Acceleration, 274 Centrifugal, 236 Acceleration of Gravity, 230, 274

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00653-9 — Geodynamics Donald Turcotte , Gerald Schubert Index More Information

Index

acceleration, 274 approximation foreland, 157 centrifugal, 236 Dupuit, 430 marginal, 15 acceleration of gravity, 230, 274 finite difference, 496 ringed, 68 accreting plate boundaries, 2, 7 aquifer, 272 sedimentary, 92, 155, 212 accretionary plate margins, 52 confined porous, 428 bathymetry, 209 accretionary prism, 12 unconfined, 430 beach terraces activation energy, 348 aquifers, 162, 264, 425 elevated, 280 activation volume, 348 arc bedding planes, 169 active continental margins, 45 island, 4 behavior adiabat, 219 Archimedes’ principle, 94, 298 adiabatic compressional heating, 220 argon, 479 Newtonian fluid, 61 adiabatic temperature gradient, 219 arm non-Newtonian fluid, 61 admittance, 253 failed, 43 plastic, 379 age dating, 484 moment, 100, 139 stick–slip, 386, 389, 399, 402 age of the Earth, 183, 187 aspect ratio, 320 belt age of the lithosphere, 189 asteroid, 79 thrust, 48 age of the seafloor, 190 asthenosphere, 2 benchmarks, 116 age of the solar system, 465, 470 atmospheric erosion and deposition, bending, 130, 138 Airy compensation, 254 76 cylindrical, 139 Airy geoid anomaly, 256 aulacogen, 43 plastic, 292 albedo, 84 Avogadro’s number, 340 plate, 381 allochthonous sheet, 397 axes of strain bending moment, 139 alluvial fan, 225 principal, 115 critical, 382 Alvin,56 axis Amonton’s law, 390 principal, 102 bending of the elastic lithosphere, 514 analogy azimuth biharmonic equation, 276 ping-pong ball, 12 magnetic, 25 binary planet, 68 Anderson theory of faulting, 394 binding energy, 338 angular fold, 292 back-arc spreading, 15 Biot theory of folding, 293 angular velocity balance blocking temperature, 24 Earth, 236 force, 266 body force anomalies moment, 142 gravitational, 93, 274 gravity, 230 basal heating, 209 body forces, 92, 93 magnetic, 6, 34 basaltic ocean crust, 1 body wave magnitude, 402 basalts anomaly boiling point, 264 free-air gravity, 531 mid-ocean ridge, 465 Boltzmann constant, 342 geoid, 239 normal mid-ocean ridge, 472 bonds gravity, 527 ocean island, 466 potential, 240 ocean-island, 484 covalent, 340 anticline, 51 basement, 23, 95 Bouguer gravity anomaly, 249 anticlines, 150 basin Bouguer gravity formula, 247 anticlinoria, 51 Appalachian, 157 boundaries anticlinorium, 290 Los Angeles, 213 accreting plate, 2, 7 Appalachian basin, 157 sedimentary, 95 convergent plate, 2

Index 613

boundary conditions coefficient of static friction, 390 conduction of heat no-slip, 267 coefficient of thermal expansion, 308 radial, 173 boundary layer linear, 204 conductivity cold thermal, 1 volumetric, 204 hydraulic, 426 thermal, 60, 185, 314 cohesive energy, 338 thermal, 161 boundary value problem, 496 colatitude conduits boundary-layer stability, 314 magnetic, 26 volcanic, 264 Boussinesq approximation, 307 cold thermal boundary layer, 1 confined porous aquifer, 428 Boussinesq equation, 433 collision conformable lead deposits, 471 box model, 471 continental, 46, 99 conservation breakdown pressure, 107 collisions energy, 264 breakouts continental, 1 mass, 264 wellbore, 108 column momentum, 264 Brinkman number, 361 stratigraphic, 21 conservation of energy, 167, 342 buckle, 144, 150 column vector, 497 conservation of fluid, 274 bulge columnar jointing, 336 conservation of mass, 268 equatorial, 230, 233 Command History, 487 conservative, 237 peripheral, 151 Command Window, 487 constant bulk modulus, 138, 339 compaction Boltzmann, 342 bulk silicate Earth, 466, 474 sediments, 374 decay, 466 buoyancy flux, 301 comparative planetology, 2 Euler’s, 188 Madelung, 339 buoyancy forces, 264 compensated, 149, 230, 249 universal gas, 342 Burgers vector, 353 compensated topography, 261 buried bodies, 244 universal gravitational, 231 compensation, 230 buried load, 253 constitutive law, 264 Airy, 254 buried sphere, 244 continental collision, 46, 99 degree of, 149 continental collisions, 1 depth of, 207 Callisto, 86 continental crust, 1, 4, 23 Pratt, 257 carbonaceous chondrite, 79 enriched, 328, 465 competent, 290 centrifugal acceleration, 236 continental drift, 1, 4, 264 complementary error function, 185 changes in sea level, 210 continental lithosphere components chaotic terrain, 74 delaminated, 466 chemical geodynamics, 465 velocity, 273 continental margins chemical remanent magnetism, 25 composition ratio active, 45 chevron fold, 292 parent–daughter, 466 passive, 45 chondrite compressibility, 92, 138, 338 continental reconstructions, 46 carbonaceous, 79 isothermal, 204 continental shields, 23 chondritic meteorites, 167, 466 compression factor, 96 continents, 21 chondritic uniform reservoir, 475 compression tests continuity equation, 274 circulation triaxial, 136 contour maps hydrothermal, 56 compressional heating geoid height, 254 circulations adiabatic, 220 contraction hydrothermal, 471 compressional tectonics, 290 thermal, 208 Clapeyron curve, 224 compressive stress, 98 control volume, 270 slope, 324 maximum, 388 convection, 161 climb concentrated force, 142 layered mantle, 222 dislocation, 354 condition mantle, 263, 264 Coble creep, 345, 374 free-slip, 295 onset of, 310 coefficient free-surface, 268 secondary, 209 diffusion, 347 conduction, 161 thermal, 60, 264, 307 drag, 298 heat, 493 whole mantle, 222 heat transfer, 305 steady heat, 502 convective flows transport, 225 time-dependent heat, 508 finite-amplitude, 313

614 Index

convergent plate boundaries, 2 crustal reservoir, 476 depth of compensation, 207 cool descending plume, 60 mean age, 476 descending plume cooling, 188 crustal roots, 92 cool, 60 secular, 6, 165 crustal stretching model, 95, 215 deviatoric normal stress, 105 cooling dike, 508, 524 Culling model, 225 deviatoric principal stress, 105 cooling model Curie temperature, 24 deviatoric strain, 115 plate, 192 Current Folder, 487 deviatoric stress, 97 cooling rate curvature dextral strike-slip fault, 56 mantle, 372 radius of, 140 diamagnetic, 24 coordination number, 339 cycle diapir, 284 coronae, 82 Wilson, 43 diapiric upwelling, 264 correction cylindrical bending, 139 diapirism, 284 elevation, 248 dichotomy ′′ free-air, 249 D -layer, 223 hemispherical, 72 latitude, 248 décollement, 398 diffusion corrections Darcy velocity, 426 stress, 417 terrain, 249 Darcy’s law, 425, 426 diffusion coefficient, 347 coseismic surface strain, 115 dating diffusion creep, 345, 350 Couette flow, 267, 358 age, 484 diffusion creep viscosity, 351 Coulomb energy, 339 daughter isotope diffusion distance Coulomb–Navier criterion, 394 radioactive, 466 thermal, 184 counterflow, 268 decay constant, 466 diffusivity country rock, 197 Deccan Traps, 302 thermal, 179 covalent bonds, 340 declination, 25 dike crater palimpsests, 87 decollement, 46 cooling, 508, 524 craters Deep Sea Drilling Project, 36 dikes, 197 impact, 536 defect dilatation, 92, 109, 133 creep point, 346 dimensionless variables, 271 Coble, 345, 374 deformation dip–slip faults, 388 diffusion, 345, 350 elastic, 338 dipole magnetic field, 26 dislocation, 354, 356 plastic, 130, 336 dipole moment, 26 fault, 389 deformation map, 367 dipole moment of the density Herring–Nabarro, 351 degree of compensation, 149 distribution, 253 pressure solution, 290, 338 Deimos, 77 dislocation solid-state, 61 delaminated, 46 edge, 352 creep processes delaminated continental lithosphere, screw, 353 thermally activated, 338 466 dislocation climb, 354 criterion delamination, 4, 21, 210, 472 dislocation creep, 354, 356 Coulomb-Navier, 394 delta dislocation slip, 354 maximum shear stress, 380 Mississippi River, 227 dislocations, 61, 352, 414 Tresca, 380 river, 226 displacement, 109 von Mises, 381 density distribution fault, 386 critical bending moment, 382 dipole moment of, 253 dissipation critical stress, 150 depleted mantle, 465 tidal, 67, 84 critical value, 145 depleted mantle source, 328 viscous, 304, 326 critical value of Rayleigh number, 312 deposition of sediments, 225 distribution CRM, see chemical remanent depositional remanent magnetism, 25 Maxwell–Boltzmann, 345 magnetism deposits dome crust mineral, 426 salt, 284 basaltic ocean, 1 depth domes continental, 1, 4, 23 ocean floor, 207 salt, 264 enriched continental, 328, 465 seafloor, 522 double seismic zones, 13 oceanic, 4 skin, 182 drag coefficient, 298

Index 615

drift elastic-perfectly plastic rheology, 337, fractionation, 474 continental, 1, 4, 264 380 frequency, 349 DRM, see depositional remanent elasticity, 130 friction, 271 magnetism linear, 130 integrating, 306 drop elements stretching, 95 stress, 390 incompatible, 166 factors dry steam, 459 radioactive, 164 enrichment, 474 DSDP, see Deep Sea Drilling Project elevated beach terraces, 280 failed arm, 43 Dulong and Petit elevation correction, 248 fan law, 342 ellipsoid of revolution, 238 alluvial, 225 dune field, 76 ellipticity, 238 fault, 386 Dupuit approximation, 430 embedded plate, 142 dextral strike-slip, 56 Dupuit–Fuchheimer discharge Enceladus, 87 left lateral, 389 formula, 431 endothermic, 222 left lateral strike-slip, 56 dynamic topography, 269 energy North Anatolian, 408 dynamic viscosity, 266 activation, 348 right lateral, 389 dynamo action binding, 338 right-lateral strike-slip, 56 regenerative, 33 cohesive, 338 San Andreas, 386, 404 conservation of, 167, 342 sinistral strike-slip, 56 Earth Coulomb, 339 strike–slip, 56, 388 age of, 183, 187 earthquake, 403 fault creep, 389 bulk silicate, 466, 474 equipartition of, 342 fault displacement, 386 Earth’s angular velocity, 236 geothermal, 425 fault gouge, 56, 386 earthquake, 402 gravitational potential, 237 fault heating, 218 Hector Mine, 408 internal thermal, 341 faulting Kern County, 408 energy conservation, 264 Anderson theory of, 394 Landers, 128, 408, 413 enriched continental crust, 328, 465 normal, 56, 387, 388 Loma Prieta, 408 enrichment factors, 474 reverse, 387 Northridge, 408 equation strike–slip, 387 San Fernando, 408 biharmonic, 276 thrust, 56, 386, 387 San Francisco, 406 Boussinesq, 433 faults, 56, 336, 386 Shensi, 48 continuity, 274 dip–slip, 388 Tangshan, 48 heat conduction, 180 normal, 43 earthquake energy, 403 Laplace’s, 177 thrust, 48 earthquake magnitude, 402 equation of motion, 266 transform, 16 earthquakes, 1, 56, 386 equatorial bulge, 230, 233 felt intensity, 402 eccentricity, 238 equilibrium ferrimagnetic, 24 Eckert number, 327 hydrostatic, 5, 94, 149 ferromagnetic, 24 eddies equipartition of energy, 342 fertile mantle, 166 random, 271 equipotential fiber stresses, 139 edge dislocation, 352 gravity, 237 Fick’s law, 347 effective normal stress, 391 equipotential surface, 240 field eigenvalue, 145, 150 erosion, 22, 134, 200, 225 dune, 76 Einstein frequency, 341 error function, 185 gravitational, 230 Einstein period, 341, 345 complementary, 185 finite difference approximation, 496 ejecta Euler’s constant, 188 finite-amplitude convective flows, 313 lobate, 75 Euler’s method, 493 flattening, 238 elastic deformation, 338 Europa, 85 polar, 230 elastic layer, 290 exothermic, 221 flexural parameter, 151 elastic lithosphere, 7, 158 exponential integral, 188 flexural rigidity, 141 bending, 514 flexure, 138 elastic materials, 130 factor flexure profile elastic rebound, 386, 390, 399 compression, 96 universal, 155

616 Index

flow forebulge, 152, 154 Geodetic Reference System, 241 Couette, 267, 358 foreland basins, 157 geodynamics heat, 160 formation chemical, 465 in porous media, 425 permeable, 272 geoid, 238 laminar, 271 formula reference, 238 Poiseuille, 270 Bouguer gravity, 247 geoid anomalies, 238 stagnation point, 331 Dupuit–Fuchheimer discharge, 431 geoid anomaly, 239 Stokes, 263, 295 MacCullagh’s, 236 Airy, 256 surface heat, 162 Stokes, 298 geoid height contour maps, 254 total heat, 164 fossil magnetism, 24 geoid-topography ratio, 257 turbulent, 271 Fourier’s law, 160, 161, 493 geological time scale, 23 flow in porous media, 425 fractionation, 10 geometrical form of volcanoes, 440 flow rate fractionation factor, 474 geotherm, 169 volumetric, 271 fracture zones, 16 mantle, 220 flows oceanic, 191 finite-amplitude convective, 313 fractures, 56 free-slip condition, 295 geothermal, 264 two-phase, 425 geothermal energy, 425 fluid, 264 free-air correction, 249 free-air gravity anomaly, 249, 531 geothermal reservoirs, 459 conservation of, 274 geysering, 445 free-surface condition, 268 incompressible, 274 geysers, 55, 264, 459 frequency linear, 264 global positioning system, 120 Newtonian, 264 Einstein, 341 Glomar Challenger,36 fluid behavior frequency factor, 349 Gondwanaland, 46 Newtonian, 61 friction, 386 gouge non-Newtonian, 61 coefficient of, 99 fault, 56, 386 fluid mechanics, 263, 264 coefficient of static, 390 graben, 43 fluids friction factor, 271 gradient Newtonian, 263 frictional heating, 217, 224, 304, 326, pressure, 265 flux 360 gravitation buoyancy, 301 front Newton’s law of, 231 heat, 161 seepage, 431 gravitational body force, 93, 274 sediment, 225 function gravitational constant fold complementary error, 185 angular, 292 universal, 105, 231 error, 185 gravitational field, 230 chevron, 292 stream, 276 recumbent, 51 gravitational potential, 237 fusion folding, 51, 264, 289, 374 gravitational potential energy, 237 latent heat of, 193 Biot theory of, 293 gravitational sliding, 7, 324, 397 viscous, 376 gravitationally unstable, 264 Galilean satellites, 83 foot wall, 387 gravity Ganymede, 86 force acceleration of, 230, 274 gas constant concentrated, 142 gravity anomalies, 230 universal, 342 gravitational body, 93, 274 surface, 244 gravity, 274 gases gravity anomaly, 527 inertial, 274 noble, 479 Bouguer, 249 pressure, 266 gauges free-air, 249, 531 suction, 283 strain, 106 gravity force, 274 force balance, 266 geochemical reservoir, 466, 471 gravity formula forces geochemical reservoirs, 465, 484 Bouguer, 247 body, 92, 93 geochron, 470, 478 gravity potential, 237 buoyancy, 264 geochronology, 23, 465 ground ice, 74 surface, 93 geodesy, 116 groundwater hydrology, 425 viscous, 274 geodetic network, 116 Gruntfest number, 362

Index 617

half-life, 166, 467 hydrostatic equilibrium, 5, 94, 149 isostatic, 149 hanging wall, 387 hydrostatic head, 269 isotherm, 189 Hawaiian Islands, 152 hydrostatic pressure, 273 isothermal compressibility, 204 Hawaiian ridge, 152 hydrostatic state of stress, 104 isotope Hawaiian swell, 301 hydrothermal circulation, 56 nonradiogenic reference, 466 head hydrothermal circulations, 471 radioactive daughter, 466 plume, 19 radioactive parent, 466 pressure, 324 ice isotope ratio, 466 heads ground, 74 isotope system plume, 263 igneous bodies rubidium–strontium, 466 heat intrusive, 197 isotope systematics radial conduction of, 173 igneous intrusion, 146 radiogenic, 484 specific, 179 igneous province isotopes heat conduction, 493 large, 263 radiogrnic, 160 steady, 502 igneous provinces isotropic, 104, 130 time-dependent, 508 large, 19 isotropic strain, 115 heat conduction equation, 180 impact craters, 536 isotropic stresses, 138 heat flow, 160 inclination, 25 surface, 162, 190 incompatible elements, 166 jointing total, 164 incompetent, 290 columnar, 336 heat flow on the Moon, 175 incompressible fluid, 274 joints, 336 heat flux, 161 incompressible material, 133 junction heat pipe, 460 inertia triple, 17, 40 heat production rate, 166 moments of, 241 heat transfer coefficient, 305 inertial force, 274 Kelvin heating initial value problem, 495 Lord, 183, 187 adiabatic compressional, 220 instability Kelvin model, 377 basal, 209 Rayleigh-Taylor, 285 Kern County earthquake, 408 fault, 218 instantaneous shut-in pressure, 107 kimberlites, 332 frictional, 217, 224, 304, 326, 360 integrating factor, 306 kinematic mixing, 328, 330 Hector Mine earthquake, 408 intensity kinematic viscosity, 266 helium, 479 felt, 402 hemispherical dichotomy, 72 intercrater plains, 69 laccolith, 146 Herring–Nabarro creep, 351 interferometry Lamé parameters, 131 highlands, 62 synthetic aperture radar, 128, 413 laminar flow, 271 hinge very long baseline, 118 Landers earthquake, 128, 408, 413 plastic, 383 internal thermal energy, 341 Laplace’s equation, 177 history intraplate volcanism, 52, 333 Laplace’s solution, 201 subsidence, 212 intrusion Laplacian operator, 276 homologous temperature, 349 igneous, 146 large igneous province, 263 Hooke’s law, 133 intrusive igneous bodies, 197 large igneous provinces, 19 hot spring, 306 Io, 84 laser ranging hot springs, 55, 425, 445 irreversible processes, 220 satellite, 118 submarine, 264 isentropic, 219 latent heat of fusion, 193 hotspot swells, 18 Ishtar Terra, 81 latitude correction, 248 hotspot tracks, 17 island arc, 4 Laurasia, 46 hotspots, 17, 52, 301 island-arc volcanism, 472 lava lakes, 195 hybrid models, 222 Islands law hydraulic conductivity, 426 Hawaiian, 152 Amonton’s, 390 hydraulic head, 267, 426 isochron, 470 constitutive, 264 hydrofracturing, 106, 300 whole rock, 467 Darcy’s, 425, 426 hydrology isostasy, 92, 94, 207 Dulong and Petit, 342 groundwater, 425 thermal, 257 Fick’s, 347

618 Index

law (cont.) magnetic azimuth, 25 mass conservation, 264 Fourier’s, 160, 161, 493 magnetic colatitude, 26 masses Hooke’s, 133 magnetic field reservoir, 477 Newton’s second, 274 dipole, 26 material law of Dulong and Petit, 342 magnetic moments, 25 incompressible, 133 law of gravitation magnetism viscoelastic, 376 Newton’s, 231 chemical remanent, 25 materials layer depositional remanent, 25 elastic, 130 elastic, 290 fossil, 24 MATLAB, 486 thermal boundary, 60 natural remanent, 24 matrix, 497 layered mantle convection, 222 thermoremanent, 25 maximum compressive stress, 388 lead deposits magnetization maximum shear stress criterion, 380 conformable, 471 permanent, 24 Maxwell model, 376 least compressive stress, 388 magnitude, 402 Maxwell Montes, 81 left lateral fault, 389 body wave, 402 Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, 345 lifting torque, 283 earthquake, 402 mean age, 476 linear coefficient of thermal moment, 403 mean age of crustal reservoir, 476 expansion, 204 surface wave, 402 measurements linear elasticity, 130 mantle stress, 106 linear fluid, 264 depleted, 465 mechanics linearized stability analysis, 310 fertile, 166 fluid, 263, 264 liquidus, 169 lower, 14 melting lithosphere, 1, 2, 7 rheology, 364 pressure-release, 8, 456 age of, 189 upper, 14 membrane stresses, 57 delaminated continental, 466 whole, 14 Mercalli scale, 402 elastic, 7, 158 mantle convection, 263, 264 Mercury, 68 oceanic, 188 layered, 222 meteorites, 167 subducted, 223 whole, 222 chondritic, 167, 466 thermal, 158 mantle cooling rate, 372 method lithostatic pressure, 273 mantle geotherm, 220 Euler’s, 493 lithostatic state of stress, 104 mantle material mid-ocean ridge basalts, 465 lithostatic stress, 93, 97 primitive, 167 normal, 472 load mantle plumes, 1, 17, 60, 209, 263, mid-ocean ridges, 1 buried, 253 301, 333 migration periodic, 148 mantle source magma, 425 loading, 277 depleted, 328 migration of magma, 456 uniform, 143 mantle tomography, 14 mineral deposits, 426 lobate ejecta, 75 map minerals lobate scarps, 69 deformation, 367 ferrimagnetic, 24 Loma Prieta earthquake, 408 marble cake, 329 ferromagnetic, 24 Lord Kelvin, 183, 187 marginal basins, 15 missing lead paradox, 479 Los Angeles basin, 213 margins Mississippi River delta, 227 lower mantle, 14 accretionary plate, 52 mixing lunar mascons, 248 active continental, 45 kinematic, 328, 330 passive continental, 45 model MacCullagh’s formula, 236 maria, 62 box, 471 Madelung constant, 339 marine sediments crustal stretching, 95, 215 magma, 9 subducted, 466 Culling, 225 migration of, 456 Mars, 71 Kelvin, 377 magma migration, 425, 456 mascons, 67 Maxwell, 376 magma ocean, 62 lunar, 248 plate, 521 magnesiowüstite, 222 mass plate cooling, 192 magnetic anomalies, 6, 34 conservation of, 268 porous flow, 456

Index 619

slider-block, 398 normal stress, 92, 100 overcoring, 106 two-reservoir, 473 deviatoric, 105 overthrust, 99 modulus effective, 391 bulk, 138, 339 normal stresses Péclet number, 306 shear, 137 viscous, 275 paleomagnetism, 24 Young’s, 132 North Anatolian fault, 408 palimpsests modulus of rigidity, 131 Northridge earthquake, 408 crater, 87 Moho, 4, 148 NRM, see natural remanent Pangaea, 46 paradox molecular volume, 340 magnetism missing lead, 479 moment, 100 number Avogadro’s, 340 paramagnetic, 24 bending, 139 Brinkman, 361 parameter critical bending, 382 coordination, 339 flexural, 151 dipole, 26 Eckert, 327 parameters seismic, 402 Gruntfest, 362 Lamé, 131 moment arm, 100, 139 Nusselt, 305, 319 parent isotope moment balance, 142 Péclet, 306 radioactive, 466 moment magnitude, 403 Prandtl, 266 parent–daughter composition ratio, moments Rayleigh, 311 466 magnetic, 25 Reynolds, 298 passive continental margins, 45 moments of inertia, 241 numerical solutions, 486 path momentum conservation, 264 Nusselt number, 305, 319 polar wandering, 34 monuments, 116 pattern Moon, 62 oblate spheroid, 230 three-armed, 43 heat flow on, 175 oblateness, 234 period origin, 68 oblique subduction, 41 Einstein, 341, 345 motion ocean periodic load, 148 equation of, 266 magma, 62 periodic surface temperature, 177 mountains, 92 Tethys, 46 periodic topography, 178 ocean crust peripheral bulge, 151 nappes, 51 basaltic, 1 permanent magnetization, 24 natural remanent magnetism, 24 ocean floor depth, 207 permeability, 425, 426 network:geodetic, 116 ocean island basalts, 466 permeable formation, 272 Newton’s law of gravitation, 231 ocean trenches, 1, 2, 153 perovskite, 222 Newton’s second law, 274 ocean-island basalts, 484 phase change, 221 Newtonian fluid, 264 oceanic crust, 4 Phobos, 77 Newtonian fluid behavior, 61 oceanic geotherm, 191 phreatic surface, 430 oceanic lithosphere, 188 ping-pong ball analogy, 12 Newtonian fluids, 263 thickness, 190 pipe no-slip boundary conditions, 267 oldest rocks, 465 heat, 460 noble gases, 479 olivine, 221 plains argon, 479 Olympus Mons, 73 intercrater, 69 helium, 479 onset of convection, 310 plane strain, 136 non-Newtonian fluid behavior, 61 operator plane stress, 135 non-unique, 231 Laplacian, 276 planes nonlinear terms, 310 ophiolites, 9 bedding, 169 nonradiogenic reference isotope, 466 orbit planet nonrenewable stresses, 206 prograde, 67 binary, 68 normal faulting, 56, 387, 388 origin planetology normal faults, 43 Moon, 68 comparative, 2 normal mid-ocean ridge basalts, 472 orogenic zone, 46 plastic behavior, 379 normal polarities, 31 orogeny, 46 plastic bending, 292 normal strain, 92 overburden, 93, 97 plastic deformation, 130, 336

620 Index

plastic hinge, 383 instantaneous shut-in, 107 isotope, 466 plate lithostatic, 273 parent–daughter composition, 466 embedded, 142 pressure force, 266 Poisson’s, 132 plate bending, 381 pressure gradient, 265 Rayleigh number, 311 plate boundaries pressure head, 324 critical value, 312 accreting, 2, 7 pressure solution, 374 Rayleigh-Taylor instability, 285 convergent, 2 pressure solution creep, 290, 338 rebound plate cooling model, 192 pressure-release melting, 8, 456 elastic, 386, 390, 399 plate margins primitive mantle material, 167 postglacial, 263, 280, 365, 536 accretionary, 52 principal axes of strain, 115 reconstructions plate model, 521 principal axis, 102 continental, 46 plate tectonics, 1, 2, 264 principal strain, 115 recumbent fold, 51 plume principal stress, 102 reference geoid, 238 cool descending, 60 deviatoric, 105 reference isotope thermal, 316, 451 principle nonradiogenic, 466 plume head, 19, 300 Archimedes’, 298 reflectance plume heads, 263 principle of superposition, 178 spectral, 84 plume tail, 19, 301 prism reflectance spectrum, 79 plume tails, 263 accretionary, 12 regenerative dynamo action, 33 plume tracks, 333 problem relaxation time, 280 plumes boundary value, 496 viscoelastic, 376 mantle, 1, 17, 60, 209, 263, 301, 333 initial value, 495 remanent magnetism point defect, 346 production rate chemical, 25 Poiseuille flow, 270 heat, 166 depositional, 25 Poisson’s ratio, 132 progradation, 226 natural, 24 polar flattening, 230 prograde orbit, 67 renewable stresses, 206 polar wander, 4 pull repulsive potential, 339 polar wandering path, 34 slab, 12 reservoir polarities trench, 2, 324, 333 chondritic uniform, 475 normal, 31 pure shear, 111, 137 geochemical, 466, 471 reversed, 31 push reservoir masses, 477 pole of rotation, 36 ridge, 7, 324, 333 reservoirs porosity, 109, 425 pyrolite, 10 geochemical, 465, 484 porous aquifer geothermal, 459 confined, 428 radar interferometry Reunion hotspot, 302 porous flow model, 456 synthetic aperture, 128 reversals, 31 porous medium, 425 radial conduction of heat, 173 reverse faulting, 387 positioning system radiation, 161 reversed polarities, 31 global, 120 radioactive daughter isotope, 466 revolution postglacial rebound, 263, 280, 365, radioactive elements, 164 ellipsoid of, 238 536 radioactive parent isotope, 466 Reynolds number, 271, 298 potential radiogenic isotope systematics, 484 rheology gravitational, 237 radiogenic isotopes, 160 elastic-perfectly plastic, 337, 380 gravity, 237 radius of curvature, 140 mantle, 364 repulsive, 339 random eddies, 271 rheology of the mantle, 364 potential anomaly, 240 rate Richter scale, 386 potential energy heat production, 166 ridge gravitational, 237 mantle cooling, 372 Hawaiian, 152 Prandtl number, 266 shear strain, 116 ridge push, 7, 324, 333 Pratt compensation, 257 rates of strain, 264 ridge subduction, 46 pressure, 92, 104 ratio ridge-ridge transform, 17 breakdown, 107 aspect, 320 ridges, 148 hydrostatic, 273 geoid-topography, 257 mid-ocean, 1

Index 621

rift valley, 43 compaction, 374 sphere right lateral fault, 389 deposition of, 225 buried, 244 right-lateral strike-slip fault, 56 subducted marine, 466 spheroid, 238 rigidity seepage front, 431 oblate, 230 flexural, 141 seismic moment, 402 spinel structure, 221 modulus of, 131 seismic zones spreading ringed basins, 68 double, 13 back-arc, 15 river delta, 226 seismicity, 56 seafloor, 2, 5, 269 rock separation of variables, 177 springs country, 197 shape of volcano, 425 hot, 55 rocks shear, 265 stability oldest, 465 pure, 111, 137 boundary-layer, 314 rolls simple, 111, 137 stability analysis two-dimensional, 316 shear modulus, 137 linearized, 310 roots shear strain, 92 stagnation point flow, 331 crustal, 92 shear strain rate, 116 static friction rotation shear stress, 92, 98, 100, 265 coefficient of, 390 pole of, 36 shear stresses steady heat conduction, 502 solid-body, 111 viscous, 275 steam rubidium–strontium isotope system, sheet dry, 459 466 allochthonous, 397 wet, 459 thrust, 51, 99, 396 Stefan problem, 194 salt dome, 284 Shensi earthquake, 48 stick–slip behavior, 386, 389, 399 salt domes, 264 shields Stokes flow, 263, 295 samarium–neodymium system, 469 continental, 23 Stokes formula, 298 San Andreas fault, 386, 404 sills, 197 strain, 92, 108 San Fernando earthquake, 408 similarity, 184 coseismic surface, 115 San Francisco earthquake, 406 similarity variable, 184 deviatoric, 115 satellite laser ranging, 118 simple shear, 111, 137 isotropic, 115 satellites sinistral strike–slip fault, 56 normal, 92 Galilean, 83 skin depth, 182 plane, 136 Saturnian, 87 slab pull, 12 principal, 115 saturation, 461 slider-block model, 398 principal axes of, 115 Saturnian satellites, 87 sliding rates, 264 scale gravitational, 7, 324, 397 shear, 92 Mercalli, 402 slip three-dimensional, 110 Richter, 386 dislocation, 354 uniaxial, 134 scarps slope of the Clapeyron curve, 324 strain gauges, 106 lobate, 69 solar system stratigraphic column, 21 screw dislocation, 353 age of, 465, 470 stream function, 276 sea level, 240 solid-body rotation, 111 strength changes, 210 solid-state creep, 61 envelope, 395 seafloor solidification, 193 yield, 292 age of, 190 solidus, 169 strength envelope, 395 seafloor depth, 522 solubility, 290 stress, 92 seafloor spreading, 2, 5, 269 solution compressive, 98 secondary convection, 209 pressure, 374 critical, 150 secular cooling, 6, 165 solutions deviatoric, 97 sediment flux, 225 numerical, 486 deviatoric normal, 105 sedimentary basin, 95 specific heat, 179 deviatoric principal, 105 sedimentary basins, 92, 155, 212 spectral reflectance, 84 effective normal, 391 sedimentation, 23, 134, 200, 210 spectrum hydrostatic state of, 104 sediments, 471 reflectance, 79 least compressive, 388

622 Index

stress (cont.) surface stress, 92 thermal diffusion distance, 184 lithostatic, 93, 97 surface temperature thermal diffusivity, 179 lithostatic state of, 104 periodic, 177 thermal energy maximum compressive, 388 surface wave magnitude, 402 internal, 341 normal, 92, 100 suture, 48 thermal expansion plane, 135 swells, 53 coefficient of, 308 principal, 102 hotspot, 18 linear coefficient of, 204 shear, 92, 98, 100, 265 syncline, 51 volumetric coefficient of, 204 surface, 92 synclines, 150 thermal expansivity tensile, 97 synclinoria, 51 volumetric, 344 uniaxial, 132 synclinorium, 289 thermal isostasy, 257 yield, 337, 379 synthetic aperture radar thermal lithosphere, 158 stress diffusion, 417 interferometry, 128, 413 thermal plume, 316, 451 stress drop, 390 system thermal stresses, 57, 205, 336 stress measurements, 106 samarium–neodymium, 469 thermally activated creep processes, stresses uranium–lead, 469 338 fiber, 139 systematics thermoremanent magnetism, 25 isotopic, 138 radiogenic isotope, 484 thickness of the oceanic lithosphere, membrane, 57 190 nonrenewable, 206 tail three-armed pattern, 43 renewable, 206 plume, 19 three-dimensional strain, 110 thermal, 57, 205, 336 tails thrust belt, 48 viscous normal, 275 plume, 263 thrust faulting, 56, 386, 387 viscous shear, 275 Tangshan earthquake, 48 thrust faults, 48 stretching factor, 95 tectonics thrust sheet, 51, 99, 396 stretching model compressional, 290 tidal dissipation, 67, 84 crustal, 95, 215 plate, 1, 2, 264 time strike–slip, see strike–slip fault temperature relaxation, 280 strike–slip fault, 56, 388 blocking, 24 time scale dextral, 56 Curie, 24 geological, 23 left-lateral, 56 homologous, 349 time-dependent heat conduction, 508 right-lateral, 56 surface periodic, 177 Titan, 89 sinistral, 56 temperature distributions, 160 tomography strike–slip faulting, 387 temperature gradient mantle, 14 subducted lithosphere, 223 adiabatic, 219 topography subducted marine sediments, 466 tensile stress, 97 compensated, 261 subduction, 1, 2, 12 terms dynamic, 269 oblique, 41 nonlinear, 310 periodic, 178 ridge, 46 terraces uncompensated, 261 subduction zones, 52 elevated beach, 280 valley and ridge, 290 submarine hot springs, 264 terrain torque, 139, 275 subsidence history, 212 chaotic, 74 lifting, 283 suction force, 283 terrain corrections, 249 total heat flow, 164 superposition tests tracks principle of, 178 triaxial compression, 136 hotspot, 17 surface Tethys Ocean, 46 transform equipotential, 240 Tharsis Montes, 72 ridge-ridge, 17 phreatic, 430 theodolite, 118 transform faults, 16 surface forces, 93 thermal boundary layer, 60, 185, 314 transition to turbulent flow, 271 surface gravity anomalies, 244 cold, 1 transport coefficient, 225 surface heat flow, 162, 190 thermal conductivity, 161 transpression, 56, 389 surface strain thermal contraction, 208 transtension, 56, 389 coseismic, 115 thermal convection, 60, 264, 307 trench pull, 2, 324, 333

Index 623

trenches vapor-dominated systems, 459 molecular, 340 ocean, 1, 2, 153 variable volumetric coefficient of thermal Tresca criterion, 380 similarity, 184 expansion, 204 triangulation, 116 variables volumetric flow rate, 271 triaxial compression tests, 136 dimensionless, 271 volumetric thermal expansivity, 344 triple junction, 17, 40 separation of, 177 von Mises criterion, 381 TRM, see thermoremanent vector magnetism Burgers, 353 Wadati–Benioff zone, 13 turbulent flow, 271 column, 497 Wadati-Benioff zones, 3 transition to, 271 velocity wall two-dimensional rolls, 316 Darcy, 426 foot, 387 two-phase flows, 425 velocity components, 273 hanging, 387 two-reservoir model, 473 Venus, 80 wander very long baseline interferometry, 118 polar, 4 uncompensated topography, 261 Vesta, 79 water table, 425, 430 unconfined aquifer, 430 viscoelastic material, 376 unconformities, 21 wave magnitude viscoelastic medium, 338 uniaxial strain, 134 body, 402 viscoelastic relaxation time, 376 uniaxial stress, 132 surface, 402 viscoelasticity, 336 uniform loading, 143 wavelength, 145 viscosity, 263–265, 356 univariant, 224 diffusion creep, 351 wellbore breakouts, 108 universal flexure profile, 155 dislocation creep, 356 wet steam, 459 universal gas constant, 342 dynamic, 266 whole mantle, 14 universal gravitational constant, 105, kinematic, 266 whole mantle convection, 222 231 whole-rock isochron, 467 unloading, 277 viscous dissipation, 304, 326 Wilson cycle, 43 unstable viscous folding, 376 gravitationally, 264 viscous forces, 274 xenoliths, 10, 295 upper mantle, 14 viscous normal stresses, 275 viscous shear stresses, 275 upwelling yield strength, 292 diapiric, 264 volcanic conduits, 264 yield stress, 337, 379 uranium–lead system, 469 volcanism, 1, 14, 52, 264 intraplate, 52, 333 Young’s modulus, 132 vacancies, 346 island arc, 472 Valles Marineris, 74 volcano zone valley shape, 425 orogenic, 46 rift, 43 volcanoes Wadati–Benioff, 13 valley and ridge topography, 290 geometrical form of, 440 zones valleys, 148 volume fracture, 16 value activation, 348 subduction, 52 critical, 145 control, 270 Wadati-Benioff, 3