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Inspiring the Next Generation of Scientists Jupiter's Aurora AGU VOL. 97 NO. 1 1 JAN 2016 Earth & Space Science News Inspiring the Next Generation of Scientists Jupiter’s Aurora AGU Medalists Honored What Flows Beneath Housing and Registration Now Open Call for Abstracts It’s time to register and reserve your hotel in New Orleans for the 2016 Ocean Sciences Meeting, 21–26 February. Housing Deadline: 28 January 2016 osm.agu.org/2016/ Earth & Space Science News Contents 1 JANUARY 2016 PROJECT UPDATE VOLUME 97, ISSUE 1 13 Next-Generation Scientists Get a Taste of Their Future Careers High school and middle school students mingled with scientists from all over the world when they presented their posters at the Joint Aquatic Sciences Meeting. NEWS 5 Purple Hearts Honor Four Meteorologists Killed in World War II A ceremony posthumously honors the U.S. Weather Service workers 73 years after 8 they died and highlights the importance of weather forecasting during the war. COVER Breaking Internal Tides AGU NEWS Keep the Ocean in Balance Medalists Honored at 17 2015 AGU Fall Meeting By studying how underwater waves strike the continental slope off Citations for and responses from recipients Tasmania, researchers seek to uncover the mechanisms that keep the of Union medals, among AGU’s most circulation of the global ocean in balance. prestigious honors. Earth & Space Science News Eos.org // 1 Contents DEPARTMENTS Editor in Chief Barbara T. Richman: AGU, Washington, D. C., USA; eos_ [email protected] Editors Christina M. S. Cohen Wendy S. Gordon Carol A. Stein California Institute Ecologia Consulting, Department of Earth and of Technology, Pasadena, Austin, Texas, USA; Environmental Sciences, Calif., USA; wendy@ecologiaconsulting University of Illinois at cohen@srl .caltech.edu .com Chicago, Chicago, Ill., USA; [email protected] José D. Fuentes David Halpern Department of Meteorology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pennsylvania State Pasadena, Calif., USA; University, University davidhalpern29@gmail Park, Pa., USA; .com [email protected] Editorial Advisory Board M. Lee Allison, Earth and Space John W. Lane, Near-Surface Geophysics Science Informatics Jian Lin, Tectonophysics Mark G. Flanner, Atmospheric Figen Mekik, Paleoceanography Sciences and Paleoclimatology Nicola J. Fox, Space Physics Jerry L. Miller, Ocean Sciences and Aeronomy Michael A. Mischna, Planetary Sciences Steve Frolking, Biogeosciences Thomas H. Painter, Cryosphere Sciences 25 Edward J. Garnero, Study of the Philip J. Rasch, Global Environmental Earth’s Deep Interior Change Michael N. Gooseff, Hydrology Eric M. Riggs, Education Brian C. Gunter, Geodesy Adrian Tuck, Nonlinear Geophysics 25–27 Research Spotlight Kristine C. Harper, History Sergio Vinciguerra, Mineral What Makes Jupiter’s Aurora Pulse?; of Geophysics and Rock Physics Extracting New Meaning from Susan E. Hough, Natural Hazards Andrew C. Wilcox, Earth and Planetary Emily R. Johnson, Volcanology, Surface Processes Seismological Data; Evidence for Geochemistry, and Petrology Earle Williams, Atmospheric Volcanoes on Venus; Subsurface Keith D. Koper, Seismology and Space Electricity Geomagnetism Societal Impacts Craters Expose the Moon’s Dramatic Robert E. Kopp, Mary Lou Zoback, and Paleomagnetism and Policy Sciences Past; Low-Altitude Clouds Play an Important Role in a Changing Staff Production: Faith A. Ishii, Production Manager; Melissa A. Tribur, Senior Production Climate; The Element of Surprise in Specialist; Liz Castenson, Editor’s Assistant; Yael Fitzpatrick, Manager, Design and Managing Flood Risk. Branding; Valerie Bassett and Travis Frazier, Electronic Graphics Specialists Editorial: Peter L. Weiss, Manager/Senior News Editor; Mohi Kumar, Scientific Content Editor; Randy Showstack, Senior News Writer; JoAnna Wendel, Writer; 28–35 Positions Available Shannon Kelleher and Cody Sullivan, Interns Marketing: Angelo Bouselli, Marketing Program Manager; Jamie R. Liu, Manager, 27 Current job openings in the Earth Marketing and space sciences. Advertising: Christy Hanson, Manager; Tel: +1-202-777-7536; Email: advertising@ agu.org 3–6 News 36 Postcards from the Field ©2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. Material in this issue may Jupiter’s Europa Helps Earthlings be photocopied by individual scientists for research or classroom use. Permission A team of 35 participants from See Sister Moon’s Volcano; Climate is also granted to use short quotes, figures, and tables for publication in scientific all over the country and abroad books and journals. For permission for any other uses, contact the AGU Publications Change Is a Conservative Issue, Office. converged at Craters of the Moon British Minister Says; Purple Hearts Eos (ISSN 0096-3941) is published semi-monthly, on the 1st and 15th of the month (COTM) National Monument and Honor Four Meteorologists Killed except the 1st of January 2015 by the American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Preserve in Idaho for a planetary in World War II; F. Curtis Michel Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20009, USA. Periodical Class postage paid at Washington, analogue field trip. D. C., and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to (1934–2015). Member Service Center, 2000 Florida Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20009, USA. Member Service Center: 8:00 a.m.–6:00 p.m. Eastern time; Tel: +1-202-462-6900; 7 Meeting Report On the Cover Fax: +1-202-328-0566; Tel. orders in U.S.: 1-800-966-2481; Email: [email protected]. Use AGU’s Geophysical Electronic Manuscript Submissions system to submit a Melting glacier water meanders Setting the Stage for a Global manuscript: http://eos-submit.agu.org. to the ocean, where it plummets Science of Atmospheric Rivers. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect official positions of the toward the seafloor. Internal ocean American Geophysical Union unless expressly stated. waves mix warm surface water with Christine W. McEntee, Executive Director/CEO 17–24 AGU News cold deep water, maintaining the Medalists Honored at 2015 AGU Fall oceans in a steady state. Credit: Jason Meeting. Hosking/Getty Images. facebook.com/AmericanGeophysicalUnion @AGU_Eos linkedin.com/company/american-geophysical-union youtube.com/user/AGUvideos 2 // Eos 1 January 2016 NEWS Jupiter’s Europa Helps Earthlings See Sister Moon’s Volcano he enormous volcano Loki Patera dwarfs anything on Earth yet resides on T tiny Jovian moon Io. Astronomers now report taking advantage of a chance alignment— the neighboring moon Europa passing in front of Io, as seen from Earth—to scrutinize the volcano and its huge lava lake with 40 times greater spatial detail than in past observations. These highest-resolution images of Loki ever recorded from Earth may aid scientists to better answer questions about how this mysterious 200-kilometer-wide horseshoe-shaped lava feature formed and evolves. Fortuitous Occultation Michael Skrutskie of the University of Vir- ginia in Charlottesville and his colleagues LBTO were already set to examine Loki Patera last A new view (left) of the Loki Patera volcanic depression on Jupiter’s moon Io reveals that hot spots in the volcano (red March with the Large Binocular Telescope, blobs with yellow centers) have shifted since the much lower resolution image (right) was captured in 2013. Each of located in southeast Arizona, when they real- these views of Loki overlays a 1970s visible light image of Io’s surface onto a much newer infrared image from the ized that a chance occultation by Io’s neigh- Large Binocular Telescope (fiery-looking features in shades of red and yellow). bor could dramatically enhance the observa- tions. They then adjusted the timing of their observations to take full advantage of Euro- In one model, Davies noted, blocks of crust the nuts and bolts of how this massive vol- pa’s temporary interposition. form on the surface of the lava lake created cano works,” he said. During the first part of the occultation, by the volcano. As a block thickens and cools, known as the ingress, Europa progressively it becomes less buoyant and finally sinks blocked larger regions of Loki Patera from down to the bottom of the lake. Researchers By Ron Cowen, Freelance Science Journalist; view. Between successive telescope images, suggest that these blocks of crust sink suc- email: [email protected] Europa cloaked about 2 additional kilometers cessively in a of the volcano. The reverse occurred during counterclockwise egress, when Europa receded. By reducing the direction around amount of Loki visible at any moment, Euro- an island in the pa’s passage between Earth and Io allowed middle of Loki the telescope to discern finer features of the Patera, taking volcanic terrain than it did in 2013, when about 1.5 Earth Europa’s assist was not available, Skrutskie years to go com- said. pletely around. He described the findings on 12 Nov ember The process Free Access to 2015 at the annual meeting of the American should generate a Astronomical Society’s Division for Planetary systematic tem- Breakthrough Research Sciences in National Harbor, Md. perature distribu- tion across Loki Shifting Hot Spots Patera, which may The images reveal that the hot spots within be apparent in the Loki Patera have shifted position since 2013. high-resolution As Skrutskie and his colleagues analyze more data, Davies said. of the data, they may be able to make detailed “Loki Patera is temperature maps of the volcano, which one of the great could test models of how the hot spots wonders of the develop, study collaborator Ashley Davies of solar system,” and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasa- the new observa- dena,
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