Antenna Catalog. Volume 3. Ship Antennas
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High Frequency Communications – an Introductory Overview
High Frequency Communications – An Introductory Overview - Who, What, and Why? 13 August, 2012 Abstract: Over the past 60+ years the use and interest in the High Frequency (HF -> covers 1.8 – 30 MHz) band as a means to provide reliable global communications has come and gone based on the wide availability of the Internet, SATCOM communications, as well as various physical factors that impact HF propagation. As such, many people have forgotten that the HF band can be used to support point to point or even networked connectivity over 10’s to 1000’s of miles using a minimal set of infrastructure. This presentation provides a brief overview of HF, HF Communications, introduces its primary capabilities and potential applications, discusses tools which can be used to predict HF system performance, discusses key challenges when implementing HF systems, introduces Automatic Link Establishment (ALE) as a means of automating many HF systems, and lastly, where HF standards and capabilities are headed. Course Level: Entry Level with some medium complexity topics Agenda • HF Communications – Quick Summary • How does HF Propagation work? • HF - Who uses it? • HF Comms Standards – ALE and Others • HF Equipment - Who Makes it? • HF Comms System Design Considerations – General HF Radio System Block Diagram – HF Noise and Link Budgets – HF Propagation Prediction Tools – HF Antennas • Communications and Other Problems with HF Solutions • Summary and Conclusion • I‟d like to learn more = “Critical Point” 15-Aug-12 I Love HF, just about On the other hand… anybody can operate it! ? ? ? ? 15-Aug-12 HF Communications – Quick pretest • How does HF Communications work? a. -
Amateur Radio Technician Class Element 2 Course Presentation
Technician Licensing Class Antennas, feedlines T9A - T9B Valid July 1, 2018 Through June 30, 2022 Developed by Bob Bytheway, K3DIO, and 1 updated to 2018 Question Pool by NQ4K for Sterling Park Amateur Radio Club T 9 A Topics •Antennas: • vertical and horizontal polarization; • concept of gain; • common portable and mobile antennas; • relationships between resonant length and frequency; • concept of dipole antennas 2 T 9 A • A beam antenna concentrates signals in one direction. T9A01 3 T 9 A • A type of antenna loading is inserting an inductor in the radiating portion of the antenna to make it electrically longer. T9A02 4 T 9 A • A simple dipole mounted so that the conductor is parallel to the Earth’s surface is a horizontally polarized antenna. T9A03 • A disadvantage of the “rubber duck” antenna supplied with most handheld transceivers does not transmit or receive 5 as effectively as a full sized antenna. T9A04 T 9 A • To change a dipole antenna to make it resonant on a higher frequency, shorten it. T9A05 • The quad, Yagi, and dish antennas are directional antennas. T9A06 quad Yagi dish 6 T 9 A • A disadvantage of using a handheld VHF transceiver, with its integral antenna, inside a vehicle is that signals might not propagate well due to the shielding effect of the vehicle. T9A07 • The approximate length, in inches, of a quarter-wave vertical antenna for 146 MHz is 19”. T9A08 19” 7 T 9 A • The approximate length of a 6-meter, halfwave wire dipole antenna is 112 inches. T9A09 • The direction of radiation is strongest from a half-wave T9A10 dipole antenna in free space broadside to the antenna. -
Performance and Radiation Patterns of a Reconfigurable Plasma Corner-Reflector Antenna Mohd Taufik Jusoh Tajudin, Mohamed Himdi, Franck Colombel, Olivier Lafond
Performance and Radiation Patterns of A Reconfigurable Plasma Corner-Reflector Antenna Mohd Taufik Jusoh Tajudin, Mohamed Himdi, Franck Colombel, Olivier Lafond To cite this version: Mohd Taufik Jusoh Tajudin, Mohamed Himdi, Franck Colombel, Olivier Lafond. Performance and Radiation Patterns of A Reconfigurable Plasma Corner-Reflector Antenna. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2013, pp.1. 10.1109/LAWP.2013.2281221. hal-00862667 HAL Id: hal-00862667 https://hal-univ-rennes1.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00862667 Submitted on 17 Sep 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Performance and Radiation Patterns of A Reconfigurable Plasma Corner-Reflector Antenna Mohd Taufik Jusoh, Olivier Lafond, Franck Colombel, and Mohamed Himdi [9] and reactively controlled CRA in [10] were proposed to Abstract—A novel reconfigurable plasma corner reflector work at 2.4GHz. A mechanical approach of achieving variable antenna is proposed to better collimate the energy in forward beamwidth by changing the included angle of CRA was direction operating at 2.4GHz. Implementation of a low cost proposed in [11]. The design was simulated and measured plasma element permits beam shape to be changed electrically. -
Long-Wire Notes
Long-Wire Notes L. B. Cebik, W4RNL Published by antenneX Online Magazine http://www.antennex.com/ POB 72022 Corpus Christi, Texas 78472 USA Copyright 2006 by L. B. Cebik jointly with antenneX Online Magazine. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, by any means (electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the author and publisher jointly. ISBN: 1-877992-77-1 Table of Contents Chapter Introduction to Long-Wire Technology.............................................5 1 Center-Fed and End-Fed Unterminated Long-Wire Antennas......19 2 Terminated End-Fed Long-Wire Directional Antennas..................57 3 V Arrays and Beams.....................................................................103 4 Rhombic Arrays and Beams.........................................................145 5 Rhombic Multiplicities ................................ ................................ ...187 Afterword: Should I or Shouldn't I.................................................233 Dedication This volume of studies of long-wire antennas is dedicated to the memory of Jean, who was my wife, my friend, my supporter, and my colleague. Her patience, understanding, and assistance gave me the confidence to retire early from academic life to undertake full-time the continuing development of my personal web site (http://www.cebik.com). The site is devoted to providing, as best I can, information of use to radio amateurs and others– both beginning and experienced–on various antenna and related topics. This volume grew out of that work–and hence, shows Jean's help at every step. Introduction to Long-Wire Technology Long wire antennas are very simple, economical, and effective directional antennas with many uses for transmitting and receiving waves in the MF (300 kHz-3 MHz) and HF (3-30 MHz) ranges. -
An Electrically Small Multi-Port Loop Antenna for Direction of Arrival Estimation
c 2014 Robert A. Scott AN ELECTRICALLY SMALL MULTI-PORT LOOP ANTENNA FOR DIRECTION OF ARRIVAL ESTIMATION BY ROBERT A. SCOTT THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2014 Urbana, Illinois Adviser: Professor Jennifer T. Bernhard ABSTRACT Direction of arrival (DoA) estimation or direction finding (DF) requires mul- tiple sensors to determine the direction from which an incoming signal orig- inates. These antennas are often loops or dipoles oriented in a manner such as to obtain as much information about the incoming signal as possible. For direction finding at frequencies with larger wavelengths, the size of the array can become quite large. In order to reduce the size of the array, electri- cally small elements may be used. Furthermore, a reduction in the number of necessary elements can help to accomplish the goal of miniaturization. The proposed antenna uses both of these methods, a reduction in size and a reduction in the necessary number of elements. A multi-port loop antenna is capable of operating in two distinct, orthogo- nal modes { a loop mode and a dipole mode. The mode in which the antenna operates depends on the phase of the signal at each port. Because each el- ement effectively serves as two distinct sensors, the number of elements in an DoA array is reduced by a factor of two. This thesis demonstrates that an array of these antennas accomplishes azimuthal DoA estimation with 18 degree maximum error and an average error of 4.3 degrees. -
The 3-D Folded Loop Antenna
The 33---DD Folded Loop Antenna Dave Cuthbert WX7G Introduction This article will introduce you to an antenna I call the 3-Dimensional Folded Loop. This antenna is the result of my continuing efforts to compact full-size antennas by folding and bending the elements. I will first describe the basic 3-DFL and then provide construction details for the 2-meter and 10-meter 3-DFL antennas. Here are some features of the 3-DFL: • Reduced height and footprint • Full-sized antenna performance • Wide bandwidth • Ground independent • Can be built using standard hardware store parts Description The 3-D Folded Loop, or simply the 3-DFL, is a one-wavelength loop that is reduced in height and width by being folded into three dimensions. A 28-MHz loop that is normally 9 feet on a side becomes a box-shaped antenna that is 3 by 3 by 5 feet. It exhibits performance that is competitive with a ground plane yet requires only 15 square feet of ground area versus 50 for the ground plane. So, compared to a ground plane it is only 60% as tall and has a footprint only 30% as large. And the 2-meter 3-DFL is so compact it can be placed on a table and connected to your HT for added range and reduced RF at the operating position. 1 3-DFL Theory of Operation The familiar one-wavelength square loop is shown in Fig. 1 and is fed in the center of one vertical wire. Note that the current in the vertical wires is high while the current in the horizontal wires and is low. -
A Flexible 2.45 Ghz Rectenna Using Electrically Small Loop Antenna
A Flexible 2.45 GHz Rectenna Using Electrically Small Loop Antenna Khaled Aljaloud1,2, Kin-Fai Tong1 1Electronic and Electrical Engineering Department, University College London, London, UK, [email protected] 2Electrical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Abstract—We present the concept and design of a compact schlocky diode connected in series to one of the two feed flexible electromagnetic energy-harvesting system using electri- terminals of the antenna and to the coplanar transmission line, cally small loop antenna. In order to make the integration of the a capacitor to minimize the ripple level. The reported system system with other devices simpler, it is designed as an integrated system in such a way that the collector element and the rectifier in this letter is sufficiently capable of reusing low microwave circuit are mounted on the same side of the substrate. The energy for both flat and curved configurations. rectenna is designed and fabricated on flexible substrate, and its performance is verified through measurement for both flat and curved configurations. The DC output power and the efficiency II. DESIGN AND RESULT are investigated with respect to power density and frequency. It is observed through measurements that the proposed system The two main parts of rectenna system are largely designed can achieve 72% conversion efficiency for low input power level, individually and unified through the matching network. In this -11 dBm (corresponding power density 0.2 W=m2), while at the work, the proposed rectenna is built as an integral system, and same time occupying a smaller footprint area compared to the thus the rectifier circuit is matched to the collector to maximize existing work. -
3.1Loop Antennas All Antennas Used Radiating Elements That Were Linear Conductors
SECX1029 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION UNIT III SPECIAL PURPOSE ANTENNAS PREPARED BY: MS.L.MAGTHELIN THERASE 3.1Loop Antennas All antennas used radiating elements that were linear conductors. It is also possible to make antennas from conductors formed into closed loops. Thereare two broad categories of loop antennas: 1. Small loops which contain no morethan 0.086λ wavelength,s of wire 2. Large loops, which contain approximately 1 wavelength of wire. Loop antennas have the same desirable characteristics as dipoles and monopoles in that they areinexpensive and simple to construct. Loop antennas come in a variety of shapes (circular,rectangular, elliptical, etc.) but the fundamental characteristics of the loop antenna radiationpattern (far field) are largely independent of the loop shape.Just as the electrical length of the dipoles and monopoles effect the efficiency of these antennas,the electrical size of the loop (circumference) determines the efficiency of the loop antenna.Loop antennas are usually classified as either electrically small or electrically large based on thecircumference of the loop. electrically small loop = circumference λ/10 electrically large loop - circumference λ The electrically small loop antenna is the dual antenna to the electrically short dipole antenna. That is, the far-field electric field of a small loop antenna isidentical to the far-field magnetic Page 1 of 17 SECX1029 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION UNIT III SPECIAL PURPOSE ANTENNAS PREPARED BY: MS.L.MAGTHELIN THERASE field of the short dipole antenna and the far-field magneticfield of a small loop antenna is identical to the far-field electric field of the short dipole antenna. -
Iii © ABDELRAHMAN ELSIR MOHAMED 2017
© ABDELRAHMAN ELSIR MOHAMED 2017 iii Dedication This humbled work is dedicated to My great lovely PARENTS who instilled in me the passion of learning and who were my first teachers in this life and the scarified everything for my sake My sisters who inspired and supported me forever My brother, Abdelraheem iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere and deep gratitude for my great respected Professor, Mohmmad Sharawi, for the intensive knowledge and extreme support that I had while working with him. Moreover, I would like to acknowledge the valuable comments of Dr. Sharif Iqbal and Dr. Hussein Attia as examiners for this thesis. Finally, I like to express my profound gratitude for my family: my parents, my brother and my sisters for supporting me throughout the entire process. I also would like to thank all my friends especially Mr. Hussein Abdellatif. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. V TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. VI LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................ IX LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... X LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... XII ABSTRACT -
Repeaters, Satellites, EME and Direction Finding 23
Repeaters, Satellites, EME and Direction Finding 23 Repeaters his section was written by Paul M. Danzer, N1II. In the late 1960s two events occurred that changed the way radio amateurs communicated. The T first was the explosive advance in solid state components — transistors and integrated circuits. A number of new “designed for communications” integrated circuits became available, as well as improved high-power transistors for RF power amplifiers. Vacuum tube-based equipment, expensive to maintain and subject to vibration damage, was becoming obsolete. At about the same time, in one of its periodic reviews of spectrum usage, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) mandated that commercial users of the VHF spectrum reduce the deviation of truck, taxi, police, fire and all other commercial services from 15 kHz to 5 kHz. This meant that thousands of new narrowband FM radios were put into service and an equal number of wideband radios were no longer needed. As the new radios arrived at the front door of the commercial users, the old radios that weren’t modified went out the back door, and hams lined up to take advantage of the newly available “commer- cial surplus.” Not since the end of World War II had so many radios been made available to the ham community at very low or at least acceptable prices. With a little tweaking, the transmitters and receivers were modified for ham use, and the great repeater boom was on. WHAT IS A REPEATER? Trucking companies and police departments learned long ago that they could get much better use from their mobile radios by using an automated relay station called a repeater. -
AB Antenna Family.Qxp
WIRELESS PRODUCTS Airborne™ Antenna Product Family ACH2-AT-DP000 series ACH0-CD-DP000 series (other accessories) Airborne™ Antennas are designed for connection to 802.11 wireless devices operating in the 2.4GHz ISM band. These antennas fully support the entire line of Airborne™ wireless 802.11 products. This assortment of antennas is intended to provide OEMs with solutions that meet the demanding and diverse requirements for transportation, medical, warehouse logistics, POS, industrial, military and scientific applications. Applications The Airborne™ Antenna family offers antennas for embedded applications, fixed stations, mobile operation and client side devices, and for indoor and outdoor applications. The antennas feature RP-SMA, N-type and U.FL connectors that provide the designer with flexible ways to connect to Airborne wireless products. A wide range of antenna types and gain options enable an OEM to select the antenna that best matches their application requirements. The Recommended for AirborneTM 802.11 lower gain and smaller antennas, such as the “rubber duck” antennas, would fit applications embedded and system bridge products where the range is not required to exceed 200- 400m while the higher gain directional antennas Made for Embedded or External mounting, would be suitable for extended range that require greater than 800m reach. Embedded antennas Mobile or Fixed station, and Indoor and/or provide ranges from 50m up to 300m. Outdoor operation Specialty Antenna Embedded antenna options are intended for Select from Omni Directional, Highly applications where it is not desirable to use an Directional, or Corner Reflector external antenna, or where the enclosure or application does not allow for an external antenna. -
Improvement of RF Wireless Power Transmission Using a Circularly Polarized Retrodirective Antenna Array with EBG Structures
applied sciences Article Improvement of RF Wireless Power Transmission Using a Circularly Polarized Retrodirective Antenna Array with EBG Structures Son Trinh-Van, Jong Min Lee, Youngoo Yang, Kang-Yoon Lee and Keum Cheol Hwang * ID School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea; [email protected] (S.T.-V.); [email protected] (J.M.L.); [email protected] (Y.Y.); [email protected] (K.-Y.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-31-290-7978 Received: 14 December 2017; Accepted: 22 February 2018; Published: 26 February 2018 Abstract: This paper presents the performance improvement of a circularly polarized (CP) retrodirective array (RDA) through the suppression of mutual coupling effects. The RDA is designed based on CP Koch-shaped patch antenna elements with an inter-element spacing as small as 0.4l for a compact size (l is the wavelength in free space at the designed frequency of 5.2 GHz). Electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures are applied to reduce the mutual coupling between the antenna elements, thus improving the circular polarization characteristic of the RDA. Two CP RDAs with EBGs, in the case 5 × 5 and 10 × 10 arrays, are used as wireless power transmitters to transmit a total power of 50 W. A receiver is located at a distance of 1 m away from the transmitter to harvest the transmitted power. At the broadside direction, the simulated results demonstrate that the received powers are improved by approximately 11.32% and 12.45% when using the 5 × 5 and 10 × 10 CP RDAs with the EBGs, respectively, as the transmitters.