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The Document in PDF Format Report No. 37 (2008–2009) to the Storting Report No. Report No. 37 (2008–2009) to the Storting Published by: Norwegian Ministry of the Environment Integrated Management of the Marine Environment of the Norwegian Sea Internet address: www.government.no Front cover illustration: Watercolour by Ørnulf Opdahl, photographed by Silje Gripsrud Printed by: 07 Gruppen AS – 09/2009 – Impression 1000 Integrated Management of the Marine Environment of the Norwegian Sea ER JØM KE IL T M 2 4 9 1 7 3 Trykksak Ørnulf Opdahl: The Norwegian Sea (watercolour) Ørnulf Opdahl (born in 1944 in Ålesund) is one of Norway’s most distinguished artists. His work is inspired by the ever-changing landscape along the Norwegian coast, and his dramatic depictions of coastal landscapes have caused him to be described as a contemporary Romantic painter. The Norwegian Sea was painted during a cruise with the research vessel G.O. Sars in 2004. Ørnulf Opdahl accompanied a team of 60 researchers from 13 countries on a two-month expedition to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge as part of the MAR-ECO project. The purpose of the expedition was to enhance understanding of the distribution and ecology of marine animal communities. In previous centuries, before the invention of photography, artists often accompanied scientifi c expeditions to document their scientifi c fi ndings. Ørnulf Opdahl’s watercolour was photographed by Silje Gripsrud Report No. 37 (2008–2009) to the Storting Integrated Management of the Marine Environment of the Norwegian Sea Translation from the Norwegian. For information only. Table of contents 1 Summary . 7 3.3.4 The edge of the continental shelf . 37 3.3.5 The arctic front . 37 2 Introduction . 10 3.3.6 Areas near Jan Mayen and the 2.1 Integrated, ecosystem-based West Ice. 37 marine management . 10 3.4 The underwater cultural heritage. 38 2.2 The relationship between the marine management plans and 4 Commercial and social Norwegian legislation . 11 importance of the Norwegian 2.3 Objectives and purpose of the Sea . 39 management plan . 12 4.1 Value creation in industries 2.4 Organisation of the work . 13 associated with the Norwegian 2.5 Geographical delimitation, time Sea . 39 frame and thematic delimitation 4.1.1 Fisheries, aquaculture and safe of the management plan . 14 seafood. 39 2.6 The Law of the Sea and the 4.1.2 Petroleum activities and wind international framework for power . 41 integrated ecosystem-based 4.1.3 Shipping. 45 management . 16 4.1.4 Tourism . 48 2.7 Work on integrated, ecosystem- 4.2 Population, employment and value based marine management in the creation in the counties bordering EU and other countries . 20 on the Norwegian Sea . 49 4.2.1 Population and settlement. 49 3 Ecosystems and the status 4.2.2 Employment . 51 of biological diversity and 4.2.3 Value creation . 52 habitats in the Norwegian Sea . 23 3.1 The ecosystems of the Norwegian 5 Pressures and impacts on the Sea . 23 environment . 54 3.2 Description of ecosystems and 5.1 Cumulative environmental effects . 54 status of biological diversity and 5.1.1 Cumulative environmental effects habitats . 26 of normal activities . 54 3.2.1 Zooplankton – description and 5.1.2 Impacts of acute pollution . 56 status . 26 5.1.3 Cumulative environmental effects 3.2.2 Benthic habitat types – description on primary and secondary and status . 26 production (plankton) . 57 3.2.3 The most important fish stocks – 5.1.4 Cumulative environmental effects description and status . 29 on seabed habitats . 57 3.2.4 The most important seabird 5.1.5 Cumulative environmental effects populations – description and on fish stocks, including status . 31 commercially harvested stocks. 60 3.2.5 The most important marine 5.1.6 Cumulative environmental effects mammal species – description on seabirds . 60 and status . 33 5.1.7 Cumulative environmental effects 3.3 Particularly valuable and on marine mammals. 61 vulnerable areas . 33 5.2 Pressures and impacts associated 3.3.1 The coastal zone . 34 with the fisheries . 61 3.3.2 The Møre, Halten and Sklinna 5.2.1 The fisheries in the Norwegian banks . 36 Sea . 61 3.3.3 The Sula reef and the Iverryggen 5.2.2 Impacts on commercially reef . 36 exploited stocks . 61 5.2.3 Impacts on other components 7.3.1 Fisheries management . 95 of the ecosystem . 65 7.3.2 Wildlife management . 97 5.3 Pressures and impacts associated 7.3.3 Management of endangered and with the oil and gas industry and vulnerable species. 97 other energy production. 66 7.4 Pollution . 99 5.3.1 Petroleum activities in the 7.5 The risk of acute pollution and Norwegian Sea. 66 risk-reduction measures. 100 5.3.2 Impacts of operational discharges 7.5.1 General discussion of risk and risk to sea. 66 analysis. 100 5.3.3 Impacts of other activities . 69 7.5.2 Petroleum activities: legislation 5.3.4 Impacts of offshore wind power. 70 and risk management . 101 5.4 Pressures and impacts associated 7.5.3 Shipping: legislation and risk with maritime transport . 70 management . 103 5.4.1 Maritime transport in the 7.5.4 Emergency response system for Norwegian Sea. 70 acute pollution . 106 5.4.2 Impacts of discharges to the sea . 70 7.6 Organisation of the management 5.4.3 Impacts of emissions to air. 72 regime . 109 5.4.4 Introduction of alien organisms via maritime transport . 72 8 Conflicts of interest and 5.5 Impacts of long-range coexistence between transboundary pollution, alien industries . 110 species and activities outside the 8.1 The petroleum industry and the management plan area . 73 fisheries industry . 110 5.5.1 Long-range transboundary 8.1.1 Acquisition of seismic data. 110 pollution . 73 8.1.2 Occupation of areas by the oil and 5.5.2 Introduction of alien organisms. 74 gas and the fisheries industries. 112 5.5.3 Petroleum activities outside the 8.1.3 Fishing in the vicinity of subsea management plan area . 74 structures. 112 5.5.4 Maritime transport outside the 8.2 Maritime transport and fisheries. 113 management plan area . 75 8.3 Maritime transport and petroleum 5.5.5 Fisheries activities outside the activities . 113 management plan area . 75 8.4 Offshore wind power and other 5.6 Risk of acute pollution . 75 industries . 115 5.6.1 Acute oil pollution from ships . 76 8.4.1 Wind power and fisheries . 115 5.6.2 Risks associated with acute oil 8.4.2 Wind power and the petroleum pollution from petroleum activities . 78 industry . 115 8.4.3 Wind power and maritime 6 Climate change and ocean transport. 115 acidification . 82 6.1 Expected developments . 83 9 Goals and knowledge-based 6.2 Impacts of climate change and management . 117 ocean acidification on ecosystems . 84 9.1 Goals for management of the Norwegian Sea . 117 7 Strengthening the legislation 9.2 Monitoring and performance. 118 and the management regime . 87 9.2.1 Monitoring of selected indicators 7.1 Legislative developments . 87 in the Norwegian Sea . 119 7.2 Spatial management . 91 9.2.2 Implementation . 119 7.2.1 Marine protected areas. 91 9.3 Priority knowledge areas . 119 7.2.2 Protection under the fisheries 9.3.1 Ecosystem structure and legislation . 92 functioning. 120 7.2.3 Protection under environmental 9.3.2 Individual species . 120 legislation . 93 9.4 Climate change and ocean 7.2.4 World heritage sites . 94 acidification . 123 7.2.5 Petroleum activities. 95 9.5 Pollution . 123 7.3 Species and stock management. 95 9.5.1 Knowledge needs as regards 10.4 Strengthening the knowledge seismic activity . 124 base – surveys, research and 9.6 The risk of acute oil pollution . 125 monitoring. 136 9.7 The impacts of exposure to oil 10.4.1 Climate and ocean acidification . 136 on fish eggs and larvae . 125 10.4.2 Monitoring the state of the environment in the management 10 Measures for the conservation plan area . 137 and sustainable use of the 10.4.3 Offshore wind power . 137 ecosystems of the Norwegian 10.5 Organisation and Sea . 126 implementation. 137 10.1 Spatial management . 126 10.5.1 Advisory groups . 138 10.1.1 Protection of coral reefs and other 10.5.2 Closer integration of interest marine habitats . 126 groups . 138 10.1.2 Marine protected areas . 127 10.5.3 Exchange of information and 10.1.3 Framework for petroleum activities 127 experience. 138 10.1.4 Surveys of the seabed in 10.5.4 Strengthening international connection with petroleum cooperation . 138 activities. 131 10.5.5 Updating and revision of the 10.1.5 Seismic surveys in connection management plan . 139 with petroleum activities and coexistence between the fisheries 11 Economic and administrative and petroleum industries. 132 consequences . 140 10.2 Species management . 132 11.1 Assessment of measures for 10.2.1 Sustainable harvesting . 132 integrated ecosystem-based 10.2.2 Illegal, unreported and management . 140 unregulated fishing (IUU fishing) 11.2 Administrative consequences . 142 in the Norwegian Sea . 133 10.2.3 Protection of seabird populations . 133 Appendix 10.2.4 Alien species . 134 1 Abbreviations . 143 10.3 Measures to reduce pollution 2 Elements of the monitoring and pollution risk . 134 system for environmental quality . 144 10.3.1 Preventive measures for safety at 3 Current and proposed pollution sea and oil spill response . 134 indicators, showing current and 10.3.2 Other measures to reduce recommended sample types pollution. 135 (sediments/biota) . 147 2008– 2009 Report No.
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