar. 28, 2006 (54) FRACTAL ANTENNA GROUND 4,318,109 A 3, 1982 Weathers COUNTERPOISE, GROUND PLANES, AND 4,358,769 A 1 1/1982 Tada et al. LOADING ELEMENTS AND MICROSTRIP 4,381,566 A 4, 1983 Kane PATCH ANTENNAS WITH FRACTAL 4,652,889 A 3, 1987 BiZouard et al. 4,656,482 A 4, 1987 Pen STRUCTURE 5,006,858 A 4, 1991 Sisaka (76) Inventor: Nathan Cohen, 21 Ledgewood Pl. 5.4, A i-S Rail al. Belmont, MA (US) 02178 5,313.216 A * 5/1994 Wang et al. ......... 343,700 MS (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this (Continued) patent is extended or adjusted under 35 U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. OTHER PUBLICATIONS Pfeiffer, A., “The Pfeiffer Quad Antenna System”, QST, pp. This patent is Subject to a terminal dis- 28-30, 1994. claimer. (Continued) (21) Appl. No.: 10/287,240 Primary Examiner Michael C. Wilmer (22) Filed: Nov. 4, 2002 tattorney Agent, or Firm McDermott Will & Emery (65) Prior Publication Data (57) ABSTRACT US 2003/0151556 A1 Aug. 14, 2003 An antenna system includes a fractalized element that may Related U.S. Application Data be a ground counterpoise, a top-hat located load assembly, (63) Continuation of application No. 09/677,645, filed on O a microstrip patch antenna having at least one element Oct. 3, 2000, now Pat. No. 6,476,766, which is a whose physical shape is at least partially defined as a first or continuation of application No. 08/967,375, filed on higher iteration deterministic fractal. The resultant fractal Nov. 7, 1997, now Pat. No. 6.140,975. element may rely upon an opening angle for performance, s s s u. I ws and is more compact than non-Euclidean ground counter (51) Int. Cl. poise elements or the like. A vertical antenna system H01O I/38 (2006.01) includes a vertical element that may also be a fractal, and a (52) U.S. Cl. ............................... 343,700 Ms. 343/846 vertical antenna can include vertically spaced-apart fractal (58) Field of Classification Search ............. 70s, conductive and passive elements, and at least one fractal 343/7OO MS 846 7s2 ground element. Various antenna configurations may be See application file for complete search history. fabricated on opposite surfaces of a Substrate, including a flexible substrate, and may be tuned by rotating elements (56) References Cited relative to each other, and/or by varying the spaced-apart distance therebetween. Fractalized ground counterpoise ele U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS ments and/or microStrip patch antenna systems may be fabricated on a flexible printed circuit substrate, and/or 3,079,602 A * 2, 1963 DuHamel et al. ........ 343,792.5 3.249,946 A 5/1966 Flanagan placed within the Support mount of a cellular telephone car 3,689,929 A 9/1972 Moody antenna. 3,810,183 A 5/1974 Krutsinger et al. 3,811,128 A 5, 1974 Munson 14 Claims, 25 Drawing Sheets US 7,019,695 B2 Page 2 U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS 6,127,977 A 10/2000 Cohen 6,476,766 B1 * 1 1/2002 Cohen ................. 343,700 MS 5,355,318 A 10, 1994 Dionnet et al. 5,363,114 A 11/1994 Shoemaker OTHER PUBLICATIONS 5.453,752 A 9/1995 Wang 5,608,413 A * 3/1997 Macdonald .......... 343,700 MS Kim, et al., “The Fractal Random Array, IEEE, vol. 74, No. 5,844,525 A 12/1998 Hayes et al. 9, pp. 1278-1280, Sep. 1986. 5,995,064 A 11/1999 Yanagisawa et al. 6,104,349 A 8, 2000 Cohen * cited by examiner U.S. Patent Mar. 28, 2006 Sheet 2 of 25 US 7.019,695 B2 718 3/4 BF51 EF72 5/8 no 12 EF11 38 114 118 0 O 118 1/4 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8 1/1 9/8 54 Zlo FIGURE 3 (PRIOR ART) Q-rr-i- FIGURE 4A (PRIOR ART) FIGURE 4B (PRIOR ART) U.S. Patent Mar. 28, 2006 Sheet 3 of 25 US 7.019,695 B2 01 &r s A HEAIEOSNWH1HEAIBOSNWHL U.S. Patent US 7.019,695 B2 U.S. Patent Mar. 28, 2006 Sheet 5 Of 25 US 7.019,695 B2 FIGURE 7B 170 170, ZZ Z2 222 ZŽ%. 150 % 2. U.S. Patent Mar. 28, 2006 Sheet 6 of 25 US 7,019,695 B2 KX ck & r ck ck S is & | | | | | | S . A 3. N o d | is | -: - U.S. Patent Mar. 28, 2006 Sheet 7 Of 25 US 7.019,695 B2 X FIGURE 7 D-1A (PRIOR ART) 0 dB TOTAL AND VERTICAL HORIZONTAL 0 DEGREES FIGURE 7D-1B U.S. Patent Mar. 28, 2006 Sheet 8 of 25 US 7.019,695 B2 -0 dB TOTAL AND VERTICAL HORIZONTAL O DEGREES FIGURE 7D-2B U.S. Patent Mar. 28, 2006 Sheet 9 of 25 US 7.019,695 B2 7-207 Z 207 N Y N- 207 5 N. X 195 50 FIGURE 7D-3A (PRIOR ART) ... 0dB ... r - O DEGREES FIGURE 7D-3B (PRIOR ART) U.S. Patent Mar. 28, 2006 Sheet 10 of 25 US 7,019,695 B2 21521 5 215 215 Y N. 195 X FIGURE 7D-4A TOTAL AND VERTICAL - O DEGREES - - FIGURE 7D-4B U.S. Patent Mar. 28, 2006 Sheet 11 of 25 US 7.019,695 B2 215 FIGURE 7 Das U.S. Patent Mar. 28, 2006 Sheet 12 of 25 US 7.019,695 B2 50 FIGURE 7F 50 FIGURE 7G 50 FIGURE 7. 50 FIGURE 7. U.S. Patent Mar. 28, 2006 Sheet 13 of 25 US 7.019,695 B2 V8GIHTAÐIŠI U.S. Patent Mar. 28, 2006 Sheet 14 of 25 US 7.019,695 B2 FIGURE 8B U.S. Patent Mar. 28, 2006 Sheet 15 Of 25 US 7.019,695 B2 FIGURE SC U.S. Patent Mar. 28, 2006 Sheet 16 of 25 US 7.019,695 B2 (N)NOLIVJELI30HECHO {{6GIHnº)IJI (N)NOLIWHELI30HECHO V6GIHn9IŠI U.S. Patent Mar. 28, 2006 Sheet 17 Of 25 US 7.019,695 B2 FIGURE OA FIGURE 10B U.S. Patent Mar. 28, 2006 Sheet 18 of 25 US 7.019,695 B2 U.S. Patent Mar. 28, 2006 Sheet 19 Of 25 US 7.019,695 B2 0 U.S. Patent Mar. 28, 2006 Sheet 20 of 25 US 7.019,695 B2 VZIGIYITrºI:I U.S. Patent Mar. 28, 2006 Sheet 21 of 25 US 7.019,695 B2 s Cd CN OO U.S. Patent Mar. 28, 2006 Sheet 22 of 25 US 7.019,695 B2 FIGURE 14B ent Sheet 23 of 25 US 7,019,695 B2 %. (, X \ W & 85 %W FIGURE 14C <2 (X4. orgetmore no paws on 4-AA-AusAowensaemote bash soda ---Z% % FIGURE 14D U.S. Patent Mar. 28, 2006 Sheet 24 of 25 US 7.019,695 B2 FIGURE 15 U.S. Patent Mar. 28, 2006 Sheet 25 of 25 US 7,019,695 B2 FIG. 18 US 7,019,695 B2 1. 2 FRACTAL ANTENNA GROUND networks, which can be expensive and difficult to use. But COUNTERPOISE, GROUND PLANES, AND although even impedance matched Small loop antennas can LOADING ELEMENTS AND MICROSTRIP exhibit 50% to 85% efficiencies, their bandwidth is inher PATCH ANTENNAS WITH FRACTAL ently narrow, with very high Q, e.g., Q>50. As used herein, STRUCTURE Q is defined as (transmitted or received frequency)/(3 dB bandwidth). RELATION TO PREVIOUSLY FILED PATENT As noted, it is well known experimentally that radiation APPLICATIONS resistance R drops rapidly with Small area Euclidean anten nas. However, the theoretical basis is not generally known, This application is a continuing application from appli 10 and any present understanding (or misunderstanding) cants co-pending patent application Ser. No. 09/677,645 appears to stem from research by J. Kraus, noted in Antennas entitled Fractal Antenna Ground Counterpoise, Ground (Ed. 1), McGraw Hill, New York (1950), in which a circular Planes, And Loading Elements And Microstrip Patch Anten loop antenna with uniform current was examined. Kraus' nas With Fractal Structure, filed 3 Oct. 2000, which in turn loop exhibited again with a surprising limit of 1.8 dB over is a continuing application of application Ser. No. 08/967, 15 an isotropic radiator as loop area fells below that of a loop 375 entitled Fractal Antenna Ground Counterpoise, Ground having a 12-squared aperture. For Small loops of area Planes, And Loading Elements, filed 7 Nov. 1997, and from A</100, radiation resistance R was given by: applicant’s patent application Ser. No. 08/965,914 entitled Microstrip Patch Antennas With Fractal Structure, filed 7 Nov. 1997, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,127,977 (3 Oct. 2000). Applicant incorporate by reference herein his U.S. Pat. No. 6,104.349 (15 Aug. 2000) entitled Tuning Fractal Antennas and Fractal Resonators. where K is a constant, A is the enclosed area of the loop, and FIELD OF THE INVENTION 25 w is wavelength. Unfortunately, radiation resistance R can all too readily be less than 192 for a small loop antenna. The present invention relates to antennas and resonators, From his circular loop research Kraus generalized that and microStrip patch antennas, and specifically to designing calculations could be defined by antenna area rather than and tuning non-Euclidian antenna ground radials, ground antenna perimeter, and that his analysis should be correct for counterpoise or planes, top-loading elements, and antennas 30 Small loops of any geometric shape.
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