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24Th ICOLD Congress 2 to 8 June 2012 ～ Kyoto, Japan

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24Th ICOLD Congress 2 to 8 June 2012 ～ Kyoto, Japan 24th ICOLD Congress 2 to 8 June 2012 ～ Kyoto, Japan 【JWA】 Norihisa Matsumoto Japan Commission on Large Dams The increase of dams higher than 15 m after 1900 2,500 2,000 1,500 Municipal water 1,000 Flood control Number of dams Multipurpose Hydropower 500 Irrigation 0 1900-1910 -1920 Excluding 672 dams constructed before 1900, mainly irrigation use. -1930 -1940 -1950 -1960 -1970 -1980 -1990 -2000 -2009 【 JCOLD 】 Type of dams in Japan 52 43 985 1043 281 Earthfill Rockfill Coccrete Gravity Concrete Arch Others Sayama-ike Dam 2003 【Osaka Pref.】 History of Modification of Sayamaike Dam 2001 Rehabilitation ③. 1608 ①. 1926～1931 1962～1964 ④-2. 1452 ②. 1620～1621 1693～1694 ④-1. 1202 1857～1859 ⑤. 762 ⑥. 731 ⑦. 616 ⑧-2. 1596（Earthquake） ⑧-1. 734（Earthquake） 【Osaka Pref.】 Water has sustained population (million) (million ha) (million m3) 140 10 5,000 9 120 Population 8 4,000 100 7 Active storage capacity 3,000 80 6 5 60 Cultivated area 4 2,000 Population 40 3 Cultivated area Cultivated 2 1,000 20 capacity storage Active 1 0 ≈ 0 0 A.D. 6000 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 【MAFF】 Food and water Increase Food Efficient Water Self-sufficiency Management 108m3 VITRTUAL WATER 80 billion m3 water imported (2005) 【 MOE 】 The first hydropower station in Japan Keage Hydroelectric Power Station 1st Stage 60kW ‐200kW 19 units Total 1760kW Commissioned since 1891 by Kyoto City Utilized for - Spinning - Lighting - Textile - Street cars An Element of Lake Biwa Canal Project 1895 【Kyoto City & KEPCO】 Development of hydropower in Japan Reservoir hydro Run-of-river Pumped storage 60 Total 40 Conventional 20 Pumped Storage 0 Installedcapacity GW 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 【ANRE】 Source of electricity energy in Japan Hydropower Thermal Nuclear Others Total (GWh/y) 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 【ANRE】 Public supply water reduced infant mortality rate 250 100 25 Infectious disease patients 90 person) 3 200 Infant mortality rate 80 20 70 Water 150 60 15 service coverage 50 100 40 10 30 50 20 5 Infant mortality rate(%) Water service coverage(%) service Water 10 0 0 0 Infectious disease patients(10 disease Infectious A.D.1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 Dams support Tokyo's water works Yagisawa Dam Naramata Dam Kusaki Dam Yanba Dam Shimokubo Dam Tone River Takizawa Dam Ara River Urayama Dam Ogochi Dam Ozaku Murayama-Shimo Tama River Reservoir Purification plant Channel Intake Weir Sagami River Dam 【Tokyo Pref.】 Dams support Tokyo's population (104m3/day) (million person) 700 14 Dams constructed in the Tone river Dams constructed in the Tone river 600 12 Water resources 500 10 Population 400 8 300 6 Population Water resources Water 200 4 100 2 Aveage discharge of Tama river 0 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 The change of ruling party in 2009 The ruling party was changed in the 2009 general election. The new policy for flood control is that “depends as little as possible on dams”. The Ministry established “The future flood management advisory board” in December, 2009. It released the interim report in September, 2010. Evaluate ongoing projects based on “cost, environment, feasibility and others.” Evaluation of on going dam projects As of May 31, 2012 Jurisdiction Total examined continue discontinue Central 25 3 1 2 government Japan Water 50 0 0 Agency Local 53 21 16 5 governments Total 83 24 17 7 【MLIT】 Movement of survey points due to faulting Inspection of dams after the main shock Number of dams suffered unusual Jurisdiction Owner inspected behavior* or damage (failure) Central Gov. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, 46 11 Transport and Tourism Local Gov. 104 8 Central Gov. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry 51 4 and Fisheries Local Gov. 121 23(1**) Ministry of Economy, Trade and Utilities Industry 69 2 Total 391 48(1) *unusaul behavior: small increase of leakage & uplift, nominal settlement and others ** a failured dam was on a non-regulated river Breached reservoir photoed 14 March, 2011 Chernobyl and Fukushima Chernobyl Fukushima Dose rates 1 month after accident ENSI, CH • No acute radiation diseases in Fukushima • Latent health consequences limited due to timely evacuation • Partial durable land loss in evacuation zones and beyond (partial resettlement possible and planned) • Contaminated food has to be withdrawn from circulation Main specifics of severe nuclear accidents Prof. Prasser, Locations of nuclear power stations in Japan In February 2011, 54 units were operating. In June 2012, 4 units were decommissioned and the rest of all 50 are not operating under inspection 【FEPC】 Source of Electricity Generation 100 Hydro 80 Thermal Nuclear 3 60 Wind Photovoltaic 40 GWh ×10 GWh Tohoku Earthquake Geothermal 20 Total 0 Mar-10 Jun-10 Sep-10 Dec-10 Mar-11 Jun-11 Sep-11 Dec-11 Month-Year 【ANRE】 0：000:00 Run-of-river hydro 2:00 2：00 Before theearthquake Reservoir hydro 4：004:00 Load curvesforonesampleday 6：006:00 8：008:00 10：10:0000 12：12:0000 Nuclear purchased Thermal 14：14:0000 Pumped storage 16：16:0000 18：18:0000 20：20:0000 22：22:0000 0:00 0：00 Run-of-river hydro Reservoir hydro ： 2:00 2 00 After theearthquake 4：004:00 6：006:00 8：008:00 10：10:0000 purchased 12:00 Thermal 12：00 Nuclear 14：14:0000 Pumped storage 16：16:0000 18：18:0000 20：20:0000 22：22:0000 Hydropower after the earthquake People have begun to see hydropower in a new light. It is domestic, renewable, clean and reliable electricity. Adding new hydropower capability to existing dams, improving efficiencies at generating dams. Building small scale hydropower. Government policy and promotional measures play a key role in sustainable hydropower development. Flood disaster in 2011 in Japan Number of Rainfall (mm) Deaths Flooded houses July Heavy Rain 600 4 1,057 Typhoon No. 12 1,161 78 5,657 Typhoon No. 15 1,035 17 1,801 【MLIT】 Yagisawa Dam stored flooding water 0 25 50 75 rain (mm/hr) 860 1250 Inflow /s) 3 1000 Reservoir Water Surface 850 Surface (m) 750 Outflow Outflow (m Outflow Water ・ 500 840 250 Inflow Inflow Reservoir 0 830 15:00 20:00 01:00 06:00 11:00 16:00 21:00 02:00 07:00 12:00 17:00 22:00 03:00 08:00 13:00 18:00 23:00 484 7/27 7/287/29 7/30 482 480 ダムがなかった場合の最高水位(推測値)：480.57m m) Water level without Dam （ 478 5.9 m 476 474 換算水位：474.67m Elevation Actual water level 472 470 【MLIT】 Our challenges • Effective use of existing reservoirs • rehabilitation (aging, earthquake, flood) • water quality • sedimentation • fishway • climate change • flood security Reservoir sediment management measures in Japan Sediment check dam Diversion weir Afforestation Excavating Sediment bypass tunnel Trucking Dredging Reducing Sediment Inflow Density current venting Sediment Routing Sediment scoring gate Sediment Removal Sediment supply (augmentation) 【Prof. Sumi】 Miwa Dam bypasses wash Load during flood Trap wier Diversion wier By pass tunnel Outlet 【MLIT】 Placing excavated sediments downstream Check dam Excavation of sediment Reservoir Dam Transport Placing sediment Tobetsu Dam during the first filling March 2012 【Hokkaido Pref.】 Increasing flood control capacity at Tsuruta Dam increase capacity for flood control 75×106m3 98×106m3 new conduits FloodFｌood season season Surcharge water excavation surface new penstock flood control capacity El. 131.4m El. 115.6m Inactive capacity Stilling basin existing stilling basin 【 MLIT 】 The downstream area is densely populated Murayama-Kami Res. Yamaguchi Res. Murayama-Shimo Res. 12milion m3 587m 33m 【Tokyo Pref.】 Strengthening to resist earthquakes Cement-stabilized soil After Reinforcement 10.0 Counter- weight fill 15.0 Geogrid Core Shell Shell drain ●Install drainage layers ●Construct a counter-weight fill ●Reinforce the steep slope with polymer geogrid ●Cover the crest with a cement-stabilized soil layer 【Tokyo Pref.】 Sea water Pumped Storage Power Station J-Power Upper Pond Outlet Pacific Ocean Oversea projects Japanese engineers participated in Bangladesh (1dam) Nepal China (1dam) Lao (11dams) Canada (4dams) (1dam) Turkey (4dams) USA Republic of Korea Iran (9dams) Algeria (2dams) Costa Rica (2dams) Taiwan (1dam) India (3dams) (2dams) Myanmar Philippines Ecuador (1dam) Viet Nam (4dams) Kenya Sri Lanka Panama (2dams) (3dams) Brunei (1dam) Darussalam Thailand (1dam) Colombia (7dams) (1dam) Madagascar Indonesia (1dams) Malaysia (18dams) Peru (17dams) Future of dams and water in Japan Decline in population Self sufficiency of food Clean domestic energy Safety Global climate change Use dams and reservoirs wisely.
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