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J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.11.6.463 on 1 November 1958. Downloaded from J. cliii. Path. (1958), 11, 463. A SYMPOSIUM IN HONOUR OF THE CENTENARY OF VIRCHOW'S "CELLULAR PATHOLOGY9" (1858-1958) At the instigation of the Council of the Association of Clinical Pathologists the Editorial Board decided to devote this issue of the Journal to the publication of this Symposium on the pathology of the cell, which was held at the Royal College of Surgeons on October 2, 1958, to commemorate the centenary of the publication of Virchow's classical volume. Participants of different interests in the cell were invited to contribute, and consequently it is hoped that in this issue readers will receive a wide and stimulating survey of the developments and the newer knowledge on the fundamental aspects of the physiology andpathology of the cell now being pursued. 1858 BY SIR ROY CAMERON, F.R.S. From University College Hospital, Medical School, London copyright. " For my part I am ready for anything, at a dom from long and devastating wars. Popula- time when asphalt, India rubber, railroads, and tions expanded as wealth and comfort increased steam are changing the ground we walk on, the in some communities; in others, condemned to style of overcoats and distances." So remarks one ignorance, poverty, and despair, they were fos- of Balzac's characters in his Deputy from Arcis tered by better medical knowledge, and the break- as he curtly dismisses the 1830s. It was a time of down of old customs and restrictions, early transition from the splendours and miseries of the marriage, and the like. Napoleonic era to the calm of the later Victorian Nowhere was this change more apparent than period, ruffled only by local revolution and minor in Germany. In the west, the traveller encoun- http://jcp.bmj.com/ wars. Technical invention had infiltrated art as well tered a framework of rural life where compact as ordinary existence. The invention of photo- villages were grouped around open fields or graphy led to the dissemination of copies of great hamlets and scattered farmsteads stood in marshy paintings and the revelation of styles. And when valleys. As he journeyed eastwards, the more the American painter Rand found out how to make apparent it became that he was in a region con- a collapsible tin tube whereby paints could be stored quered from Slavs. Most of the land was in the indefinitely and ready for immediate use, the mode hands of the lord of the manor, vulgarly called on October 4, 2021 by guest. Protected of painting changed and Romanticism and Impres- the junker, who rigidly insisted upon a wide dis- sionism were born. This, too, Was the age of the tinction between his family and the peasants. supreme romanticists in music, Robert Schumann, Many of the latter were no better than serfs, Johannes Brahms, and above all, Hector Berlioz amenable to manorial jurisdiction and bound to and Richard Wagner. The Impressionists rejected the soil. In some of the quaint little grand the anecdotal and planned picture. "The great duchies, electorates, and free towns of old scandal of their painting was not that their Germany he was not too heavily taxed and life pictures were bright," writes Grosser, " but that was tolerable though liable to sudden upsets they were unpremeditated." Music broke from according to the whim of the ruler. Many of the classical form and, with poetry, dared to give towns were, indeed, quiet backwaters of huddled voice to the innermost emotions and flights of roofs and spires, and even in 1850 the 12 largest mind. towns of Germany accounted for a mere million With the Congress of Vienna in 1815 was and a third of people. Paris alone at this time ushered in, for western Europe, 99 years of free- had more than a million citizens. 2X J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.11.6.463 on 1 November 1958. Downloaded from 464 SIR ROY CAMERON With the effective exploitation of the Ruhr coal- Lucknow and rolled up the map in India for a fields, the development of railroads and steam- few uncertain years when Lord Canning, the first boats, the institution of a Customs Union in 1834, Viceroy, declared an amnesty for the mutineers. and the standardization of the coinage came a Orsini tried to assassinate Napoleon III. The Prin- subtle change. The first German railway was cess Royal, Queen Elizabeth's eldest daughter, opened in Bavaria in 1835 despite the violent married Prince Frederich Albert of Prussia. China opposition of the Bavarian College of Physicians; surrendered the left bank of the Amur River to in 1839 the newly completed line from Leipzig Russia, and Jews were allowed to sit in the English to Dresden carried more than 400,000 passengers Parliament. Yellow fever broke out in Lisbon in in its first year, including ladies who kept needles 1857 and so panicked the city that 50,000 inhabi- between their lips to check familiarity in the single tants emigrated in a hurry. The Reverend Dr. tunnel. By the 1850s, 3,000 miles of railroad had Livingstone set out for Africa again, and a Jewish been built at an average cost of less than £11,000 gentleman named Bravo brought an action against per mile as compared with £40,000 in England. the Eastern Counties Railway Company for This meant more food, and with the introduction injuries sustained when the carriage into which he of chemical manures, as the result of Liebig's was stepping was suddenly propelled forwards. teaching in 1840, most of the sandy or heath- He was prevented for some weeks from perform- covered north German plain was at last accessible ing the rite of circumcision, an operation which to cultivation. the Lancet characterized as one requiring " con- Almost inevitably with these changes came siderable nicety and skill." Professor Faraday labour troubles and the storms of revolution. declined the offer of the Chair of Chemistry at The antiquated, absolutist bureaucracy encoun- Edinburgh, which action the Lancet approved tered growing opposition from Liberals and since " in these days the glories of the modern Marxists. Unrest in the smaller states and the Athens have somewhat paled." A hippopotamus influx of political fugitives from France and in the Paris menagerie gave birth to a calf whichcopyright. Switzerland shook time-honoured dynastic loyalties, began immediately to swim about in the water in and the revolution that broke out in Poland in which it was born, " his voice being so strong an 1846, and swept through Paris in the February of hour after his birth that people mistook it for that 1848, flared up in Berlin in March of that year. of the parents." Sir Benjamin Brodie, a surgeon Barricades appeared in the streets overnight and of the highest eminence, was elected President of fighting broke out between the angry proletariat the Royal Society, and Mr. James Nolan of and the Prussian dragoons. King Frederick Carlow, Ireland, died at the age of 115 years and William IV was compelled to give way before the 9 months. Scotland achieved an unenviable pre- storm, a liberal, reforming ministry was appointed, eminence in drunkenness, according to lunatic http://jcp.bmj.com/ and the King retired to Potsdam. In 1857 he asylum and police returns. went mad and his brother William took over the " Even in Murray's Asylum, where there are so Regency. A rigid conservative, William was fully many patients of the higher classes that Dr. Lauder convinced of the divine rights of kings, but he Lindsay says 'this circumstance gives a pleasing tone to our society,' the percentage of cases arising detested police government. In 1858 he agreed from intemperance is nearly double that of the to some reforms and seemed inclined towards a Surrey County Asylum, which is wholly devoted to more liberal policy, but, reactionary elements pre- paupers. For every person taken into custody on October 4, 2021 by guest. Protected vailing, and ignoring the advice of his friend the in London for being drunk and disorderly, two are Prince Consort of England, he reverted to the old taken into custody at Edinburgh and three at policy of military alliances with German princes, Glasgow." control. Captain Harrington of the good ship Castilian, absolute monarchial powers, and Army " The same reactionary spirit prevailed in public hard by St. Helena, saw the sea serpent lying like health affairs, and Rudolf Virchow, in his capacity some large Doric column upon the waters, stretch- of Berlin politician and eminent scientist, played ing away 200 feet or so in length, and 10 in dia- a foremost part in the fight for reform, just as he meter. He hastened home, and through the had rallied to the barricades with other ardent universal Times imported the intelligence to the Berliners in the turbulent weeks of 1848. wide world." A letter appeared in the selfsame young Times, pleading for " a fig-leaf " to cover the 1858 regimental recruits when undergoing medical No great perturbation shook the earth, no inspection preliminary to enrolment. The sanita- comet blazed its portents in the sky in that tion of many great cities was being heatedly leisurely year of 1858. The British had captured debated. London was no exception, and Dr. J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.11.6.463 on 1 November 1958. Downloaded from Barker of Bedford described experiments in which he exposed rats, mice, and dogs to the effluvia of sewage gas which "grew sick, restless, and diarrhoeal"; the Lancet sourly comments: " It is no other than happens to the 2 millions of human beings who in London live in close chambers over sewers and cesspools.
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