START Is the Image Black and White? Identifying 35Mm Films by Brian R Pritchard © 2011

Identifying 35mm Films

Go to Page 10 Is the image NO Go to Page 10 Black and White?

Meaning of Symbols Meaning of Symbols

YES

Go to Page 2 Go to Page 2

Version 3.2 Jan 2013 2 Black and White Return to Start START Return to Start

Is Image Go to Page 9 NO Go to Page 9 Positive

Go to Page 3 YES NO Go to Page 3

Go to Page 15 To check Does it have Does the film clear perforation YES have edge numbers perforations area in black and neg perforations

Go to Page 5 Go to Page 5 NO YES

Go to Page 13 Go to Page 13

Is the Go to Page 4 Go to Page 4 NO perforation YES area black

Is there NO picture only?

Go to Page 30 Is there YES Go to Page 30 sound only?

YES

Is there more NO than one image NO per frame?

Does it occupy the complete NO Combined Print area between the perforations? Go to Page 26 YES Go to Page 26

YES Go to Page 6 for Sound track Identification Mute Print Go to Page 6 for Sound track Identification

Go to Page 21 for further identification Silent Print Go to Page 21 for further identification

Is there NO picture only? Is there YES sound only? Sound Print

YES Go to Page 6 for Sound track Identification Go to Page 6 for Sound track Identification

Does it occupy the complete NO NO Combined Reversal Print area between the perforations?

If the maximum density is low For further and the print reads through information the base it could be a direct on Reversal positve print. Used to make YES prints 'slash dupes' and dubbing prints From cutting copies Go to Page 34

Silent Reversal Print Mute Reversal Print

Is the base Fine Grain Lavender or Blue NO Duplicating Positive

YES

Lavender Fine Grain Note printed Duplicating Positive through (White) Edge numbers From original negative

Is the track NO Go to Page 7 Variable Area Go to Page 7 Negative tracks are black where the positive are white and white where they are black

YES Twin Bilateral Negative track Twin Unilateral

Single Bilateral Unilateral Negative with shutter noise reduction

Dolby encoded Stereo

Bilateral Multi-hump

Class B Push-Pull Twin Bilateral with centre septum Photophone noise reduction

Visatone Leevers-Rich Twin Unilateral Class A Push-Pull

Is the track Go to Page 8 NO Variable Density Go to Page 8

Twin Squeezed Variable Density YES

Variable Density on tinted Variable Density stock

Gasparcolor Variable Density

Technicolor Variable Density

SDDS Digital Track

Control Track Analogue Dolby Stereo Dolby Digital

SDDS Digital Track

Does it have Does it have NO NO Sound Negative picture only? Picture and Sound?

YES YES Combined Negative

Go to Page 6 for Sound track Identification Go to Page 6 for Sound track Identification Does it occupy Is there more the complete than area between NO one image in the perforations? a frame? Go to Page 26 YES Go to Page 26

Silent Negative YES NO Mute Negative

Go to Page 23 for further identification Go to Page 23 for further identification

Is Image Go to Page 11 NO Positive Go to Page 11

YES

Does it have Clear Perforation YES Go to Page 24 Area Go to Page 24

Go to Page 18 Go to Page 18

Is the Go to Page 27 NO Perforation YES Go to Page 27 area Black

Is the Is the Does it have Perforation NO Perforation YES NO a sound track? area Black? area Orange?

NO YES YES

Colour Negative Does it have YES a sound track?

Colour Reversal Intermediate NO

Go to Page 17 Go to Page 17 Positive stock used as a leader when making a colour Combined negative colour Internegative

Is there NO picture only?

Is there YES Sound Print sound only?

YES Go to Page 6 for Sound track Identification Go to Page 6 for Sound track Identification

NO Does it occupy the complete NO area between Combined Print the perforations?

Go to Page 14 for identitication using soundtrack Go to Page 14 for identitication using soundtrack

Go to Page 20 for identifying two colour systems YES Go to Page 20 for identifying two colour systems

Silent Print Mute Print

Image goes from colour to black

Image goes from colour Are the darkest of tint NO (perforation area) densities coloured? to colour of tone (densest areas)

YES

Tinted Print Tinted and Toned Print

Is the sound track Technicolor and any edge Print printing YES Black and White?

Likely to be a non-substantive colour system; possibly Is the track Is the track Gasparcolor, Dufaycolor black or NO Neutral/Brown? NO or a two colour system dark blue? Such as Cinecolor

YES YES

Colour print Colour print Eastman, Agfa Orwo or Sovcolor Fuji

Neg Pos Cinemascope Pathe or DH Perforations or Perforations or CS Perforations BH Perforations KS Perforations

Early Perforations

Note Blue Track and Pink Perforations

Check The Dufaycolor reseau For is a series of crossed red, green and blue lines Reseau

Dufaycolor Print Cinecolor

Can you see YES a reseau? Dufaycolor Negative

Note the base NO is clear. This sample the image has faded to magenta Enlargement of the reseau

Unmasked Negative The Dufaycolor reseau is a series of crossed red, green and blue lines

Is the image Go to Page 13 NO Go to Page 13 in colour?

YES

Go to Page 15 Go to Page 15 to Does it have check perforations original black Go to Page 16 NO Go to Page 16 edge numbers and neg perforations?

YES

Colour Interpositive

Decision Box Additional Information About the illustrations

Hyperlink to Hyperlink to Hyperlink Advice for return to start Hyperlink return to start further Identification

Film Type Identified

Duplex Technicolor (2 colour)

Look for traces of the two colours around the frame or in and around the perforations

Technicolor (2 colour) Dascolor

Check also for duplex films – those with emulsion on both sides

Cinecolor

Are adjacent YES frames identical? Are there two or three rolls that are identical Separation Positives but with density YES differences for the colours?

Look for differences Go to Page 22 for further identification in densities of Go to Page 22 for further identification things such as trees or here, the colour NO of the parrot NO

Go to Page 29 Go to Page 29

Kinemacolor Friese-Green Lee-Turner 3 Colour

Do they have Technicolor NO Separation Positives CMY Logos?

YES Red Green and Blue Separation Positives

Technicolor Protection Masters

If the matrices have been used there will be traces of Yellow, Cyan and Magenta dye left in the emulsion Are the separations YES of normal density?

NO Technicolor RGB Matrices

Are adjacent YES frames identical? Are there two or three rolls that are identical Separation Negatives but with density YES differences for the colours?

Look for differences in densities of Go to Page 25 for further identification things such as trees Go to Page 25 for further identification NO or here, the colour NO of the parrot

Note the density differences between the frames and that alternate frames are inverted. Also because the frames are shot in pairs the different framelines Go to Page 31 Go to Page 31

Check page 25 if the negative might be an orphan Separation negative Kinemacolor Lee-Turner Technicolor system 2 colour sequential 3 Colour Sequential 2 colour red and green

Is the image in colour? (Is there more YES Go to Page 12 Go to Page 12 than 1 colour?)

Edge printing, NO Stock manufacturer for example, will also be the same colour

Toning can either be metallic or dye toned

Toned Print

Technicolor Three Strip YES Camera Negatives Are there ink edge Do you have YES numbers in the track three records? Area? Technicolor three strip camera negatives have an ink edge number printed in the sound track area and the red record will read through the emulsion, the blue and green through the base

NO NO

Separation Negatives Look for information on the leader that might identify for example a red separation negative.

Note the ink edge numbers printed in the track area also that the numbers from the red separation (the sample on the left) are reading the other way round, this separation reads through the emulsion.

Are the perforations Are the images identical? YES NO for another format?

YES

Stereo (3D) Images

Francitacolor Horst

Multiple printing formats Early two and three colour systems

Film has emulsion on both sides, track is usually red Traditional colour reversal

Gasparcolor Anscochrome, Kodachrome. Ektachrome Gevachrome, Agfachrome

Look for the reseau

Look for edge printing to identify manufacturer

Dufaychrome

The Dufaycolor reseau is a series of crossed red, green and blue lines

The original negative will have one set of edge numbers and will be dark on a clear background Is there only one set YES of edge numbers?

Original Negative

The edge numbers will be dark from the original negative and white from the interpos and dark on the duplicate Duplicate Negative negative

Can you see moulded Does it appear lines on the base and NO to be very thin and NO does the print read blueish by reflection? through the base?

Can you see scan lines in the YES Image?

YES Go to Page 31 YES Go to Page 31

Normal B/W positive but check with page 22 in case it is an orphan separation positive

Go to Page 22 Go to Page 22

Viscalar Film Lenticular Colour Print

Viscalar Film is a non-silver base process

Is there sound on YES both sides>

Double-sided NO Sound Print Go to Page 6 for Sound track Identification Go to Page 6 for Sound track Identification

Sound Print

Is there Sound? YES Combined Tele-recording Print

Tele-recordings are also called Kinescope NO recordings Go to Page 6 for Sound track Identification Go to Page 6 for Sound track Identification

Mute Tele-recording Print

Note the frame showing the scan lines

Is there Sound? YES Combined Tele-recording Neg

NO Go to Page 6 for Sound track Identification Go to Page 6 for Sound track Identification

Mute Tele-recording Neg

Note the sample which shows a scene change in a tele-recording Tele-recordings are also called Kinescope recordings

Silent or Full frame

Vistavision Technirama

Academy

Techniscope

Cinerama Superscope

Three projectors were used Wide screen To show the three images Side by side

Cinemascope

IMPORTANT! The Sigma printer, unlike most printers, prints the area between the perforations. This makes the print appear to be reversal. Look for white original edge print (i.e. KODAK Safety Film) to confirm it as a reversal print or find black original edge print to verify it is a positive print. If the reversal print has been made from a normal print or a duplicating positive then the print through of the stock edge print from those stocks will be black on white.

If the film stock is polyester then it is very unlikely that the film is B/W reversal there have not been any reversal processes in this country since the 70's; before polyester stocks were introduced.

If you can find an area that has not been exposed then if it is normal positive it will be white or black if it is reversal.

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