Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis Activation and Symbiosis Disruption in Giant

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Oxidative Stress, Apoptosis Activation and Symbiosis Disruption in Giant Fish and Shellfish Immunology 84 (2019) 451–457 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Fish and Shellfish Immunology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fsi Full length article Oxidative stress, apoptosis activation and symbiosis disruption in giant clam T Tridacna crocea under high temperature ∗ Zhi Zhoua, , Zhaoqun Liub, Lingui Wanga, Jian Luoa, Hailang Lic a State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China b Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology & Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China c Haikou No.4 Middle School, Haikou, 570203, China ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Giant clams are one of the most important animals in coral reef ecosystem, and its growth and reproduction are Heat stress being threatened by heat stress due to global warming. In the present study, the symbiont density, the crucial Oxidative stress enzyme activities and the transcriptome were investigated in the outer mantle of giant clam Tridacna crocea after Apoptosis the acute exposure of high temperature. The density of symbiotic zooxanthellae decreased significantly during Tridacna 12–24 h, with the minimum level (7.75 × 105 cell cm−2, p < 0.05) at 12 h after heat stress. The activities of Symbiosis superoxide dismutase in the heat stress group was significantly lower than that in the control group at 24hafter heat stress, while no significant change in the activities of catalase was observed during the entire stress process. The activation level of caspase3 began to increase significantly at 12 h (1.22-fold, p < 0.05), and reached the highest level at 24 h (1.38-fold, p < 0.05) after heat stress. Six paired-end libraries were sequenced in two groups, including the heat stress and control group at 12 h after heat stress. Through the assembling of 187,116,632 paired-end reads with lengths of 2 × 150 bp, a total of 26,676 genes were obtained which derived from giant clam. Bioinformatics analysis revealed 47 significantly upregulated and 88 significantly down- regulated genes at 12 h after the treatment. There were 12 overrepresented GO terms for significantly upregu- lated genes, mostly related to unfolded protein binding and ATP binding, whereas no GO term was over- represented for significantly downregulated genes. These results collectively suggest high temperature could induce excessive oxidative stress through the repressed antioxidant ability, the apoptosis activated by the un- folded protein response, and further the collapse of the symbiosis between host and symbiont, which has been threatening the growth and reproduction of the giant clam T. crocea. 1. Introduction whereas populations of wild giant clams have been declining all over the world [5–9]. The shells of giant clams can provide substrate for Giant clams live mostly in coral reefs in the tropical Indo-Pacific epibionts and contribute to the complexity of the coral reef structure, through the symbiosis with the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium, colloqui- while their mantle cavities harbour substantial commensal and ecto- ally known as zooxanthellae [1]. The elaborately symbiosis endows parasitic organisms [10,11]. Furthermore, giant clams can expel Sym- giant clams with the successful adaptation to well-lit and oligotrophic biodinium, faeces and gametes to feed other organisms in the coral reef waters in coral reef ecosystem. Unlike the intracellular symbiosis in ecosystem [9]. Because the shifts of the mean annual sea surface tem- stony corals, symbiotic zooxanthellae reside extracellularly inside a perature due to global warming have caused the outbreak of coral tubular system permeating the outer mantle of giant clams [2]. The bleaching that increase both in frequency and severity, coral reef eco- symbionts provide giant clams with nutrients through photosynthesis, system has also been degrading over the past three decades [12]. The which can constitute up to 100% of the host's energy requirements [3]. destruction of environmental condition in coral reef ecosystem has In exchange, giant clams provide the symbionts with essential nutrients threaten the growth and reproduction of giant clams [13], and there- such as inorganic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in support of their fore their conservation, reproduction and adaptation have been paid metabolism and growth [4]. more attentions for the restoration and protection of coral reef eco- Giant clams play various ecological roles in coral reef ecosystem, system [14]. ∗ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (Z. Zhou). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.033 Received 3 June 2018; Received in revised form 11 September 2018; Accepted 10 October 2018 Available online 11 October 2018 1050-4648/ © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Z. Zhou et al. Fish and Shellfish Immunology 84 (2019) 451–457 When giant clams suffer from heat stress, their symbiosis with homogenates with symbionts were centrifuged at 1500×g, 4 °C for zooxanthellae can collapse through the disordered metabolism, further 10 min, and the supernatants were used to determine enzyme activities resulting in their bleaching. It has been observed that the exposure to of giant clams. The harvested symbionts were resuspended in the fil- increased water temperature could cause significant respiration in- tered seawater after the washing three times, and counted using a crease with a high photosynthetic rate in giant clam Tridacna squamosa Neubauer hemocytometer (QIUJING, China). The surface area of the [15], and induce the change of fatty acid diversity and the expression outer mantle was determined using the scaled photo method [22], and upregulation of genes involved in lipids in giant clam Tridacna maxima the density of symbiotic zooxanthellae was defined as the ratio of their [16]. Heat stress in combination with an irradiance increase has been number to the surface area of the outer mantle (cell cm−2). reported to cause the loss of symbiont, the retention of small symbiont and the chlorophyll content decrease of remaining symbiont in giant 2.4. Activity assay of antioxidant enzyme clam Tridacna gigas, which further resulted in the collapse of the clam- zooxanthella symbiosis, and finally the bleaching of giant clam[17]. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD, JIANCHENG, A001) Furthermore, it has also been considered that heat stress could lead to and catalase (CAT, JIANCHENG, A007) in the supernatants were two sequential cell death processes for the symbionts in giant clam measured using commercial kits, according to the manufacturer's pro- Tridacna maxima [16], and total mortality of trochophores in giant clam tocols. Total SOD activity was determined by the hydroxylamine Tridacna squamosal [18–20]. These studies have described the responses method [23], where 1 SOD activity unit was defined as the enzyme of giant clam to heat stress in the morphology and metabolism level, amount causing 50% inhibition in 1 mL reaction solution. Total CAT however, the detailed physiological mechanism underlying the heat activity was detected using spectrophotometry to measure the yel- stress response of giant clam and their bleaching remains unclear. lowish complex compound generated after the reaction between hy- Giant clam Tridacna crocea is a species of bivalve in the family drogen peroxide and ammonium molybdate. Here, 1 CAT enzyme ac- Cardiidae. It is native to the Indo-Pacific region, and its typical habitat tivity unit referred to the amount of enzyme needed to degrade 1 mmol is embedded in massive corals. The giant clam has been reported to hydrogen peroxide per second. The concentration of total protein in the suffer from the serious bleaching and even death, and thismass supernatant was quantified by BCA method [24]. SOD and CAT activ- bleaching accompanied with high sea surface temperatures [17]. To ities in the supernatants were the ratio of the total enzyme activity unit understand systemically the potential effects of high temperature on the to the total protein, and the results were expressed as U mg−1 protein. physiology and symbiosis of giant clam, the symbiotic zooxanthella density, the crucial enzyme activities and the metatranscriptome were 2.5. Activity assay of caspase3 investigated in the giant clam T. crocea after the acute exposure to high temperature. The present study would provide insights to further un- The caspase3 activities in the supernatant was measured by derstand the physiological mechanisms underlying heat stress response Caspase-3 Colorimetric Assay Kit (KeyGEN BioTECH) according to the of giant clam and its potential environmental adaptability. instruction. Briefly, the supernatants of all samples were diluted firstly to the same protein concentration. Then, 50 μL supernatants were 2. Materials and methods added in the reaction mixture containing 50 μL reaction buffer and 5 μL substrate. After an incubation in the dark at 37 °C for 4 h, the color 2.1. Giant clam change was detected spectrophotometrically at the wavelength of 405 nm. The activity of caspase3 was defined as the absorbance of the The giant clams T. crocea (Shell length: 8–10 cm) were collected and reaction solution at 405 nm (ABS405), and the activation level of cas- cultured in flow-through aquaria (ca. 300 L) filled with natural sea- pase3 in the mantle of giant clams was defined as the ratio 405of ABS in water (Temperature: 26 °C; Salinity: 34) in a facility located at Hainan samples to that of the blank group. University. Cultures were illuminated with metal halide bulbs in a 12 h/ 12 h light-dark cycle for two weeks to acclimatize in laboratory con- 2.6. Deep sequencing of outer mantle metatranscriptomes ditions. Total RNA was isolated from outer mantle samples of giant clams 2.2. Acute heat stress exposure following the TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) protocol. The extracted total RNA was quantified by Nanodrop 2000 (Thermo Scientific) at260/ A total of 25 giant clams were employed in the heat stress experi- 280 nm (ratio > 2.0) and its integrity was checked with Agilent 2100 ment. Ten giant clams were incubated at 32 °C, which were referred Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies).
Recommended publications
  • Review of Selected Species Subject to Long- Standing Import Suspensions
    UNEP-WCMC technical report Review of selected species subject to long- standing import suspensions Part II: Asia and Oceania (Version edited for public release) Review of selected species subject to long-standing import suspensions. Part II: Asia and Oceania Prepared for The European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Directorate E - Global & Regional Challenges, LIFE ENV.E.2. – Global Sustainability, Trade & Multilateral Agreements, Brussels, Belgium Prepared February 2016 Copyright European Commission 2016 Citation UNEP-WCMC. 2016. Review of selected species subject to long-standing import suspensions. Part II: Asia and Oceania. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge. The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity assessment of the United Nations Environment Programme, the world’s foremost intergovernmental environmental organization. The Centre has been in operation for over 30 years, combining scientific research with policy advice and the development of decision tools. We are able to provide objective, scientifically rigorous products and services to help decision- makers recognize the value of biodiversity and apply this knowledge to all that they do. To do this, we collate and verify data on biodiversity and ecosystem services that we analyze and interpret in comprehensive assessments, making the results available in appropriate forms for national and international level decision-makers and businesses. To ensure that our work is both sustainable and equitable we seek to build the capacity of partners
    [Show full text]
  • ENCORE: the Eаect of Nutrient Enrichment on Coral Reefs
    Marine Pollution Bulletin Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 91±120, 2001 Ó 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. Printed in Great Britain PII: S0025-326X$00)00181-8 0025-326X/01 $ - see front matter ENCORE: The Eect of Nutrient Enrichment on Coral Reefs. Synthesis of Results and Conclusions K. KOOP *,1, D. BOOTHà, A. BROADBENT§,2, J. BRODIE , D. BUCHERàà, D. CAPONE ,3, J. COLL§§,4, W. DENNISON , M. ERDMANNààà, P. HARRISONàà, O. HOEGH-GULDBERG ,5, P. HUTCHINGS§§§, G. B. JONES§, A. W. D. LARKUM , J. O'NEIL ,5, A. STEVEN ,6, E. TENTORI§§, S. WARDàà,5, J. WILLIAMSON ,7 and D. YELLOWLEESàààà School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia àDepartment Environmental Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney NSW 2065 Australia §Department of Chemistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, P.O. Box 1379, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia ààCentre for Coastal Management, Southern Cross University, P.O. Box 157, Lismore NSW 2480, Australia §§Department of Biology, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Qld 4702, Australia Department of Botany, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia àààP.O. Box 1020, Manado, Sulawesi, Indonesia §§§The Australian Museum, 6, College Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland, Box 38, Solomons, MA 20688-0038, USA ààààBiochemistry and Molecular Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811 Australia Coral reef degradation resulting from nutrient enrichment assessed a variety of factors focusing on nutrient dynamics of coastal waters is of increasing global concern. Although and biotic responses. A controlled and replicated experi- eects of nutrients on coral reef organisms have been ment was conducted over two years using twelve small demonstrated in the laboratory,there is little direct evi- patch reefs ponded at low tide by a coral rim.
    [Show full text]
  • Tridacna Maxima (Reding), and Hippopus Hippopus (Linnaeus)!
    Pacific Science (1976), Vol. 30, No.3, p. 219-233 Printed in Great Britain Early Life History of the Giant Clams Tridacna crocea Lamarck, Tridacna maxima (Reding), and Hippopus hippopus (Linnaeus)! STEPHEN C. JAMESON2 ABST RACT: Giant clams may be stimulated to spawn by the addition of macer­ ated gonads to the water.Individuals of Tridacna maxima collected at Anae Island, Guam, spawned from N ovember to March. On Palau, Hippopus hippopus spawned in June and Tridacna crocea, in July. Tridacna crocea, T. maxima, and H. hippopus displayed a stereotype d develop ment pattern in morphogenesis and rate of development . Fertilized eggs of T. crocea, T . maxima, and H. hippopus had mean diameters of 93.1, 104.5, and 130.0 psx», respectively . The day-2 straight-hinge veligers of T . crocea, T . maxima, and H. hippopus had mean shell lengths of 155.0, 168.0, and 174.4 pm, respec tively. Settlement occurred 12, 11, and 9 days after fertili zation at a mean shell length of 168.0, 195.0, and 202.0 pm for T . crocea,T . max ima, and H. bippopss, respectively. Metamorphosis was basically complete about 1 day after settlement. Juveniles of T . crocea, T. max ima, and H. hippopus first acqui re zooxanthellae after 19, 21, and 25 days, respectively. Growth rates increase sharply after the acquisition of zoo ­ xanthellae. Juvenile shells show first signs of becoming opaque after 47 days for T . maxima and after 50 days for H. hippopus. G rANT CLAMS are protandric fun ctional herma­ formation, and initial organogenesis. The larval phrodites (Wada 1942, 1952).
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Variability in the Indonesian Giant Clam (Tridacna Crocea and Tridacna Maxima) Populations: Implication for Mariculture and Restocking Program
    Genetic Variability in the Indonesian Giant Clam (Tridacna crocea and Tridacna maxima) Populations: Implication for Mariculture and Restocking Program Agus Nuryanto1, Dedy Duryadi2, Dedi Soedharma3, Dietmar Blohm4 1 Faculty of Biology, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Life Sciences, Bogor Agriculture University 3 Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agriculture University 4 Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Genetics, FB2-UFT, University of Bremen Abstract Tridacna crocea and T. maxima are relatively abundant in the Indonesian coral reef. These two species are, however, under high presure due to exploitation for food, industry, and aquarium trade. It is, therefore, necessary to understand their biology, such as genetic variability within and between populations, before utilizing them for strain improvement and restocking, prior to the extinction of the populations of T. crocea and T. maxima. Here we amplified a length of 456 bp of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase I gene from Tridacna crocea and of 484 bp from T. maxima to asses the genetic variability within and between populations of both species. The results showed that both species have high genetic diversity and polymorphism within each local population. This provides a sufficient basis for selection of improved strain of T. crocea and T. maxima for mariculture. However, if the genetic variation led to genetic differentiation among populations due to the result of evolutionary adaptation, mixing genetically different populations may result in the break up of co-adaptation gene complexes. This might result in the loss of the physiological capacities of the parental populations. Key words: genetic variability, cytochrome c oxidase I gene, Tridacna crocea, Tridacna maxima Introduction The family of tridacnidae, also known as giant clam, is conspicuous bivalve that inhabits coral reef across the Indo-Pacific region (Lucas, 1988).
    [Show full text]
  • The Ecological Significance of Giant Clams in Coral Reef Ecosystems
    Biological Conservation 181 (2015) 111–123 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Biological Conservation journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon Review The ecological significance of giant clams in coral reef ecosystems ⇑ Mei Lin Neo a,b, William Eckman a, Kareen Vicentuan a,b, Serena L.-M. Teo b, Peter A. Todd a, a Experimental Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore b Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119227, Singapore article info abstract Article history: Giant clams (Hippopus and Tridacna species) are thought to play various ecological roles in coral reef Received 14 May 2014 ecosystems, but most of these have not previously been quantified. Using data from the literature and Received in revised form 29 October 2014 our own studies we elucidate the ecological functions of giant clams. We show how their tissues are food Accepted 2 November 2014 for a wide array of predators and scavengers, while their discharges of live zooxanthellae, faeces, and Available online 5 December 2014 gametes are eaten by opportunistic feeders. The shells of giant clams provide substrate for colonization by epibionts, while commensal and ectoparasitic organisms live within their mantle cavities. Giant clams Keywords: increase the topographic heterogeneity of the reef, act as reservoirs of zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium spp.), Carbonate budgets and also potentially counteract eutrophication via water filtering. Finally, dense populations of giant Conservation Epibiota clams produce large quantities of calcium carbonate shell material that are eventually incorporated into Eutrophication the reef framework. Unfortunately, giant clams are under great pressure from overfishing and extirpa- Giant clams tions are likely to be detrimental to coral reefs.
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy of Indonesian Giant Clams (Cardiidae, Tridacninae)
    BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 13, Number 3, July 2012 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 118-123 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d130303 Taxonomy of Indonesian giant clams (Cardiidae, Tridacninae) UDHI EKO HERNAWAN♥ Biotic Conservation Area of Tual Sea, Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences. Jl. Merdeka, Katdek Tual, Southeast Maluku 97611. Tel. +92-916-23839, Fax. +62-916-23873, ♥email: [email protected] Manuscript received: 20 December 2010. Revision accepted: 20 June 2011. ABSTRACT Hernawan E. 2012. Taxonomy of Indonesian giant clams (Cardiidae, Tridacninae). Biodiversitas 13: 118-123. A taxonomic study was conducted on the giant clam’s specimens deposited in Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB), Cibinong Indonesia. Taxonomic overviews of the examined specimens are given with diagnostic characters, remarks, habitat and distribution. Discussion is focused on specific characters distinguishing each species. From seven species known to distribute in Indonesian waters, there are six species, Tridacna squamosa Lamarck, 1819; T. gigas Linnaeus, 1758; T. derasa Roding, 1798; T. crocea Lamarck, 1819; T. maxima Roding,1798; and Hippopus hippopus Linnaeus, 1758. This study suggests the need for collecting specimen of H. porcellanus Rosewater, 1982. Important characters to distinguish species among Tridacninae are interlocking teeth on byssal orifice, life habits, presence of scales and inhalant siphon tentacles. Key words: Tridacninae, taxonomy, Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense INTRODUCTION family (Tridacnidae) or revised to be subfamily Tridacninae, included in family Cardiidae. Recently, based Giant clams, the largest bivalve in the world, occur on sperm ultrastructure and molecular phylogenetic studies, naturally in association with coral reefs throughout the the clams are belonging to family Cardiidae, subfamily tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific region.
    [Show full text]
  • Giant Clams (Bivalvia : Cardiidae : Tridacninae)
    Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 2017, 55, 87-388 © S. J. Hawkins, D. J. Hughes, I. P. Smith, A. C. Dale, L. B. Firth, and A. J. Evans, Editors Taylor & Francis GIANT CLAMS (BIVALVIA: CARDIIDAE: TRIDACNINAE): A COMPREHENSIVE UPDATE OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION, CURRENT THREATS AND CONSERVATION STATUS MEI LIN NEO1,11*, COLETTE C.C. WABNITZ2,3, RICHARD D. BRALEY4, GERALD A. HESLINGA5, CÉCILE FAUVELOT6, SIMON VAN WYNSBERGE7, SERGE ANDRÉFOUËT6, CHARLES WATERS8, AILEEN SHAU-HWAI TAN9, EDGARDO D. GOMEZ10, MARK J. COSTELLO8 & PETER A. TODD11* 1St. John’s Island National Marine Laboratory, c/o Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, 18 Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119227, Singapore 2The Pacific Community (SPC), BPD5, 98800 Noumea, New Caledonia 3Changing Ocean Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, AERL, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada 4Aquasearch, 6–10 Elena Street, Nelly Bay, Magnetic Island, Queensland 4819, Australia 5Indo-Pacific Sea Farms, P.O. Box 1206, Kailua-Kona, HI 96745, Hawaii, USA 6UMR ENTROPIE Institut de Recherche pour le développement, Université de La Réunion, CNRS; Centre IRD de Noumea, BPA5, 98848 Noumea Cedex, New Caledonia 7UMR ENTROPIE Institut de Recherche pour le développement, Université de La Réunion, CNRS; Centre IRD de Tahiti, BP529, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia 8Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, P. Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand 9School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia 10Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Velasquez Street, Quezon City 1101, Philippines 11Experimental Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117557, Singapore *Corresponding authors: Mei Lin Neo e-mail: [email protected] Peter A.
    [Show full text]
  • Concordance Between Phylogeographic And
    Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons Biological Sciences Faculty Publications Biological Sciences 2014 Concordance Between Phylogeographic and Biogeographic Boundaries in the Coral Triangle: Conservation Implications Based on Comparative Analyses of Multiple Giant Clam Species Timery S. DeBoer Maria Rio Abdon Naguit Mark V. Erdmann Maria Carmen A. Ablan-Lagman Ambariyanto See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/biology_fac_pubs Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Marine Biology Commons, and the Natural Resources and Conservation Commons Repository Citation DeBoer, Timery S.; Abdon Naguit, Maria Rio; Erdmann, Mark V.; Ablan-Lagman, Maria Carmen A.; Ambariyanto; Carpenter, Kent E.; Toha, Abdul Hamid A.; and Barber, Paul H., "Concordance Between Phylogeographic and Biogeographic Boundaries in the Coral Triangle: Conservation Implications Based on Comparative Analyses of Multiple Giant Clam Species" (2014). Biological Sciences Faculty Publications. 24. https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/biology_fac_pubs/24 Original Publication Citation DeBoer, T., Naguit, M., Erdmann, M., Ablan-Lagman, M., Ambariyanto, Carpenter, K., . Barber, P. (2014). Concordance between phylogeographic and biogeographic boundaries in the Coral Triangle: Conservation implications based on comparative analyses of multiple giant clam species. Bulletin of Marine Science, 90(1), 277-300. doi: 10.5343/bms.2013.1003 Authors Timery S. DeBoer, Maria Rio Abdon Naguit, Mark V. Erdmann, Maria Carmen
    [Show full text]
  • PETITION to LIST the TRIDACNINAE GIANT CLAMS (Excluding Tridacna Rosewateri) AS THREATENED OR ENDANGERED UNDER the ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT
    PETITION TO LIST THE TRIDACNINAE GIANT CLAMS (excluding Tridacna rosewateri) AS THREATENED OR ENDANGERED UNDER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT Dwayne W. Meadows, Ph.D. 9063 Dunloggin Rd. Ellicott City, MD 21042 Non-official communication of interest Giant Clam Petition 1 NOTICE OF PETITION 7 August 2016 Donna Wieting, Director Office of Protected Resources, F/PROD National Marine Fisheries Service 1315 East West Highway Silver Spring, MD 20910 [email protected] Dear Ms. Wieting, Pursuant to section 4(b) of the Endangered Species Act (“ESA”), 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b), section 553(3) of the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 553(e), and 50 CFR 424.14(a), Dwayne W. Meadows, Ph.D. hereby petitions the Secretary of Commerce, through the National Marine Fisheries Service (“NMFS”, the lead office for implementing the ESA), to list the Tridacninae Giant Clams (excluding Tridacna rosewateri) as a threatened or endangered species under the ESA (16 U.S.C. §§ 1531 et seq.) throughout all or a significant portion of their ranges. Tridacna rosewateri occurs only in Mauritius and there is no additional information on the status of this species, so it is not considered further as part of this petition. NMFS has jurisdiction over this petition because the petitioned species are marine. This petition sets in motion a specific process, placing definite response requirements on NMFS. Specifically, NMFS must issue an initial finding as to whether this petition “presents substantial scientific or commercial information indicating that the petitioned action may be warranted.” 16 U.S.C. § 1533(b)(3)(A). NMFS must make this initial finding “[t]o the maximum extent practicable, within 90 days after receiving the petition.” Id.
    [Show full text]
  • Calculating the Contribution of Zooxanthellae to Giant Clams Respiration Energy Requirements
    Journal of Coastal Development ISSN: 1410-5217 Volume 5, Number 3, June 2002 : 101-110 Accredited: 69/Dikti/Kep/2000 Review CALCULATING THE CONTRIBUTION OF ZOOXANTHELLAE TO GIANT CLAMS RESPIRATION ENERGY REQUIREMENTS Ambariyanto*) Marine Science Department, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang Indonesia. Email: [email protected] Received: April 24, 2002 ; Accepted: May 27, 2002 ABSTRACT Giant clams (Tridacnidae) are known to live in association with photosynthetic single cell dinoflagellate algae commonly called zooxanthellae. These algae which can be found in the mantle of the clams are capable of transferring part of their photosynthates which become an important source of energy to the host ( apart from filter feeding activity). In order to understand the basic biological processes of the giant clams , the contribution of zooxanthellae to the clam’s energy requirement need to be determined. This review describes how to calculate the contribution of zooxanthellae to the giant clam’s energy requirement for the respiration process. Key words: Giant clams, tridacnidae, zooxanthellae CZAR *) Correspondence: Tel. 024-7474698, Fax. 024-7474698, Email: [email protected] INTRODUCTION One of the important aspects of the biology of giant clams is the existence Giant clams (Family: Tridacnidae) are of zooxanthellae which occupy the mantle large bivalves that are commonly found in of the clams as endosymbiotic coral reef habitats especially in the Indo- dinoflagellate algae (Lucas, 1988). These Pacific region. This family consists of two zooxanthellae have a significant role, genera (Tridacna and Hippopus) and eight especially in the energy requirements of species: Tridacna gigas, T. derasa, T. giant clams, since they are capable of squamosa, T.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Reports in the Economics of Giant Clam
    ISSN: 1034-4294 RESEARCH REPORTS IN THE ECONOMICS OF GIANT CLAM MARICULTURE Working Paper No. 28 The Market for Giant Clams as Aquarium Specimens in Sydney and Melbourne: Results of a Telephone Survey of Retail Outlets by Clem Tisdell And Thea Vinnicombe January 1992 THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND ISSN 1034-4294 RESEARCH REPORT OR PAPERS IN ECONOMICS OF GIANT CLAM MARICULTURE Working Paper No. 28 The Market for Giant Clams as Aquarium Specimens in Sydney and Melbourne: Results of a Telephone Survey of Retail Outlets by Clem Tisdell1 and Thea Vinnicombe January 1992 © All rights reserved 1 School of Economics, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia Campus, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia Email: [email protected] RESEARCH REPORTS AND PAPERS IN ECONOMICS OF GIANT CLAM MARICULTURE are published by the Department of Economics, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia, as part of Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research Project 8823 of which Professor Clem Tisdell is the Project Leader. Views expressed in these reports and papers are those of their authors and not necessarily of any of the organizations associated with the Project. They should not be reproduced in whole or in part without the written permission of the Project Leader. It is planned to publish contributions to the series over the next 3 - 4 years. Research for the project Economics of Giant Clam Mariculture (Project 8823) is sponsored by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), G.P.O. Box 1571, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601, Australia. The following is a brief outline of the Project: The technical feasibility of culturing giant clams for food and for restocking tropical reefs was established in an earlier ACIAR project.
    [Show full text]
  • Farming Giant Clams for the Aquarium and Seafood Markets: a Bioeconomic Analysis
    Farming giant clams for the aquarium and seafood markets: a bioeconomic analysis Oscar Cachoa and Robyn Heanb aGraduate School of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of New England, Armidale NSW 2351 bFarm Forestry Advisory Unit, NSW Agriculture, Tamworth NSW 2340 Contributed Paper to the 46th Annual Conference of the Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 13-15th February 2002 Abstract Giant clams offer small holders throughout the Indo-Pacific with good prospects for commercial culture to satisfy their increasing dependence on the cash economy. Two species appear promising for an emerging village-based export industry in Solomon Islands. These species are Tridacna crocea, the preferred species for the aquarium market, and T. derasa, the species that has the best potential for the seafood market. In this paper, a bioeconomic model is used in a normative analysis to explore optimal- management strategies for village farmers producing these clams. The normative study provides a benchmark against which current practices can be evaluated. Keywords: aquaculture, giant clams, optimal management, bioeconomics 2 Farming giant clams for the aquarium and seafood markets: a bioeconomic analysis Oscar Cachoa and Robyn Heanb aGraduate School of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of New England, Armidale NSW 2351 bFarm Forestry Advisory Unit, NSW Agriculture, Tamworth NSW 2340 Contributed Paper to the 46th Annual Conference of the Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 13-15th February 2002 Abstract Giant clams offer small holders throughout the Indo-Pacific with good prospects for commercial culture to satisfy their increasing dependence on the cash economy.
    [Show full text]