DOCSLIB.ORG

UNEP-African Rift Geothermal Development Facility

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UNEP-African Rift Geothermal Development Facility UNEP - ARGeo UNEP-African Rift Geothermal Development Facility Strategy and Scenario for development of Geothermal Resources in the East Africa Region Meseret T. Zemedkun Six Africa Rift Geothermal Conference (ARGeo C6) UNEP is the lead organization to coordinate environmental matters within the United Nations system. We produce environmental assessments and analyses, norms, guidelines and methods for use by stakeholders looking for guidance on how to effectively manage the environment for their sustainable development and economic growth UNEP’S seven THEMATIC AREAS 7 Divisions and Six Regional OFFICES The Energy branch leads UNEP’s work on climate change mitigation by addressing the environmental consequences of energy production and use. THE EAST AFRICAN RIFT SYSTEM Extends about 6500 Km from the Dead Sea Huge Geothermal Resource with (North) to Mozambique (South) Estimated Potential4 of > 20,000 MWe East African Countries Using Or Having Carried Out Research On Geothermal Resources Burundi Comoros DRC* Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia* Kenya* Malawi Mozambique Rwanda Tanzania Uganda Zambia * *Plant installed 5 STATUS OF GEOTHERMAL E&D Countries Reconnaissance S. Detailed Detailed Drilling Feasibility Power Remark Development Burundi X - - - - - - Comoros X - - - - - - DRC X - - - - - Djibouti X X X X - - - Eritrea X X X - - - Ethiopia X X X X - X 7.2 MWe Kenya X X X X - X 655 MWe Rwanda X X X X - - - Tanzania X X X - - - - Uganda X X X - - - Zambia X* X X X - - * Not F. plant 200KW = Semi-Detailed = Detailed = Power generation = Reconnaissance 6 DISTRIBUTION OF INDIGENOUS RE SOURCES Djibouti and Eritrea have no other known indigenous energy resources except potential for geothermal energy: Rely 100% on petroleum fuels for commercial energy supply Kenya is almost exhausting its hydro-potentials, DRC, Zambia, Ethiopia, Uganda’s with relatively large hydro-potential are subject to climatic fluctuations. Hydropower supply needs to be stabilized by suitable energy mix, using geothermal power generation. THERE IS AN ABUNDANCE OF HIGH ENTHALPY GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES IN THE REGION SUITED TO LOW COST AND CLEAN ELECTRICITY GENERATION USING ESTABLISHED TECHNOLOGY. 7 GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL IN KENYA > 10,000MW in over 23 sites • Suswa, • Longonot, • Olkaria, • Eburru, • Menengai, • Arus-Bogoria, Menengai Block (1,600MW) • Lake Baringo, (Drilling Ongoing) • Korosi, 105 MWe tender • Paka, awarded to private • Lake Magadi, developers • Badlands, Olkaria Block(1,200MW) • Silali, (i)Installed 636 MW • Emuruangogolak, (ii)Developing 560MW (the first 140MWe • Namarunu Olkaria V advertised) • Barrier • Mwananyamala Private developers • Homa Hills already licensed at Olkaria, Akiira and • Nyambene Ridges Longonot fields • Chyulu Hills Source: TMO; Internet Sources; Argeo 1 ETHIOPIA •Exploration began in 1969 (UNDP & EG) •About 22 Geothermal Prospect areas were identified in the whole ERV (covers 13% of the country) •Much larger are for direct uses (agriculture, agro-industry etc) 9 DJIBOUTI DETAILED INVESTIGATION Consortium of donors- 50 MWe Drilling operation is ongoing in Assal M. Abdou 2015 10 ERITREA SEMI DETAILED DETAILED INVESTIGATION Yohannes, E. 2008 11 DETAILED RWANDA INVESTIGATION -KARISMBI (2012) Two wells were drilled (2013-14) -Kinigi G.Prospect -Bugarama - Gisenyi Uwera , R. 2015 12 TANZANIA $T $T$T $T $T Semi-Detailed investigation Lake Natron geothermal field $T $T $T $T $T $T Detailed- Ngozi-Songwe $T $T $T $T $T $T $T $T $T$T $T $T $T $T $T $T Rufiji geothermal field $T $T $T$T $T $T $T $T $T $T $T $T $T $T $T Mbeya geothermal field $T 13 UGANDA SEMI DETAILED DETAILED INVESTIGATION Katwe Kibiro Buranga Pynamir Bahati , G. 2008 Kato. V. 2013 14 BURUNDI RECONNAISSANCE Oswald, 2013 ICEIDA, 2011 15 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO . Kiabukwa (Upemba rift) . Shallow wells . 91°C . 40 l/s . 1952: Binary pilot plant 0.2 MW; abandoned few years after commissioning RECONNAISSANCE 16 16 THE COMOROS ISLANDS Karthala volcano KENGEN DID INVESTIGATIONS 17 MALAWI • Reconnaissance stage of Exploration • Identified a number of geothermal prospect areas • Main Challenges: Inadequate skilled manpower, etc.. Chisambi, 2011 18 ZAMBIA PD- Kalhari Geo Eergy Ltd commenced drilling in Kafue B. in 2013 Bwengwa River Low to medium temperature RECONNAISSANCE Kapisya Prospect Lake Tanganyika " L ake Mweru ! Mp ulun gu TAN ZAN IA Sumbu National Park !! ! K asama ! Isoka D. R. CONGO !MansaBangweulu Floodplains MA LAWI North Luangwa National Park ! Mp ika AN GOLA !So lwezi Luambe National Park Kitwe! Kasanka National Park ! Ndo la South Luangwa National park Chipata! ! Mkushi !Kapiri Mposhi Liuwa Plains National Park Kafue NationalZ Park A M B I A MOZA MBIQU E ! Mo ngu ! LusakLower a Zambezi National Park Lochinvar National Park ! Chirun du S iavonga! Lake Kariba ZIMBABWE Sioma Ngwezi National Park 19 N AMIBIA !Livingstone Victoria Falls B OTSWA NA Figure 8. Map of Zambia showing the location of Kapisya Geothermal Prospect STRATEGY FOR EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF GR IN EARS 20 STRAEGY FOR EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT Strategic plan of Exploration and DevelopmentIN (Five EARS Years) Countries Reconnaissance S.Detailed Detailed Drilling Feasibility Power Remark Development Burundi X X X - - - - Comoros X X X - - - 10-15 MW DRC X X X - - Djibouti X X X X X X 50 MW (Assal) Eritrea X X X X X X ALID (PP) Ethiopia X X X X X X 580 MWe Kenya X X X X X X 880 MWe Rwanda X X X X X Binary (DU) Tanzania X X X - - - 10-20 Mwe X X X X X -50 MWe Uganda Zambia X* X X - - - * Not F. plant 200KW = Detailed investigation = Power Generation 21 WHAT RESOURCES DO WE HAVE? 22 MAIN CHALLENGES/BARRIERS: • Large Upfront cost of geothermal exploration and development • Risks Associated with Resource Exploration and Power development • Inadequate skilled manpower and equipment for geothermal Resource Exploration and development • Limited national budgetary allocation and donor funding • Inadequate Private Sector Participation in the region • Lack of Supportive government policy and regulatory framework • Long lead project development time 23 STRATEGY TO FAST TRACK GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT 24 What to consider ! 1.The Resource 2.The Government 3.Policy, Laws and regulations 4.Institutional and infrastructural Capacities 5.The private sector 6.Support Programmes/development partners 7. Technology 25 THE RESOURCE- LTLCNPDMP 26 26 Comparisons with others sources GDC, 2011 Assessment criteria Generation Low cost Location and Option US$c/kwh Availability Fast delivery* Environment friendly Natural potential transmission benefit Comments • Geothermal 6.4 • Significant proven potential • Wind • Significant potential, but dependent on 8.8 weather • Nuclear 8.6 • Min plant size of 500 MW required, politically sensitive • Gas CNG 8.4 • Need to import, liquify for transport and re- gas • Coal 9.3 ? ? • Coal potential in Kitui • MSD • Attractive intermediate 10.2 capacity, but not large base load • Hydro** 12.5 • High exposure to hydrology risk (60% of installed capacity) • Gas 16.5 • Current GTs running at high loads, need Kerosene more base load • Solar 30-50 ? • Dependent on weather with low average availability • Could pursue along side coal opportunity • Co-gene- tbd ? ? ration 27 * Based on construction time – additional time would be needed for feasibility and other pre-construction activities 27 ** 6US cents/kwh based on importing hydro power from Ethiopia vs. 12 US cents/kwh based on remaining projects in Kenya, e.g. Mutonga *** Lower than 10 cents/kwh, greater than 80% availability, less than 3 years, lower than 0.20 CO2 kg/kwh and known natural potentia 27 GOVERNMENT COMMITMENT • Establishment of policy framework that attracts private investment • Government’s commitment to undertake the exploration risk • Setting up of favorable institutions to enhance exploration and development of the geothermal resource in the country (e.g. GDC in Kenya); • Upscale national investment • Recognition of geothermal energy as a viable solution for electricity generation and energy mix • Un-bundling the geothermal and electricity generation sector to cater for steam development, generation, transmission and distribution 28 GOVERNMENT COMMITMENT • Establishment of policy framework that attracts private investment • Government’s commitment to undertake the exploration risk • Setting up of favorable institutions to enhance exploration and development of the geothermal resource in the country (e.g. GDC in Kenya, TGDC, GDU); • Upscale national investment • Recognition of geothermal energy as a viable solution for electricity generation and energy mix • Un-bundling the geothermal and electricity generation sector to cater for steam development, generation, transmission and distribution 29 CLEAR AND COHERENT LEGISLATION AND REGULATION • Geothermal Act ( Except in Kenya ) • Specific geothermal concession agreement; In most cases, geothermal is under mining law • Appropriate institutional framework for exploring and developing geothermal resource: Kenya • Specific geothermal Feed in Tariff. Successful development of geothermal resource, is governed by laws and fulfilled by appropriate institutions 30 Effective Planning • National Level Planning (NPDMP) • Tactical Level Planning Prioritization/Ranking) • Strategic Level Planning (Single Govt.entity or Concession in the form PPP/IPP) 31 Enablers –Technology Wellhead Generation INVESTORS TO INSTALL WELLHEADS FOR EARLY GENERATION Characteristics Typical Sizes – 5-10 MW Containerized/portable Mounted on the well pad 9 months to manufacture, ship and install Cost USD 1.5 million/MW
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Historical Volcanism and the State of Stress in the East African Rift System
    Historical volcanism and the state of stress in the East African Rift System Article Accepted Version Open Access Wadge, G., Biggs, J., Lloyd, R. and Kendall, J.-M. (2016) Historical volcanism and the state of stress in the East African Rift System. Frontiers in Earth Science, 4. 86. ISSN 2296- 6463 doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2016.00086 Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/66786/ It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. See Guidance on citing . To link to this article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2016.00086 Publisher: Frontiers media All outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other copyright holders. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the End User Agreement . www.reading.ac.uk/centaur CentAUR Central Archive at the University of Reading Reading’s research outputs online 1 Historical volcanism and the state of stress in the East African 2 Rift System 3 4 5 G. Wadge1*, J. Biggs2, R. Lloyd2, J-M. Kendall2 6 7 8 1.COMET, Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, UK 9 2.COMET, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK 10 11 * [email protected] 12 13 14 Keywords: crustal stress, historical eruptions, East African Rift, oblique motion, 15 eruption dynamics 16 17 18 19 20 21 Abstract 22 23 Crustal extension at the East African Rift System (EARS) should, as a tectonic ideal, 24 involve a stress field in which the direction of minimum horizontal stress is 25 perpendicular to the rift.
    [Show full text]
  • Alcolapia Grahami ERSS
    Lake Magadi Tilapia (Alcolapia grahami) Ecological Risk Screening Summary U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, March 2015 Revised, August 2017, October 2017 Web Version, 8/21/2018 1 Native Range and Status in the United States Native Range From Bayona and Akinyi (2006): “The natural range of this species is restricted to a single location: Lake Magadi [Kenya].” Status in the United States No records of Alcolapia grahami in the wild or in trade in the United States were found. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission has listed the tilapia Alcolapia grahami as a prohibited species. Prohibited nonnative species (FFWCC 2018), “are considered to be dangerous to the ecology and/or the health and welfare of the people of Florida. These species are not allowed to be personally possessed or used for commercial activities.” Means of Introductions in the United States No records of Alcolapia grahami in the United States were found. 1 Remarks From Bayona and Akinyi (2006): “Vulnerable D2 ver 3.1” Various sources use Alcolapia grahami (Eschmeyer et al. 2017) or Oreochromis grahami (ITIS 2017) as the accepted name for this species. Information searches were conducted under both names to ensure completeness of the data gathered. 2 Biology and Ecology Taxonomic Hierarchy and Taxonomic Standing According to Eschmeyer et al. (2017), Alcolapia grahami (Boulenger 1912) is the current valid name for this species. It was originally described as Tilapia grahami; it has also been known as Oreoghromis grahami, and as a synonym, but valid subspecies, of
    [Show full text]
  • In Water Composition Due to Abstraction of Soda Ash. Impact
    Chapter 6 - Lake Natron Soda Ash ESIA 6 - 8 in water composition due to abstraction of soda ash. Impact: Introduction of animal pests and pathogens to the Lake system Impact No. B/E 3 Changes in disease vector populations Ranking: Negative slight Characteristics: Domestic waste attracting pests. Abandoned borrow pits providing mosquito breeding sites. Increase in introduction of vectors through increased human and vehicle movement. Impact: Loss of fresh water habitats in the Lake due to dry season abstraction Impact No. B/E 4 Changes in aquatic biota Ranking: Negative slight Characteristics: Abstraction of surface water from the Wosi Wosi River Impact: The Cyperus laevigatus sedgelands surrounding the semi sodic springs in the southern and eastern sides of the Lake form critical late dry season grazing for domestic stock and wildlife. Increased pressure or disturbance could deplete the remaining wildlife populations Impact No. B/E 5 Changes in terrestrial plant populations Ranking: Negative moderate Characteristics: Access road along east side of the Lake would threaten the use of 400 ha of dry season grazing. This area has a stocking rate of at least 2.5 LSU/ha during he dry season Impact: Introduction of alien invasive plant and animal species Impact No. B/E 5 Changes in terrestrial plant (and animal) populations Ranking: Negative slight Characteristics: Concerns relating to construction activities, the development of domestic gardens, the introduction of brine shrimp into the process Impact: Illegal hunting activities will increase with human immigration into the area Impact No. B/E 6 Changes in terrestrial wildlife populations Ranking: Negative slight Characteristics: There is a present decline in rare wildlife species such as gerenuk and Coir bustard and local extinction of rhino and Oryx due to increased pressure on grazing resources and increased poaching.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology Area South of Magadi
    _£I Report No. 61 GOVERNMENT OF KENYA MINISTRY OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KENYA GEOLOGY OF THE AREA SOUTH OF MAGADI DEGREE SHEET 58, N.W. QUARTER (with coloured geological map) by B. H. BAKER, B.Sc, F.G.S. Geologist Eight Shillings - 1963 "ISfiICrLIBSARY ïIE-- :i963l4 j». ^itfageningen _ .The'Netherlands Li / J Scanned from original by ISRIC - World Soil Information, as ICSU World Data Centre for Soils. The purpose is to make a safe depository for endangered documents and to make the accrued information available for consultation, following Fair Use Guidelines. Every effort is taken to respect Copyright of the materials within the archives where the identification of the Copyright holder is clear and, where feasible, to contact the originators. For questions please contact soil.isricPwur.nl indicating the item reference number concerned. GEOLOGY OF THE AREA SOUTH OF MAGADI DEGREE SHEET 58, N.W. QUARTER (with coloured geological map) by B. H. BAKER, B.Sc, F.G.S. Geologist 165^G FOREWORD The publication of the report on the geology of the area south of Magadi completes the account of the southern end of the Rift Valley as it occurs in Kenya. The Magadi area itself was described by Mr. Baker in Report No. 42 (1958). During the mapping of the continua­ tion of the Magadi area the discovery of some critical exposures enabled the correction of an error of succession in the lower Pleistocene rocks that had been made during the survey of the Magadi area. The area is wild and desolate, but of considerable interest scenically, with the western Rift wall a little beyond its west boundary, rugged hills of ancient rocks in the south-east and two prominent volcanoes, Lenderut and Shombole, rising from the Rift floor.
    [Show full text]
  • Rift-Valley-1.Pdf
    R E S O U R C E L I B R A R Y E N C Y C L O P E D I C E N T RY Rift Valley A rift valley is a lowland region that forms where Earth’s tectonic plates move apart, or rift. G R A D E S 6 - 12+ S U B J E C T S Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography C O N T E N T S 9 Images For the complete encyclopedic entry with media resources, visit: http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/rift-valley/ A rift valley is a lowland region that forms where Earth’s tectonic plates move apart, or rift. Rift valleys are found both on land and at the bottom of the ocean, where they are created by the process of seafloor spreading. Rift valleys differ from river valleys and glacial valleys in that they are created by tectonic activity and not the process of erosion. Tectonic plates are huge, rocky slabs of Earth's lithosphere—its crust and upper mantle. Tectonic plates are constantly in motion—shifting against each other in fault zones, falling beneath one another in a process called subduction, crashing against one another at convergent plate boundaries, and tearing apart from each other at divergent plate boundaries. Many rift valleys are part of “triple junctions,” a type of divergent boundary where three tectonic plates meet at about 120° angles. Two arms of the triple junction can split to form an entire ocean. The third, “failed rift” or aulacogen, may become a rift valley.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of the Area South of Magadi, Kenya
    %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %% %% % % % % % % %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% % GEOLOGIC HISTORY % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Legend % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %% % %% %% % HOLOCENE % %% %% %% %% %% % % Pl-na %% %% %% % % Alasho ash %% %% %% % Evaporite Series (0-9 ka): trona with interbedded clays. The Magadi Soda Company currently mines the % % % Sediments Metamorphics %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% % trona at Lake Magadi in the region to the north. Samples of this formation from Natron indicate significantly % %% %% %% %% %% %% %% % % Pl-nv %% % % Alasho centers %% %% %% % G% eology of the Area South of Magadi, Kenya more halite than trona compared to Lake Magadi (Bell and Simonetti 1996). %% % % Holocene Kurase Group %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% %% % % % % % Pl-pt % % % % Magadi Trachyte Xl % % % % PLEISTOCENE % % % % Trona Crystalline Limestone % % % % For area to North see: Geology of the Magadi Area, KGS Report 42; Digital version by A. Guth % % % 36.5 °E % % % % 36.0 °E % % % % % High Magadi Beds (9-23.7 ka): yellow-brown silts over laminated clays with fish remains. Deposited % during % % Pl-gv % -2.0 ° -2.0 ° % % Gelai Xp % %% % a period of higher lake levels in both lakes Natron and Magadi. Coarser pebble beds seen near Len% derut Alluvial fan Undiff. Pelitic
    [Show full text]
  • Status of Geothermal Exploration in Kenya and Future Plans for Its Development
    Presented at Short Course IV on Exploration for Geothermal Resources, organized by UNU-GTP, KenGen and GDC, at Lake Naivasha, Kenya, November 1-22, 2009. Kenya Electricity Generating Co., Ltd. GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME Geothermal Development Company STATUS OF GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION IN KENYA AND FUTURE PLANS FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT Peter A. Omenda Geothermal Development Company P. O. Box 100746, Nairobi 00101 KENYA [email protected] ABSTRACT The high temperature geothermal prospects in Kenya are located within and are associated with the development of the Kenya Rift. Kenya Rift is a continental scale volcano-tectonic feature that stretches from northern to southern Africa. Development of the Rift started during the Oligocene (30million years ago) and activity has continued to recent times. The last 2 million years saw the development of large shield volcanoes within the axis of the rift. These centres are the most important geothermal prospects within the rift. Association between rifting and most of the occurrences of geothermal energy is mainly due to shallow magma chambers underneath the young volcanoes within the rift axis. KenGen in collaboration with the Ministry of Energy of the Government of Kenya has undertaken detailed surface studies of most of the prospects in the central sector of the rift which comprises Suswa, Longonot, Olkaria, Eburru, Menengai, Lakes Bogoria and Baringo, Korosi and Paka volcanic fields. Electric power is currently being generated at Olkaria with 130MWe installed while exploration drilling has been undertaken at Eburru and a 2.5MWe pilot plant is planned for development by KenGen and commissioning by 2009. Common methods that have been used by KenGen during exploration expeditions include geology (lithology, geochronology, structures); geophysics (seismic, gravity, magnetic, and resistivity); geochemistry (fluid and thermometry), heat flow and environmental baseline assessments.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology, Hydrothermal Alteration and Fluid Inclusion Studies of Olkaria Domes Geothermal Field, Kenya
    GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME Reports 2004 Orkustofnun, Grensásvegur 9, Number 1 IS-108 Reykjavík, Iceland GEOLOGY, HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION AND FLUID INCLUSION STUDIES OF OLKARIA DOMES GEOTHERMAL FIELD, KENYA MSc Thesis Department of Geology and Geography University of Iceland by John Kipng’etich Lagat Kenya Electricity Generating Co., Ltd. Olkaria Geothermal Project P.O. Box 785, Naivasha KENYA United Nations University, Geothermal Training Programme Reykjavík, Iceland Report 1 Published in September 2004 ISBN 9979-68-149-7 This MSc thesis has also been published in April 2004 by the Department of Geology and Geography, University of Iceland ii INTRODUCTION The Geothermal Training Programme of the United Nations University (UNU) has operated in Iceland since 1979 with six months annual courses for professionals from developing countries. The aim is to assist developing countries with significant geothermal potential to build up groups of specialists that cover most aspects of geothermal exploration and development. During 1979-2004, 318 scientists and engineers from 39 countries have completed the six months courses. They have come from Asia (44%), Africa (26%), Central America (14%), and Central and Eastern Europe (16%). There is a steady flow of requests from all over the world for the six months training and we can only meet a portion of the requests. Most of the trainees are awarded UNU Fellowships financed by the UNU and the Government of Iceland. Candidates for the six months specialized training must have at least a BSc degree and a minimum of one year practical experience in geothermal work in their home countries prior to the training. Many of our trainees have already completed their MSc or PhD degrees when they come to Iceland, but several excellent students who have only BSc degrees have made requests to come again to Iceland for a higher academic degree.
    [Show full text]
  • Great Rift Valley
    Great Rift Valley For other uses, see Great Rift Valley (disambiguation). Rift Valley (African rift valley) The Great Rift Valley is a name given in the late 19th century by British explorer John Walter Gregory to the continuous geographic trench, approximately 6,000 kilo- metres (3,700 mi) in length, that runs from northern Jordan Rift Valley in Asia to Mozambique in South East- ern Africa.[1] The name continues in some usages, al- though it is today considered geologically imprecise as New Ocean Basin it combines features that are today regarded as separate, (Red Sea) although related, rift and fault systems. Today, the term is most often used to refer to the val- ley of the East African Rift, the divergent plate boundary which extends from the Afar Triple Junction southward across eastern Africa, and is in the process of splitting the African Plate into two new separate plates. Geolo- gists generally refer to these incipient plates as the Nubian Mature Ocean Plate and the Somali Plate. (Atlantic) Mid-Ocean Ridge Sediments Crust 1 Theoretical extent Mantle Diagram of a rift valley’s future evolution into a sea. 2 Asia Further information: Sinai peninsula The northernmost part of the Rift, today called the Dead Sea Transform or Rift, forms the Beqaa Valley in Lebanon separating the Lebanon Mountains and Anti- Lebanon Mountains. Further south it is known as the Hula Valley separating the Galilee mountains and the Golan Heights.[3] Satellite image of a graben in the Afar Depression. The River Jordan begins here and flows southward through Lake Hula into the Sea of Galilee in Israel.
    [Show full text]
  • MAU COMPLEX UNDER SIEGE MAU COMPLEX UNDER SIEGE Introductionvalues Threats the Mau Complex Covers Ha, As Large Some 400,000 and Theas Mt
    Introduction Threats MAUMAU COMPLEXCOMPLEX UNDERUNDER SIEGESIEGE ContinuousContinuous destructiondestruction ofof Values Kenya’sKenya’s largestlargest forestforest A presentation by: UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME KENYA WILDLIFE SERVICE KENYA FORESTS WORKING GROUP June 2005 Location and extent of the Mau Complex n a d u S E t Introduction Threats h i The Mau Complex covers o p The Mau Complex covers i a somesome 400,000 400,000 ha, ha, as as large large asas Mt. Mt. Kenya Kenya and and the the AberdaresAberdares combined. combined. ItIt is is the the largest largest forest forest of of Kenya.Kenya. Values AsAs a a montane montane forest, forest, it it is is S oaa m li oneone of of the the five five main main “water “water U g a n d a d a n U g towers”towers” of of Kenya, Kenya, with with Mt. Mt. Kenya,Kenya, the the Aberdare Aberdare Range,Range, Mt. Mt. Elgon Elgon and and the the CherenganiCherengani Hills. Hills. n T a a n e z a c n i a O n a i d n I Mau Complex: a key catchment area TheThe Mau Mau Complex Complex forms forms the the Introduction Threats upperupper catchments catchments of of all all (but (but one)one) main main rivers rivers west west of of the the Rift Rift Valley,Valley, including: including: • Nzoia River (Î Lake Victoria) • Nzoia River (Î Lake Victoria) • Yala River (Î Lake Victoria) • Yala River (Î Lake Victoria) • Nyando River (Î Lake Victoria) • Nyando River (Î Lake Victoria) • Sondu River (Î Lake Victoria) • Sondu River (Î Lake Victoria) • Mara River (Î Lake Victoria) • Mara River (Î Lake Victoria) Values
    [Show full text]
  • Tanzania National Single Species Action Plan 2010-2020 for the Conservation of the Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias Minor)
    THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND TOURISM WILDLIFE DIVISION Sustainable Wetlands Management Program Tanzania National Single Species Action Plan 2010-2020 for the Conservation of the Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) (Photo courtesy Ma Aeberhard) February 2010 For the establishment of Community Based Natural Resource Management of Wetlands Tanzania Na onal Single Species Ac on Plan 2010-2020 for the Conserva on of the Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) 1 THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND TOURISM WILDLIFE DIVISION Sustainable Wetlands Management Program Tanzania National Single Species Action Plan 2010-2020 for the Conservation of the Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) February 2010 For the establishment of Community Based Natural Resource Management of Wetlands Tanzania Na onal Single Species Ac on Plan 2010-2020 for the Conserva on of the Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) © Wildlife Division, 2011 For further informa on, please contact: Director Wildlife, Wildlife Division, PO Box 1994, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Phone: 255 22 2866408, 2866376, 2866418. Fax: 255 22 2865836, 2863496.Foreword E-mail: [email protected]., ii Tanzania Na onal Single Species Ac on Plan 2010-2020 for the Conserva on of the Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) Acknowledgements The Director of Wildlife wishes to acknowledge the following: Prepared with Financial and Technical Assistance from: Danida support to Sustainable Wetlands Management Program (SWMP), helped fund the mee ngs, workshops and prin ng of the fi rst dra and publica on. Flamingo Land, supported the publica on of the fi nal document. The support from BirdLife Interna onal for the par cipa on of regional specialists to a end mee ngs, is highly appreciated.
    [Show full text]
  • A Case of Olkaria Geothermal System, Kenya
    International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Applied Science (IJSEAS) – Volume-7, Issue-3, March2021 ISSN: 2395-3470 www.ijseas.com Application of MT and TM Resistivity Techniques in a High Temperature Geothermal System: A case of Olkaria Geothermal System, Kenya Solomon Namaswa1, 3, John Githiri1, Nicholas Mariita2, Maurice O. k’Orowe1 and Emmanuel Rionomakal4 1Physics Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya 2Geothermal Training and Research Institute, Dedan Kimathi University of Technology, Kenya 3Physics Department, Multimedia University of Kenya 4 Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, Nairobi Technical Training Institute, Kenya Abstract The most important aspect in geothermal energy exploration is the ability to predict the location and extent of the subsurface resource. This has been achieved by application of geophysical methods due to its ability to image subsurface structures. The electrical resistivity of the earth’s subsurface is affected by geothermal processes as a result of fracturing that increases fluids and rock interaction leading to the formation of alteration minerals that create subsurface resistivity contrast as a function of depth and temperature. A combined TEM and MT soundings was carried out in Olkaria domes geothermal field to map subsurface resistivity distribution. The MT static shift was corrected by TEM data through a joint inversion of 120 MT and 79 TEM soundings. From the resistivity contours at selected depths, three main resistivity regions were inferred; one low resistivity to the Northwest, the second low resistivity was observed to the Eastern side of the field. The two low resistive regions are separated by a NE-SW trending high resistive region.
    [Show full text]