DOCSLIB.ORG

Marine Current Energy Conversion

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Marine Current Energy Conversion Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1353 Marine Current Energy Conversion STAFFAN LUNDIN ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS ISSN 1651-6214 ISBN 978-91-554-9510-7 UPPSALA urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-280763 2016 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Polhemsalen, Ångströmlaboratoriet, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, Uppsala, Wednesday, 4 May 2016 at 13:15 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Faculty examiner: Professor AbuBakr S. Bahaj (University of Southampton). Abstract Lundin, S. 2016. Marine Current Energy Conversion. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1353. 66 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-554-9510-7. Marine currents, i.e. water currents in oceans and rivers, constitute a large renewable energy resource. This thesis presents research done on the subject of marine current energy conversion in a broad sense. A review of the tidal energy resource in Norway is presented, with the conclusion that tidal currents ought to be an interesting option for Norway in terms of renewable energy. The design of marine current energy conversion devices is studied. It is argued that turbine and generator cannot be seen as separate entities but must be designed and optimised as a unit for a given conversion site. The influence of support structure for the turbine blades on the efficiency of the turbine is studied, leading to the conclusion that it may be better to optimise a turbine for a lower flow speed than the maximum speed at the site. The construction and development of a marine current energy experimental station in the River Dalälven at Söderfors is reported. Measurements of the turbine's power coefficient indicate that it is possible to build efficient turbines for low flow speeds. Experiments at the site are used for investigations into different load control methods and for validation of a numerical model of the energy conversion system and the model's ability to predict system behaviour in response to step changes in operational tip speed ratio. A method for wake measurements is evaluated and found to be useful within certain limits. Simple models for turbine runaway behaviour are derived, of which one is shown by comparison with experimental results to predict the behaviour well. Keywords: marine current energy, renewable energy, turbine, energy conversion, wake, Söderfors Staffan Lundin, Department of Engineering Sciences, Electricity, Box 534, Uppsala University, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden. © Staffan Lundin 2016 ISSN 1651-6214 ISBN 978-91-554-9510-7 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-280763 (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-280763) List of papers This thesis is based on the following papers, which are referred to in the text by their Roman numerals. I M. Grabbe, E. Lalander, S. Lundin and M. Leijon. A review of the tidal current energy resource in Norway. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(8):1898–1909, 2009. II S. Lundin, M. Grabbe, K. Yuen and M. Leijon. A design study of marine current turbine-generator combinations. In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, OMAE 2009, paper OMAE2009-79350, pages 1–7, June 2009. III A. Goude, S. Lundin and M. Leijon. A parameter study of the influence of struts on the performance of a vertical-axis marine current turbine. In Proceedings of the 8th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, EWTEC09, Uppsala, Sweden, pages 477–483, September 2009. IV K. Yuen, S. Lundin, M. Grabbe, E. Lalander, A. Goude and M. Leijon. The Söderfors Project: Construction of an experimental hydrokinetic power station. In Proceedings of the 9th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, EWTEC11, Southampton, UK, 5 pages, September 2011. V S. Lundin, J. Forslund, N. Carpman, M. Grabbe, K. Yuen, S. Apelfröjd, A. Goude and M. Leijon. The Söderfors project: Experimental hydrokinetic power station deployment and first results. In Proceedings of the 10th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, EWTEC13, Aalborg, Denmark, 5 pages, September 2013. VI J. Forslund, S. Lundin, K. Thomas and M. Leijon. Experimental results of a DC bus voltage level control for a load controlled Marine Current Energy Converter. Energies, 8:4572–4586, 2015. VII S. Lundin, N. Carpman, K. Thomas and M. Leijon. Studying the wake of a marine current turbine using an acoustic doppler current profiler. In Proceedings of the 11th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, EWTEC15, Nantes, France, pages 09A2-3-1–8, September 2015. VIII S. Lundin, A. Goude and M. Leijon. One-dimensional modelling of marine current turbine runaway behaviour. Submitted to Energies, February 2016. IX S. Lundin, J. Forslund, A. Goude, M. Grabbe, K. Yuen and M. Leijon. Experimental demonstration of performance of a vertical axis marine current turbine in a river. In manuscript, March 2016. X J. Forslund, A. Goude, S. Lundin, K. Thomas and M. Leijon. Validation of a coupled electrical and hydrodynamic simulation model for vertical axis marine current energy converters. In manuscript, March 2016. Reprints were made with permission from the publishers. Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 13 1.1 Marine current power ........................................................................... 13 1.1.1 Characteristics of the energy resource ...................................... 13 1.1.2 Current topics of research .......................................................... 14 1.2 Previous work at the Division of Electricity ....................................... 15 1.3 The Söderfors Project ........................................................................... 16 1.3.1 Site selection .............................................................................. 16 1.3.2 Construction and deployment ................................................... 18 2 Theory .......................................................................................................... 23 2.1 Terminology .......................................................................................... 23 2.1.1 Turbine ........................................................................................ 23 2.1.2 Generator .................................................................................... 25 2.2 Torque balance ...................................................................................... 25 2.3 Turbine power coefficient .................................................................... 27 3 Results from papers ..................................................................................... 29 3.1 Tidal power in Norway ........................................................................ 29 3.2 Design considerations .......................................................................... 32 3.2.1 Turbine-generator combinations ............................................... 32 3.2.2 Influence of struts ....................................................................... 33 3.3 Performance of the Söderfors turbine ................................................. 35 3.3.1 First results ................................................................................. 35 3.3.2 Power coefficient ........................................................................ 35 3.3.3 Load control methods ................................................................ 37 3.3.4 Step response .............................................................................. 38 3.4 Wake measurements ............................................................................. 38 3.5 Turbine runaway behaviour ................................................................. 40 4 Future work .................................................................................................. 47 5 Concluding remarks ..................................................................................... 49 6 Summary of papers ...................................................................................... 51 7 Sammanfattning på svenska ........................................................................ 55 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................... 59 References ........................................................................................................ 61 List of Tables Table 1.1: Turbine data ................................................................................... 19 Table 1.2: Generator data ............................................................................... 19 Table 3.1: Number of sites assessed .............................................................. 31 Table 3.2: Rotational speed data .................................................................... 37 List of Figures Figure 1.1: Location of Söderfors ................................................................ 17 Figure 1.2: Bird’s eye view of central Söderfors ........................................ 17 Figure 1.3: Overview of test site .................................................................. 19 Figure 1.4: Energy conversion unit .............................................................. 19 Figure 1.5: Discharge in the Dalälven ......................................................... 20 Figure 1.6: Deployment of energy conversion unit ...................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A SOPAC Desktop Study of Ocean-Based, Renewable Energy
    A SOPAC Desktop Study of Ocean-Based RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES SOPAC Miscellaneous Report 701 A technical publication produced by the SOPAC Community Lifelines Programme Acknowledgements Information presented in this publication has been sourced mainly from the internet and from publications produced by the International Energy Agency (IEA). The compiler would like to thank the following for reviewing and contributing to this publication: • Dr. Luis Vega • Anthony Derrick of IT Power, UK • Guillaume Dréau of Société de Recherche du Pacifique (SRP), New Caledonia • Professor Young-Ho Lee of Korea Maritime University, Korea • Professor Chul H. (Joe) Jo of Inha University, Korea • Luke Gowing and Garry Venus of Argo Environmental Ltd, New Zealand SOPAC Miscellaneous Report 701 Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC), Fiji • Paul Fairbairn – Manager Community Lifelines Programme • Rupeni Mario – Senior Energy Adviser • Arieta Gonelevu – Senior Energy Project Officer • Frank Vukikimoala – Energy Project Officer • Koin Etuati – Energy Project Officer • Reshika Singh – Energy Resource Economist • Atishma Vandana Lal – Energy Support Officer • Mereseini (Lala) Bukarau – Senior Adviser Technical Publications Ivan Krishna • Sailesh Kumar Sen – Graphic Arts Officer Compiler First Edition October 2009 Cover Photo Source: HTTP://WALLPAPERS.FREE-REVIEW.NET/42__BIG_WAVE.HTM Back Cover Photo: Raj Singh A SOPAC Desktop Study of Ocean-Based Renewable Energy Technologies SOPAC Miscellaneous Report 701 Ivan Krishna Compiler First Edition
    [Show full text]
  • The Document in PDF Format
    Report No. 37 (2008–2009) to the Storting Report No. Report No. 37 (2008–2009) to the Storting Published by: Norwegian Ministry of the Environment Integrated Management of the Marine Environment of the Norwegian Sea Internet address: www.government.no Front cover illustration: Watercolour by Ørnulf Opdahl, photographed by Silje Gripsrud Printed by: 07 Gruppen AS – 09/2009 – Impression 1000 Integrated Management of the Marine Environment of the Norwegian Sea ER JØM KE IL T M 2 4 9 1 7 3 Trykksak Ørnulf Opdahl: The Norwegian Sea (watercolour) Ørnulf Opdahl (born in 1944 in Ålesund) is one of Norway’s most distinguished artists. His work is inspired by the ever-changing landscape along the Norwegian coast, and his dramatic depictions of coastal landscapes have caused him to be described as a contemporary Romantic painter. The Norwegian Sea was painted during a cruise with the research vessel G.O. Sars in 2004. Ørnulf Opdahl accompanied a team of 60 researchers from 13 countries on a two-month expedition to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge as part of the MAR-ECO project. The purpose of the expedition was to enhance understanding of the distribution and ecology of marine animal communities. In previous centuries, before the invention of photography, artists often accompanied scientifi c expeditions to document their scientifi c fi ndings. Ørnulf Opdahl’s watercolour was photographed by Silje Gripsrud Report No. 37 (2008–2009) to the Storting Integrated Management of the Marine Environment of the Norwegian Sea Translation from the Norwegian. For information only. Table of contents 1 Summary . 7 3.3.4 The edge of the continental shelf .
    [Show full text]
  • Marine Current Energy Conversion
    Marine Current Energy Conversion Resource and Technology MÅRTEN GRABBE UURIE 309-09L ISSN 0349-8352 Division of Electricity Department of Engineering Sciences Uppsala, December 2008 Abstract Research in the area of energy conversion from marine currents has been car- ried out at the Division of Electricity for several years. The focus has been to develop a simple and robust system for converting the kinetic energy in freely flowing water to electricity. The concept is based on a vertical axis turbine di- rectly coupled to a permanent magnet synchronous generator that is designed to match the characteristics of the resource. During this thesis work a pro- totype of such a variable speed generator, rated at 5 kW at 10 rpm, has been constructed to validate previous finite element simulations. Experiments show that the generator is well balanced and that there is reasonable agreement be- tween measurements and corresponding simulations, both at the nominal op- erating point and at variable speed and variable load operation from 2–16 rpm. It is shown that the generator can accommodate operation at fixed tip speed ratio with different fixed pitch vertical axis turbines in current velocities of 0.5–2.5 m/s. The generator has also been tested under diode rectifier opera- tion where it has been interconnected with a second generator on a common DC-bus similar to how several units could be connected in offshore operation. The conditions for marine current energy conversion in Norway have been investigated based on available data in pilot books and published literature. During this review work more than 100 sites have been identified as interest- ing with an estimated total theoretical resource—i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Tidal Effect Compensation System for Wave Energy Converters
    TVE 11 036 Examensarbete 30 hp September 2011 Tidal Effect Compensation System for Wave Energy Converters Valeria Castellucci Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper Department of Engineering Sciences Abstract Tidal Effect Compensation System for Wave Energy Converters Valeria Castellucci Teknisk- naturvetenskaplig fakultet UTH-enheten Recent studies show that there is a correlation between water level and energy absorption values for wave energy converters: the absorption decreases when the Besöksadress: water levels deviate from average. The effect for the studied WEC version is evident Ångströmlaboratoriet Lägerhyddsvägen 1 for deviations greater then 25 cm, approximately. The real problem appears during Hus 4, Plan 0 tides when the water level changes significantly. Tides can compromise the proper functioning of the generator since the wire, which connects the buoy to the energy Postadress: converter, loses tension during a low tide and hinders the full movement of the Box 536 751 21 Uppsala translator into the stator during high tides. This thesis presents a first attempt to solve this problem by designing and realizing a small-scale model of a point absorber Telefon: equipped with a device that is able to adjust the length of the rope connected to the 018 – 471 30 03 generator. The adjustment is achieved through a screw that moves upwards in Telefax: presence of low tides and downwards in presence of high tides. The device is sized 018 – 471 30 00 to one-tenth of the full-scale model, while the small-scaled point absorber is dimensioned based on buoyancy's analysis and CAD simulations. Calculations of Hemsida: buoyancy show that the sensitive components will not be immersed during normal http://www.teknat.uu.se/student operation, while the CAD simulations confirm a sufficient mechanical strength of the model.
    [Show full text]
  • Connectivity Among Subpopulations of Norwegian Coastal Cod Impacts of Physical-Biological Factors During Egg Stages
    Connectivity among subpopulations of Norwegian Coastal cod Impacts of physical-biological factors during egg stages Mari Skuggedal Myksvoll Dissertation for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor (PhD) Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Norway January 2012 Connectivity among subpopulations of Norwegian Coastal cod Impacts of physical-biological factors during egg stages Mari Skuggedal Myksvoll Institute of Bjerknes Center for Marine Research Climate Research Dissertation for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor (PhD) Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Norway January 2012 Outline This thesis consists of an introduction and four papers. The introduction provides a scientic background of the population structure of Atlantic cod stocks in Norwegian Waters and the research history of fjord dynamics (Section 1). Section 2 states the motivation for the study and the most important results from the papers. A discussion follows focusing on the implications of the present results (Section 3) and perspectives for future research are stated in Section 4. • Paper I: Retention of coastal cod eggs in a fjord caused by interactions between egg buoyancy and circulation pattern Myksvoll, M.S., Sundby, S., Ådlandsvik, B. and Vikebø, F. (2011) Marine and Coastal Fisheries, 3, 279-294. • Paper II: Importance of high resolution wind forcing on eddy activity and particle dispersion in a Norwegian fjord Myksvoll, M.S., Sandvik, A.D., Skarðhamar, J. and Sundby, S. (2012) Submitted to Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Sciences • Paper III: Eects of river regulations on fjord dynamics and retention of coastal cod eggs Myksvoll, M.S., Sandvik, A.D., Asplin, L. and Sundby, S. (2012) Manuscript • Paper IV: Modeling dispersal of eggs and quantifying connectivity among Norwegian Coastal cod subpopulations Myksvoll, M.S., Jung, K.-M., Albretsen, J.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Marine Renewable Energies and the Preservation Of
    Development of marine renewable energies and the Renewable energies preservation of biodiversity - VOLUME 2 - Editors: Marion PEGUIN, under the coordination of Christophe LE VISAGE, coordinator of the contact group "Marine Renewable Energy", Guillemette ROLLAND, President of the Commission on Ecosystem Management, and Sébastien MONCORPS, director of the French Committee of IUCN. Acknowledgements: The French Committee of IUCN would particularly like to thank: the reviewers of this report: BARILLIER Agnès (EDF) - BAS Adeline (EDF EN) - BONADIO Jonathan (MEDDE- DGEC) - CARLIER Antoine (IFREMER) - DELENCRE Gildas (Energies Réunion) - GALIANO Mila (Ademe) - GUENARD Vincent (Ademe) - LEJART Morgane (FEM) - MARTINEZ Ludivine (Observatoire Pelagis) - MENARD Jean-Claude (ELV) - MICHEL Sylvain (AAMP) - de MONBRISON David (BRLi), the members of the "Sea and Coasts" working group of the IUCN French Committee, chaired by Ludovic FRERE ESCOFFIER (Nausicaa), the participants of the various steering committees: AMY Frédérique (DREAL HN) - ANDRE Yann (LPO) - ARANA-DE-MALEVILLE Olivia (FEE) - AUBRY Jérémy (Gondwana) - ARGENSON Alain (FNE) - BARBARY Cédric (GDF Suez) - BAS Adeline (Ifremer / EDF EN) - BEER-GABEL Josette (expert) - BELAN Pierre-Yves (CETMEF) - BONADIO Jonathan (MEDDE-DGEC) - BONNET Céline (Va- lorem) - BORDERON Séverine (GREDEG-CNRS) - BOUTTIER Jenny (BRLi) - CAILLET Antonin (Alstom Ocean Energy) - CANON Marina (EDPR) - CANTERI Thierry (PNM Iroise, AAMP) - CARRE Aurélien (UICN France) - CASTÉRAS Rémi (WPD Offshore) - CHATEL Jean (RTE) -
    [Show full text]
  • A Vibrant City on the Edge of Nature 2019/2020 Welcome to Bodø & Salten
    BODØ & SALTEN A vibrant city on the edge of nature 2019/2020 Welcome to Bodø & Salten. Only 90 minutes by plane from Oslo, between the archipelago and south, to the Realm of Knut Hamsun in the north. From Norway’s the peaks of Børvasstidene, the coastal town of Bodø is a natural second biggest glacier in Meløy, your journey will take you north communications hub and the perfect base from which to explore via unique overnight accommodations, innumerable hiking trails the region. The town also has gourmet restaurants, a water and mountain peaks, caves, fantastic fishing spots, museums park, cafés and shopping centres, as well as numerous festivals, and cultural events, and urban life in one of the country’s including the Nordland Music Festival, with concerts in a beautiful quickest growing cities, Bodø. In the Realm of Hamsun in the outdoor setting. Hamsun Centre, you can learn all about Nobel Prize winner Knut Hamsun`s life and works, and on Tranøy, you can enjoy open-air This is a region where you can get close to natural phenomena. art installations against the panoramic backdrop of the Lofoten There is considerable contrast – from the sea to tall mountains, mountain range. from the midnight sun to the northern lights, from white sandy beaches to naked rock. The area is a scenic eldorado with wild On the following pages, we will present Bodø and surroundings countryside and a range of famous national parks. Here, you can as a destination like no other, and we are more than happy immerse yourself in magnificent natural surroundings without to discuss any questions, such as possible guest events and having to stand in line.
    [Show full text]
  • Site Selection of Ocean Current Power Generation from Drifter Measurements
    SITE SELECTION OF CURRENT POWER GENERATION 1 Site selection of ocean current power generation from drifter 2 measurements 3 4 Yu-Chia Chang1*, Peter C. Chu2, Ruo-Shan Tseng3 5 6 1 Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, 7 Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan 8 2 Naval Ocean Analysis and Prediction Laboratory, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, 9 CA 93943, USA 10 3 Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, 11 Taiwan 12 13 14 December 2014 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 ----------------------------------------- 22 *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected], Fax: 886-7-5255033 1 SITE SELECTION OF CURRENT POWER GENERATION 23 Abstract 24 Site selection of ocean current power generation is usually based on numerical ocean 25 calculation models. In this study however, the selection near the coast of East Asia is 26 optimally from the Surface Velocity Program (SVP) data using the bin average method. 27 Japan, Vietnam, Taiwan, and Philippines have suitable sites for the development of ocean 28 current power generation. In these regions, the average current speeds reach 1.4, 1.2, 1.1, 29 and 1.0 m s-1, respectively. Vietnam has a better bottom topography to develop the current 30 power generation. Taiwan and Philippines also have good conditions to build plants for 31 generating ocean current power. Combined with the four factors of site selection (near 32 coast, shallow seabed, stable flow velocity, and high flow speed), the waters near 33 Vietnam is most suitable for the development of current power generation.
    [Show full text]
  • Variable Predator–Prey Relations in Zooplankton Overwintering in Subarctic Fjords Stig Skreslet , Marina Espinasse , Ketil Olsen & Boris D
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Variable predator–prey relations in zooplankton overwintering in Subarctic fjords Stig Skreslet , Marina Espinasse , Ketil Olsen & Boris D. Espinasse Faculty for Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway Abstract Keywords Zooplankton predator–prey relations in northern Norwegian fjords are highly Crustacea; Polychaeta; Chaetognatha; variable in time and space, and the mechanisms driving this variability are still Coelenterata; advection; predation poorly understood. Replicate Juday net sampling in October and February from 1983 to 2005, which included five repeated tows from bottom to surface, was Correspondence conducted in Saltfjord and Mistfjord, northern Norway. The time-series pro- Stig Skreslet, Faculty for Biosciences and vided evidence of in situ variability in species abundance, as well as seasonal Aquaculture, Nord University, PO Box 614, NO-8622 Mo i Rana, Norway. E-mail: stig. and interannual changes in standing stock abundance. The shallow sill of one [email protected] fjord caused accumulation of coastal water in the fjord’s basin, while the other fjord’s deeper sill selected denser water of Atlantic origin from the same open Abbreviations shelf habitat. The selective advection caused differences in the immigration CIV, CV, CVI: copepodid stages of species recruiting to the fjords’ specific overwintering communities of zoo- DI: deviation index plankton. Statistical analyses of the cumulated replicate data indicated signifi- DVM: diurnal vertical migration cant in situ variability in the spatial density of species. Cases with an abundance NAC: Norwegian Atlantic Current NCC: Norwegian Coastal Current of carnivores relating positively to other species probably resulted from the carnivores’ attraction to patches with concentrations of prey. Interspecific neg- ative density relations likely indicated either predator avoidance or substantial trophic activity during the sampling.
    [Show full text]
  • 17. Sayısı’Nda Mısır’In Damanhour Al Behira Şehri’Nden Bir We Welcome a Name from the Damanhour Ismi Ağırlıyoruz
    İki Aylık Sektörel Dergi Sayı: 17 OCAK - ŞUBAT 2019 Issue: 17 JANUARY - FEBRUARY 2019 DÜNYANIN REKOLTESİ | 1 Enerjiverimliliği@Festo Doğru, verimli ekipman ve güvenli bağlantı ile zirveye ulaşın... 444 1 378 2 | www.festo.com.tr Enerjiverimliliği@Festo Doğru, verimli ekipman ve güvenli bağlantı ile zirveye ulaşın... 444 1 378 www.festo.com.tr| 3 4 | GÜCÜNÜZE GÜÇ KATIYORUZ YENİ EKO PLUS SERİSİ İLE İŞLETMENİZİN PERFORMANSINI ZİRVEYE TAŞIYIN. Eko plus kompresör serisi yüksek performansı, yaygın servis ağı ve rekabetçi fiyatlarıyla şimdi daha güçlü, daha verimli, daha sessiz. www.ekomak.com.tr | 5 6 | | 7 8 | Gökmen Akyürek Genel Yayın Yönetmeni Exclutive Editor Merhaba Sevgili Dear Valued Okurlar, Readers, Takvimlerde bir yıl daha değişti. Geriye dönüp baktığımızda One more year has changed on calendars. When we look 2018 yılı için, 'Ekonomik düzlemde dalgalanmaların back, we can say, ‘2018 was the year of economic fluctuations.’ yaşandığı bir yıl oldu.' diyebiliriz. Çünkü yılın ikinci yarısında Because the upsurge in exchange rates in the second half of döviz kurlarındaki ani yükseliş iç piyasada tedirginlik the year has caused uneaiseness in domestic market and the yarattı ve kuruluşlar büyümek şöyle dursun, pozisyonlarını enterprises -let alone grow the companies- have preferred korumak yönünde bir ticari strateji uygulamayı tercih to implement commercial strategies in order to keep their ettiler. Ancak bence bu tablo için "kötü" demek yanlış olur. positions. But, personally I think, it would be wrong to say “bad” Çünkü ticari uğraşların doğasında yükselişler, durgunluk for this statement. Because, the periods of rising, recession or dönemleri ve düşüşler olağandır. Gidişatı saptamak, degression are normal in the nature of commercial activities.
    [Show full text]
  • What About Marine Renewable Energies in Spain?
    Journal of Marine Science and Engineering Review What about Marine Renewable Energies in Spain? María Dolores Esteban 1,2,*, Juan Manuel Espada 1, José Marcos Ortega 3 , José-Santos López-Gutiérrez 2 and Vicente Negro 2 1 Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad Europea, 28040 Madrid, Spain 2 Grupo de Investigación de Medio Marino, Costero y Portuario, y Otras Áreas Sensibles, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain 3 Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. Correos 99, 03080 Alacant/Alicante, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-917407272 Received: 4 July 2019; Accepted: 26 July 2019; Published: 30 July 2019 Abstract: Renewable energies play a fundamental role within the current political and social framework for minimizing the impacts of climate change. The ocean has a vast potential for generating energy and therefore, the marine renewable energies are included in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). These energies include wave, tidal, marine currents, ocean thermal, and osmotic. Moreover, it can also be included wind, solar, geothermal and biomass powers, which their main use is onshore, but in the near future their use at sea may be considered. The manuscript starts with a state-of-the-art review of the abovementioned marine renewable energy resources worldwide. The paper continues with a case study focused on the Spanish coast, divided into six regions: (I) Cantabrian, (II) Galician, (III) South Atlantic, (IV) Canary Islands, (V) Southern Mediterranean, and (VI) Northern Mediterranean. The results show that: (1) areas I and II are suitable for offshore wind, wave and biomass; (2) areas III and V are suitable for offshore wind, marine current and offshore solar; area IV is suitable for offshore wind, ocean wave and offshore solar; (3) and area VI is suitable for offshore wind, osmotic and offshore solar.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Potential Marine Current Turbine Sites in North American Waters Independent Project in Electrical Engineering
    TVE-E 20 002 Examensarbete 15 hp Juli 2020 Evaluation of potential marine current turbine sites in North American waters Independent Project in Electrical Engineering Tim Andersson Muhammad Arsal Akram Carl-Henrik Carlnäs Tiffany Salisbury Abstract Evaluation of potential marine current turbine sites in North American waters Tim Andersson, Muhammad Arsal Akram, Carl-Henrik Carlnäs, Tiffany Salisbury Teknisk- naturvetenskaplig fakultet UTH-enheten Suitable locations for marine current power generation were scouted. The specific turbines considered in this project are vertical axis turbines and require an water Besöksadress: velocity of 0.8 m/s to start and has a system efficiency of 20%. In the beginning of the Ångströmlaboratoriet Lägerhyddsvägen 1 project focus was directed towards areas along Florida's coastal line with high water Hus 4, Plan 0 velocities tapping into the Gulf Stream. Data found the velocities did not meet the water speed requirements. Following this observation, it was decided to discontinue Postadress: further research in the Florida region and divert the attention towards waters in Box 536 751 21 Uppsala Alaska. There current velocities were found to be significantly higher. Because velocities vary over time marine current power is not relevant in Alaska, but rather Telefon: the closely related technology tidal power. Two areas in Alaska distinguished 018 – 471 30 03 themselves, Cook Inlet and Aleutian Islands.Potential power and annual energy Telefax: extraction were estimated for turbine stations at each site. A battery energy storage 018 – 471 30 00 system was implemented to counteract varying water velocities. The most promising site could steadily deliver 269 kW and an annual energy production of 2.44~GWh per Hemsida: turbine.
    [Show full text]