Design of a Fractal Slot Antenna for Rectenna System and Comparison of Simulated Parameters for Different Dimensions
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Array Designs for Long-Distance Wireless Power Transmission: State
INVITED PAPER Array Designs for Long-Distance Wireless Power Transmission: State-of-the-Art and Innovative Solutions A review of long-range WPT array techniques is provided with recent advances and future trends. Design techniques for transmitting antennas are developed for optimized array architectures, and synthesis issues of rectenna arrays are detailed with examples and discussions. By Andrea Massa, Member IEEE, Giacomo Oliveri, Member IEEE, Federico Viani, Member IEEE,andPaoloRocca,Member IEEE ABSTRACT | The concept of long-range wireless power trans- the state of the art for long-range wireless power transmis- mission (WPT) has been formulated shortly after the invention sion, highlighting the latest advances and innovative solutions of high power microwave amplifiers. The promise of WPT, as well as envisaging possible future trends of the research in energy transfer over large distances without the need to deploy this area. a wired electrical network, led to the development of landmark successful experiments, and provided the incentive for further KEYWORDS | Array antennas; solar power satellites; wireless research to increase the performances, efficiency, and robust- power transmission (WPT) ness of these technological solutions. In this framework, the key-role and challenges in designing transmitting and receiving antenna arrays able to guarantee high-efficiency power trans- I. INTRODUCTION fer and cost-effective deployment for the WPT system has been Long-range wireless power transmission (WPT) systems soon acknowledged. Nevertheless, owing to its intrinsic com- working in the radio-frequency (RF) range [1]–[5] are plexity, the design of WPT arrays is still an open research field currently gathering a considerable interest (Fig. -
Radiation Performance of Log Periodic Koch Fractal Antenna Array with Different Materials and Thickness
Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Vol. 77, May 2018, pp. 276-281 Radiation Performance of Log Periodic Koch Fractal Antenna Array with Different Materials and Thickness V Dhana Raj1*, A Mallikarjuna Prasad2 and G M V Prasad3 *1,2Department of Electronics and Communication Enggineering, JNTUK, Kakinada, A. P, India 3Department of Electronics and Communication Enggineering, BVCITS, Amalapuram, A. P, India Received 13 February 2017; revised 19 September 2017; accepted 22 January 2018 A frequency independent Printed Log Periodic Dipole antenna (PLPDA) with and without fractals for different materials and thickness is proposed for UWB applications. The impedance bandwidth of PLPD without fractal for FR4 of 4.71GHz to 9.99GHz. Similarly, for the RT/Duroid, the impedance bandwidth of 3.09GHz to 12.13GHz with VSWR less than two is achieved. The radiation patterns for different combinations are also observed to be an end-fire radiation pattern. In this paper, the first iteration is proposed, the parametric and performance observations are also made for different thickness (63mil, 62mil, and 31mil) of the dielectric substrate. Antennas are fabricated, and its performance is authenticated using vector network analyzer (E5071C) to carry out return loss and VSWR measurements. The obtained results are insensible agreement with the theoretical results. Keywords: UWB Ultra Wide Band , S-parameter, VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, FR4, RT/Duroid, Koch fractal Introduction fractal concepts in log periodic antennas to realize An antenna is often explicated as a transformation communication, reported in earlier literature6. structure between the free space and a guiding device. In 1950, Isbell et al. have first introduced the log PLPDA design considerations periodic antenna and depicted various curves relating In the proposed PLPDA, 10 elements were σ, τ and antenna gain for the LPDA antenna design1. -
A Dual-Port, Dual-Polarized and Wideband Slot Rectenna for Ambient RF Energy Harvesting
A Dual-Port, Dual-Polarized and Wideband Slot Rectenna For Ambient RF Energy Harvesting Saqer S. Alja’afreh1, C. Song2, Y. Huang2, Lei Xing3, Qian Xu3. 1 Electrical Engineering Department, Mutah University, ALkarak, Jordan, [email protected] 2 Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom. 3 Department of Electronic Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Nanjing, China. Abstract—A dual-polarized rectangular slot rectenna is they are able to receive RF signals from multiple frequency proposed for ambient RF energy harvesting. It is designed in a bands like designs in [4-7]. In [4], a novel Hexa-band rectenna compact size of 55 × 55 ×1.0 mm3 and operates in a wideband that covers a part of the digital TV, most cellular mobile bands operation between 1.7 to 2.7 GHz. The antenna has a two-port and WLAN bands. Broadband antennas. In [7], a broadband structure, which is fed using perpendicular CPW and microstrip line, respectively. To maintain both the adaptive dual-polarization cross dipole rectenna has been designed for impedance tuning and the adaptive power flow capability, the RF energy harvesting over frequency range on 1.8-2.5 GHz. rectenna utilizes a novel rectifier topology in which two shunt (2) antennas for wireless energy harvesting (WEH) should diodes are used between the DC block capacitor and the series have the ability of receiving wireless signals from different diode. The simulation results show that RF-DC conversion polarization. Therefore, rectennas have polarization diversity efficiency is greater 40% within the frequency band of like circular polarization [7]; dual polarization [8] and all interested at -3.0 dBm received power. -
Rectenna Design of GSM Frequency Band 900 Mhz for Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting
Journal of Communications Vol. 14, No. 4, April 2019 Rectenna Design of GSM Frequency Band 900 MHz for Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting Aisah1, Rudy Yuwono2, and Fabian Adna Suryanto2 1Department of Electrical Engineering Polinema, Jl Sukarno Hatta 9, Malang 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brawijaya, Jl MT Haryono 167, Malang, Indonesia Email: {aisahzahra, fabianadna}@gmail.com; [email protected] Abstract—Rectenna can be used as electromagnetic energy voltage source (DC). The used rectifier is a full wave harvesting. The principle of this electromagnetic energy rectifier with four diodes. harvesting can be applied at 900 MHz GSM frequency band. To create a rectenna that can work on 900 MHz frequency band, it C. Antenna is necessary to design a rectifier circuit that can work at that Antenna is defined by Webster’s dictionary as "a frequency band and to use a 900 MHz GSM antenna. metallic device for radiating or receiving radio waves". Index Terms—Rectenna, energy harvesting, GSM Meanwhile, according to IEEE, the antenna is defined as "a means for radiating or receiving radio waves". In this paper, antenna is defined as a device that processes the transfer of signals into electromagnetic I. INTRODUCTION waves through free space and can be received by other Electromagnetic waves is not fully utilized by GSM antennas and vice versa. Transmission line of antenna Mobile Station devices so there is widespread dispersion can be either a coaxial or waveguide that is used to of electromagnetic waves. These excess electromagnetic transport electromagnetic energy from a transmitting waves can be used as energy sources. -
Design of Narrow-Wall Slotted Waveguide Antenna with V-Shaped Metal Reflector for X
2018 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP 2018) [ThE2-5] October 23~26, 2018 / Paradise Hotel Busan, Busan, Korea Design of Narrow-wall Slotted Waveguide Antenna with V-shaped Metal Reflector for X- Band Radar Application Derry Permana Yusuf, Fitri Yuli Zulkifli, and Eko Tjipto Rahardjo Antenna Propagation and Microwave Research Group, Electrical Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia Depok, Indonesia Abstract - Slotted waveguide antenna with wide bandwidth match to side lobe level requirement. Later, two metal sheets characteristics is designed at the 9.4-GHz frequency (X-band) as metal reflector are attached to the SWA edges to focus its for radar application. The antenna design consists of 200 narrow-wall slots with novel design of V-shaped metal reflector azimuth plane beam. The reflection coefficient, radiation to enhance side lobe level (SLL) and gain. New optimized slot pattern plots, and gain results of the antenna are reported. design results in SLL of -31.9 dB. The simulation results show 36.7 dBi antenna gain and 780 MHz bandwidth (8.67-9.45 GHz) for VSWR of 1.5. 2. Antenna Configuration Index Terms — slotted waveguide antenna, X-band, narrow- The 3-D view of the proposed antenna configuration is wall slots, high gain, metal reflector, radar shown in Fig 1. The antenna configuration consists of narrow wall slot waveguide with V-shaped metal reflector. The target frequency is 9.4 GHz. The slot antenna dimension 1. Introduction with its parameters is shown in Fig. 2. The antenna radiates Radar is essential component used for detecting hazards horizontal polarization and determines the parameters w = (such as coastlines, islands, icebergs, other objects or ships), 1.58 mm and t = 1.25 mm. -
Revisiting Slot Antennas
Revisiting Slot Antennas Chris Hamilton AE5IT Rocky Mountain Ham Radio NerdFest 2021 Who am I? • AE5IT, formerly KD0ZYF • Licensed 2014 to call for help in the woods • Immediately became a weird RF nerd • Slot antennas captured attention early, but no real use cases Early 2020 – no-drill mobile • Could I load the gap between body panels as a slot antenna? • Construction & waterproofing challenges • Working without a VNA, lots of guessing • Surprisingly difficult to load • Radiation pattern and polarization not ideal (pretty good for overhead ISS passes) • Went directly for 2m / 70cm dual-band The rest of 2020 & early 2021 • EVERYTHING WAS NORMAL AND FINE AND NOTHING AT ALL WEIRD HAPPENED • Returning to ham projects after a lost year • Coincidentally a recent increased interest in slot antennas among hams So what is a slot antenna? • Literally a slot cut into a large metal sheet • Mathematical & physical complement to a dipole antenna • Radiation pattern resembles a dipole, but with E & H planes swapped -- a vertical slot is horizontally polarized • Feedpoint impedances inverse of dipole Where & why are they used? • Practical at V/UHF and above • Common in aviation, TV broadcast, telecom • Used for cell towers & microwave arrays • The metal plane can be a waveguide – the support structure is the antenna • Allows for electrically steerable beams in compact & robust packages Largely unknown by hams • Wildly impractical at HF • Horns and dishes give more gain in smaller packages • Applications for V/UHF weak signal? • Some applications for stealth antennas in restrictive neighborhoods • Some new designs seem to contradict the literature, or my understanding of it Current work • Fundamentals • Build from reference designs: Kraus, Johnson & Jasik • Measure & compare performance • Figure out my weird VNA • Perform replication studies of recent popular designs Let’s build antennas! Minimal resonant slot 26 AWG copper wire Center-fed Textbook slot λ x λ/2 Aluminum sheet λ/20-fed This is not a test & measurement talk. -
Analysis of Nonlinear Fractal Optical Antenna Arrays — a Conceptual Approach
Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 56, 289{308, 2013 ANALYSIS OF NONLINEAR FRACTAL OPTICAL ANTENNA ARRAYS | A CONCEPTUAL APPROACH Mounissamy Levy1, 2, *, Dhamodharan Sriram Kumar1, and Anh Dinh2 1National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India 2University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada Abstract|Fractal antennas have undergone dramatic changes since they were ¯rst considered for wireless systems. Numerous advancements are developed both in the area of fractal shaped elements and fractal antenna array technology for fractal electrodynamics. This paper makes an attempt of applying the concept of fractal antenna array technology in the RF regime to optical antenna array technology in the optical regime using nonlinear array concepts. The paper further discusses on the enhancement of nonlinear array characteristics of fractal optical antenna arrays using nonlinearities in coupled antennas and arrays in a conceptual manner. 1. INTRODUCTION Nonlinear Antennas were extremely complicated in analysis, design and expensive [1]. In the 1980's and 1990's, however, came the development of antenna and antenna array concepts for commercial systems, and increases in digital signal processing complexity that pushed single antenna wireless systems close to their theoretical (Shannon) capacity. Nonlinear antennas are now seen as one of the key concept to further, many-fold, increase in both the link capacity, through pattern tailoring, spatial multiplexing, and system capacity, through interference suppression and beam forming, as well as increasing coverage and robustness for antenna designs. Furthermore, decreases in integrated circuit cost and antenna advancements have made these antennas attractive in terms of both cost and implementation even on small devices. Therefore an exponential growth have been seen in nonlinear antenna research, the inclusion Received 26 September 2013, Accepted 6 November 2013, Scheduled 8 November 2013 * Corresponding author: Mounissamy Levy (levy [email protected]). -
A Wide-Band Slot Antenna Design Employing a Fictitious Short Circuit Concept Nader Behdad, Student Member, IEEE, and Kamal Sarabandi, Fellow, IEEE
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 53, NO. 1, JANUARY 2005 475 A Wide-Band Slot Antenna Design Employing A Fictitious Short Circuit Concept Nader Behdad, Student Member, IEEE, and Kamal Sarabandi, Fellow, IEEE Abstract—A wide-band slot antenna element is proposed as a experimental investigations on very wide slot antennas are building block for designing single- or multi-element wide-band or reported by various authors [2]–[5]. The drawback of these dual-band slot antennas. It is shown that a properly designed, off- antennas are two fold: 1) they require a large area for the slot centered, microstrip-fed, moderately wide slot antenna shows dual resonant behavior with similar radiation characteristics at both and a much larger area for the conductor plane around the slot resonant frequencies and therefore can be used as a wide-band and 2) the cross polarization level changes versus frequency and or dual-band element. This element shows bandwidth values up to is high at certain frequencies in the band [2]–[4], and [6]. This 37%, if used in the wide-band mode. When used in the dual-band is mainly because of the fact that these antennas can support mode, frequency ratios up to 1.6 with bandwidths larger than 10% two orthogonal modes with close resonant frequencies. The ad- at both frequency bands can be achieved without putting any con- straints on the impedance matching, cross polarization levels, or vantages of the proposed dual-resonant slots to these antennas radiation patterns of the antenna. The proposed wide-band slot ele- are their simple feeding scheme, low cross polarization levels, ment can also be incorporated in a multi-element antenna topology and amenability of the elements’ architecture to the design resulting in a very wide-band antenna with a minimum number of of series-fed multi-element broad-band antennas. -
Various Types of Antenna with Respect to Their Applications: a Review
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING, VOL. 7, NO. 3, MARCH 2016 Various Types of Antenna with Respect to their Applications: A Review Abdul Qadir Khan1, Muhammad Riaz2 and Anas Bilal3 1,2,3School of Information Technology, The University of Lahore, Islamabad Campus [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract– Antenna is the most important part in wireless point to point communication where increase gain and communication systems. Antenna transforms electrical signals lessened wave impedance are required [45]. into radio waves and vice versa. The antennas are of various As the knowledge about antennas along with its application kinds and having different characteristics according to the need is particularly less thus this review is essential for determining of signal transmission and reception. In this paper, we present various antennas and their applications in different systems. comparative analysis of various types of antennas that can be differentiated with respect to their shapes, material used, signal In this paper a detailed review of various types of antenna bandwidth, transmission range etc. Our main focus is to classify which developed to perform useful task of communication in these antennas according to their applications. As in the modern different field of communication network is presented. era antennas are the basic prerequisites for wireless communications that is required for fast and efficient II. WIRE ANTENNA communications. This paper will help the design architect to choose proper antenna for the desired application. A. Biconical Dipole Antenna Keywords– Antenna, Communications, Applications and Signal There is no restriction to the data transfer capacity of an Transmission infinite constant-impedance transmission line however any pragmatic execution of the biconical dipole has appendages of constrained extend forming an open-circuit stub in the same I. -
Miniaturization of a Koch-Type Fractal Antenna for Wi-Fi Applications
fractal and fractional Article Miniaturization of a Koch-Type Fractal Antenna for Wi-Fi Applications Dmitrii Tumakov 1,* , Dmitry Chikrin 2 and Petr Kokunin 2 1 Institute of Computer Mathematics and Information Technologies, Kazan Federal University; 18 Kremlevskaya Str., 420008 Kazan, Russia 2 Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University; 18 Kremlevskaya Str., 420008 Kazan, Russia; [email protected] (D.C.); [email protected] (P.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 February 2020; Accepted: 2 June 2020; Published: 4 June 2020 Abstract: Koch-type wire dipole antennas are considered herein. In the case of a first-order prefractal, such antennas differ from a Koch-type dipole by the position of the central vertex of the dipole arm. Earlier, we investigated the dependence of the base frequency for different antenna scales for an arm in the form of a first-order prefractal. In this paper, dipoles for second-order prefractals are considered. The dependence of the base frequency and the reflection coefficient on the dipole wire length and scale is analyzed. It is shown that it is possible to distinguish a family of antennas operating at a given (identical) base frequency. The same length of a Koch-type curve can be obtained with different coordinates of the central vertex. This allows for obtaining numerous antennas with various scales and geometries of the arm. An algorithm for obtaining small antennas for Wi-Fi applications is proposed. Two antennas were obtained: an antenna with the smallest linear dimensions and a minimum antenna for a given reflection coefficient. Keywords: Koch-type antenna; fractal antenna; antenna miniaturization; Wi-Fi applications 1. -
United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7.019,695 B2 Cohen (45) Date of Patent: *Mar
US007019695B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7.019,695 B2 Cohen (45) Date of Patent: *Mar. 28, 2006 (54) FRACTAL ANTENNA GROUND 4,318,109 A 3, 1982 Weathers COUNTERPOISE, GROUND PLANES, AND 4,358,769 A 1 1/1982 Tada et al. LOADING ELEMENTS AND MICROSTRIP 4,381,566 A 4, 1983 Kane PATCH ANTENNAS WITH FRACTAL 4,652,889 A 3, 1987 BiZouard et al. 4,656,482 A 4, 1987 Pen STRUCTURE 5,006,858 A 4, 1991 Sisaka (76) Inventor: Nathan Cohen, 21 Ledgewood Pl. 5.4, A i-S Rail al. Belmont, MA (US) 02178 5,313.216 A * 5/1994 Wang et al. ......... 343,700 MS (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this (Continued) patent is extended or adjusted under 35 U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. OTHER PUBLICATIONS Pfeiffer, A., “The Pfeiffer Quad Antenna System”, QST, pp. This patent is Subject to a terminal dis- 28-30, 1994. claimer. (Continued) (21) Appl. No.: 10/287,240 Primary Examiner Michael C. Wilmer (22) Filed: Nov. 4, 2002 tattorney Agent, or Firm McDermott Will & Emery (65) Prior Publication Data (57) ABSTRACT US 2003/0151556 A1 Aug. 14, 2003 An antenna system includes a fractalized element that may Related U.S. Application Data be a ground counterpoise, a top-hat located load assembly, (63) Continuation of application No. 09/677,645, filed on O a microstrip patch antenna having at least one element Oct. 3, 2000, now Pat. No. 6,476,766, which is a whose physical shape is at least partially defined as a first or continuation of application No. -
Design and Analysis of a Novel Cpw-Fed Koch Fractal Yagi-Uda Antenna with Small Electric Length
Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 33, 67{79, 2012 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A NOVEL CPW-FED KOCH FRACTAL YAGI-UDA ANTENNA WITH SMALL ELECTRIC LENGTH S. Lin*, X. Liu, and X.-R. Ma School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China Abstract|A novel Koch fractal printed Yagi-Uda antenna fed by coplanar waveguide (CPW) is proposed and analyzed. The antenna has ¯rst-order Koch fractal monopoles, and the monopoles' ground plane acts as the ground plane of the antenna. The radiation characteristics of the antenna are simulated by CST Microwave Studior and explained by the simulated results. The antenna's currents distribution becomes more uniform after being fractal, which is conducive to increasing antenna's radiation directivity. The proposed Koch fractal Yagi-Uda antenna has an operating band of 885{913 MHz (relative bandwidth 3.1%) with the center frequency of 900 MHz. The total antenna size is 171 mm £ 85 mm (0.51¸ £ 0:25¸) and the length in the antenna's polarization direction is only 25% of the wavelength corresponding to the center frequency. Compared to traditional Yagi-Uda antenna, the proposed antenna can achieve a 50% miniaturization e®ect. 1. INTRODUCTION Yagi-Uda antenna is a kind of directional antenna with simple structure. It has been widely used since Hidetsugu Yagi proposed it in 1928. However, with the rapid development of communications technology, the antenna's characteristics of being di±cult to integrate with communication circuits and narrow bandwidth have limited its application scope. To solve the problem, researchers have put forward a series of printed Yagi-Uda antennas, which can be easier to integrate with communication circuits.