24th ICOLD Congress 2 to 8 June 2012 ～ Kyoto, Japan
【JWA】 Norihisa Matsumoto Japan Commission on Large Dams The increase of dams higher than 15 m after 1900 Dams constructeed in Japan ( Dam Height over 15m)
2,500
Municipal water 2,000 Flood control Multipurpose 1,500 Hydropower Irrigation
1,000
Numberdamsof 500
0
-1920 -1930 -1940 -1950 -1960 -1970 -1980 -1990 -2000 -2009【JCOLD】 1900-1910 Excluding 672 dams constructed before 1900, mainly irrigation use. Type of dams in Japan
52 43
985 1043
281
Earthfill Rockfill Coccrete Gravity Concrete Arch Others Sayama-ike Dam 2003
【Osaka Pref.】 History of Modification of Sayamaike Dam 2001 Rehabilitation
③. 1608 ①. 1926～1931 1962～1964 ④-2. 1452 ②. 1620～1621 1693～1694 ④-1. 1202 1857～1859
⑤. 762
⑥. 731 ⑦. 616 ⑧-2. 1596（Earthquake） ⑧-1. 734（Earthquake）
【Osaka Pref.】 Water has sustained population
(million) (million ha) (million m3) 140 10 5,000 9 120 Population 8 4,000 100 7 Active storage capacity 3,000 80 6 5 60 Cultivated area 4 2,000
Population 40 3
Cultivatedarea 2 1,000
20 Activestorage capacity 1
0 ≈ 0 0 A.D. 6000 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 【MAFF】 Food and water
Increase Food Efficient Water Self-sufficiency Management
108m3
VITRTUAL WATER 80 billion m3 water imported (2005) 【 MOE 】 The first hydropower station in Japan
Keage Hydroelectric Power Station
1st Stage 60kW ‐200kW 19 units Total 1760kW Commissioned since 1891 by Kyoto City Utilized for - Spinning - Lighting - Textile - Street cars
A Element of Lake Biwa Canal Project 1895 【Kyoto City & KEPCO】 Development of hydropower in Japan
Reservoir hydro Run-of-river Pumped storage 60 Total 40 Conventional 20 Pumped Storage 0 Installed capacityInstalledGW 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000
【ANRE】 Source of electricity energy in Japan
Hydropower Thermal Nuclear Others Total (GWh/y) 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 【ANRE】 Public supply water reduced infant mortality rate
250 100 25
Infectious disease patients 90
person)
3 200 Infant mortality rate 80 20
70 Water 150 60 15 service coverage 50 100 40 10
30
50 20 5 rate(%) mortality Infant
Water serviceWater coverage(%) 10
0 0 0
Infectiousdisease patients(10 A.D.1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 Dams support Tokyo's water works
Yagisawa Dam Naramata Dam
Kusaki Dam Yanba Dam
Shimokubo Dam Tone River Takizawa Dam Ara River Urayama Dam
Ogochi Dam Ozaku
Murayama-Shimo Tama River Reservoir Purification plant Channel Intake Weir Sagami River Dam 【Tokyo Pref.】 Dams support Tokyo's population (10 4 m3 /day) (million person) 700 14 Dams constructed in the Tone river Dams constructed in the Tone river 600 12
Water resources
500 10 Population 400 8
300 6 Population
Water resources Water 200 4
100 2 Aveage discharge of Tama river 0 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 The change of ruling party in 2009 The ruling party was changed in the 2009 general election. The new policy for flood control is that “depends as little as possible on dams”.
The Ministry established “The future flood management advisory board” in December, 2009.
It released the interim report in September, 2010. Evaluate ongoing projects based on “cost, environment, feasibility and others.” Evaluation of on going dam projects As of May 31, 2012
Jurisdiction Total examined continue discontinue
Central 25 3 1 2 government
Japan Water 5 0 0 0 Agency
Local 53 21 16 5 governments
Total 83 24 17 7
【MLIT】 Movement of survey points due to faulting
【 GSI 】 Inspection of dams after the main shock
Number of dams suffered unusual Jurisdiction Owner inspected behavior* or damage (failure)
Central Gov. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, 46 11 Transport and Tourism Local Gov. 104 8
Central Gov. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry 51 4 and Fisheries Local Gov. 121 23(1**) Ministry of Economy, Trade and Utilities Industry 69 2 Total 391 48(1) *unusaul behavior: small increase of leakage & uplift, nominal settlement and others ** a failured dam was on a non-regulated river Breached reservoir photoed 14 March, 2011 Chernobyl and Fukushima Chernobyl Fukushima
Dose rates 1 month after accident
ENSI, CH • No acute radiation diseases in Fukushima • Latent health consequences limited due to timely evacuation • Partial durable land loss in evacuation zones and beyond (partial resettlement possible and planned) • Contaminated food has to be withdrawn from circulation
Main specifics of severe nuclear accidents Prof. Prasser, Locations of nuclear power stations in Japan
In February 2011, 54 units were operating. In June 2012, 4 units were decommissioned and the rest of all 50 are not operating under inspection
【FEPC】 Source of Electricity Generation Source of Electricity Generation
100
Hydro
80 Thermal
Nuclear 3 60 Wind
Photovoltaic 40
GWh ×10 Tohoku Earthquake Geothermal
20 Total
0 Mar-10 Jun-10 Sep-10 Dec-10 Mar-11 Jun-11 Sep-11 Dec-11 Month-Year 【ANRE】 0：000:00 Run 2:00
2：00 the earthquakeBefore - of Reservoir hydro -
4:00 Load curves for one sample day 4：00 river hydro
6：006:00
8：008:00
10:00 10：00
12：12:0000 Nuclear purchased Thermal 14：14:0000 Pumped storage 16:00 16：00
18：18:0000
20:00 20：00
22：22:0000
0:00
0：00 Run
2:00 Reservoir hydro -
2：00 the After earthquake of -
4:00 river hydro 4：00 6:00 6：00 8:00
8：00 10:00 10：00 purchased
12:00 Thermal 12：00 Nuclear 14:00 14：00 Pumped storage
16:00 16：00 18:00 18：00
20:00 20：00 22:00
22：00 Hydropower after the earthquake
People have begun to see hydropower in a new light.
It is domestic, renewable, clean and reliable electricity.
Adding new hydropower capability to existing dams, improving efficiencies at generating dams.
Building small scale hydropower.
Government policy and promotional measures play a key role in sustainable hydropower development.
Flood disaster in 2011 in Japan
Number of Rainfall (mm) Deaths Flooded houses July Heavy Rain 600 4 1,057
Typhoon No. 12 1,161 78 5,657
Typhoon No. 15 1,035 17 1,801
【MLIT】 Yagisawa Dam stored flooding water 0 25 50 75
rain (mm/hr) rain 860 1250 Inflow
/s)
3 1000 Reservoir Water Surface 850
Surface (m) Surface
750 Outflow
Outflow (m Outflow
Water
・ 500 840
250
Inflow Inflow
Reservoir 0 830
15:00 20:00 01:00 06:00 11:00 16:00 21:00 02:00 07:00 12:00 17:00 22:00 03:00 08:00 13:00 18:00 23:00 484 7/27 7/28 7/29 7/30
482
480 ダムがなかった場合の最高水位(推測値)：480.57m
m) Water level without Dam （ 478 5.9 m 476
474 換算水位：474.67m Elevation Actual water level
472
470 【MLIT】 Our challenges
• Effective use of existing reservoirs • rehabilitation (aging, earthquake, flood) • water quality • sedimentation • fishway • climate change • flood security
Reservoir sediment management measures in Japan
Sediment check dam
Diversion weir Afforestation
Excavating Sediment bypass tunnel
Trucking Dredging Reducing Sediment Inflow Density current venting Sediment Routing Sediment scoring gate Sediment Removal
Sediment supply (augmentation) 【Prof. Sumi】 Miwa Dam bypasses wash Load during flood
Trap wier
Diversion wier
By pass tunnel
Outlet
【MLIT】 Placing excavated sediments downstream
Check dam Excavation of sediment Reservoir Dam
Transport
Placing sediment Tobetsu Dam during the first filling March 2012
【Hokkaido Pref.】 Increasing flood control capacity at Tsuruta Dam increase capacity for flood control 75×106m3 98×106m3
new conduits FloodFｌood seasonseason Surcharge water excavation surface new penstock flood control capacity
El. 131.4m
El. 115.6m
Inactive capacity Stilling basin existing stilling basin
【 MLIT 】 The downstream area is densely populated
Murayama-Kami Res. Yamaguchi Res.
Murayama-Shimo Res. 12milion m3 587m 33m
【Tokyo Pref.】 Strengthening to resist earthquakes
Cement-stabilized soil 10.0 After Reinforcement Counter- weight fill
15.0 Geogrid Core Shell Shell drain
●Install drainage layers ●Construct a counter-weight fill ●Reinforce the steep slope with polymer geogrid ●Cover the crest with a cement-stabilized soil layer 【Tokyo Pref.】 Sea water Pumped Storage Power Station J-Power
Upper Pond
Outlet
Pacific Ocean Oversea projects Japanese engineers participated in
Bangladesh (1dam) Nepal China (1dam) Lao (11dams) Canada (4dams) (1dam)
Turkey (4dams) USA Republic of Korea Iran (9dams) Algeria (2dams) Costa Rica (2dams) Taiwan (1dam) India (3dams) (2dams) Myanmar Philippines Ecuador (1dam) Viet Nam (4dams) Kenya Sri Lanka Panama (2dams) (3dams) Brunei (1dam) Darussalam Thailand (1dam) Colombia (7dams) (1dam) Madagascar Indonesia (1dams) Malaysia (18dams) Peru (17dams) Future of dams and water in Japan
Decline in population Self sufficiency of food Clean domestic energy Safety Global climate change
Use dams and reservoirs wisely