Support in the Delineation and Characterization of Groundwater Bodies and the Design of a Ground- Water Monitoring Network in the Alazani-Iori Basin Districts

European Union Water Initiative Plus for Eastern Partnership Countries (EUWI+): Results 2 and 3

ENI/2016/372-403

SUPPORT IN THE DELINEATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GROUNDWATER BODIES AND THE DESIGN OF A GROUND- WATER MONITORING NETWORK IN THE ALAZANI-IORI BASIN DISTRICTS

IN GEORGIA

Version EUWI-EAST-GE-03; February 2019

Responsible EU member state consortium project leader

Michael Sutter, Umweltbundesamt GmbH (AT) EUWI+ country representative in Georgia

Zurab Jincharadze Responsible international thematic lead expert

Christoph Leitner, Umweltbundesamt GmbH (AT) Responsible Georgian thematic lead expert

Nana Kitiashvili and Merab Gaprindashvili (Ministry of Environmental Protection and Agriculture of Geor- gia, LEPL National Environmental Agency)

Authors

Prepared by: Georgian Geothermal Association+ G. Melikadze, Al. Gventsadze, N. Kapanadze, S. Vepkhvadze, M. Todadze

Disclaimer: The EU-funded program European Union Water Initiative Plus for Eastern Partnership Countries (EUWI+ 4 EaP) is implemented by the UNECE, OECD, responsible for the implementation of Result 1 and an EU member state consortium of Austria, managed by the lead coordinator Umweltbundesamt, and of France, managed by the International Office for Water, responsible for the implementation of Result 2 and 3. This document, the technical report “SUPPORT IN THE DELINEATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GROUNDWATER BODIES AND THE DESIGN OF A GROUNDWA-TER MONITORING NET-WORKIN THE ALAZANI-IORI AND KHRAMI-DEBED RIVER BASIN DISTRICTS IN GEORGIA”, was produced by the EU member state consortium with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union or the Governments of the Eastern Partnership Countries. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of, or sovereignty over, any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries, and to the name of any territory, city or area.

Imprint

Owner and Editor: EU Member State Consortium Umweltbundesamt GmbH Office International de l’Eau (IOW) Spittelauer Lände 5 21/23 rue de Madrid 1090 Vienna, Austria 75008 Paris, France

Responsible IOW Communication officer: Yunona Videnina [email protected]

February 2019

Groundwater bodies and groundwater monitoring network Final Report in the Alazani-Iori River Basin District - Georgia

CONTENTS

1 Executive summary ...... 9 2 Introduction and scope ...... 14 3 Methodology ...... 15 4 Groundwater bodies in the Alazani-Iori River Basin District ...... 17 4.1 Summary description of the River Basin District ...... 17 4.2 Summary description of the groundwater bodies in the River Basin District ...... 19 4.3 Characterisation of groundwater bodies ...... 23 4.3.1 Groundwater body of modern alluvial deposits, temporary code GPA0001 ...... 23 4.3.2 Groundwater body of alluvial deposits of Iori valley, temporary code GPI0002...... 24 4.3.3 Groundwater body of ancient Quaternary age proluvial-alluvial deposits (Kvareli aquifer), temporary code GPA0003 ...... 26 4.3.4 Groundwater body of Delluvial-proluvial deposits of quaternary age, temporary code GPI0004...... 28 4.3.5 Groundwater body of upper part of the Alazani series Telavi aquifer, temporary code GPA0005...... 30 4.3.6 Groundwater body of middle and lower part of the Alazani series Gurjaani aquifer, temporary code GPA0006...... 31 4.3.7 Groundwater body of continental Apsheron deposits , temporary code GMI0007...... 32 4.3.8 Groundwater body of Apsheron marine stratum, temporary code GMI0008 ...... 32 4.3.9 Groundwater body of marine Agchagiri stratum, temporary code GMI0009 ...... 33 4.3.10 Groundwater body of continental Agchagiri stratum, temporary code GMI0010 ...... 33 4.3.11 3.3.11 Groundwater body of Apsheron-Agchagiri stratum, temporary codeGPI0011...... 34 4.3.12 Groundwater body of Shiraqi stratum, temporary code GMI0012...... 36 4.3.13 Groundwater body of Dusheti stratum, temporary code GMI0013 ...... 37 4.3.14 Groundwater body of Sarmat stratum, temporary code GMI0014 ...... 37 4.3.15 Groundwater body of Maikop stratum, temporary code GII0015 ...... 37 4.3.16 Groundwater body of sporadically watered rocks of Paleogene, temporary code GFI0016...... 38 4.3.17 Groundwater body of Upper Eocene deposits, temporary code GFI0017...... 38 4.3.18 Groundwater body of Upper Cretaceous carbonate rocks, temporary code GKA0018 ...... 38 4.3.19 Groundwater body of sporadicallysaturated deposits of the terrigenous flysch of the Lower Cretaceous, temporary code GKA0019...... 39 4.3.20 Groundwater body in complex of carbonate- karstic rocks of the Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous, temporary code GKA0020 ...... 40 4.3.21 Groundwater body of the Upper Jurassic age carbonate deposits, temporary code GKI0021...... 41

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4.3.22 Groundwater body of sporadically watered terrigenous deposits of the Middle and Lower Jurassic, temporary code GFA0022...... 42 4.3.23 Groundwater body of complex of Upper, Middle and Lower Leyas, temporary code GFA0023...... 43 4.4 Significanthuman pressures and associated potential chemical pollutants ...... 44 4.5 Uncertainties, open issues and data / information gaps ...... 45 5 Existing groundwater monitoring network ...... 46 5.1 Summary description of the current groundwater monitoring situation ...... 46 5.2 Inventory of existing monitoring sites ...... 48 5.3 Proposed revised groundwater monitoring network ...... 49 5.4 Uncertainties, open issues and data / information gaps ...... 51 6 Conclusions and lessons learned...... 52 7 Bibliography ...... 53 8 ANNEXES ...... 55 8.1 ANNEX1 List of groundwater bodies in the Alazani-Iori River Basin District ...... 55 8.2 ANNEX 2 Characterization of groundwater bodies in the Alazani-Iori River Basin District ...... 57 8.3 ANNEX 3 List of groundwater monitoring sites in the Alazani-Iori River Basin District ...... 86 8.4 ANNEX 4 Overview of produced GIS layers and datasets ...... 131 8.5 ANNEX 5 Roadmap as implemented ...... 131 8.6 ANNEX 6 Chemical monitoring data of national groundwater monitoring data 2018 ...... 132

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List of Tables Table 1. List of groundwater bodies of Alazani-Iori valley aquifer ...... 12 Table 2. Area under permanent crops treated by nitrogenous fertilizers in Kakheti (ths. hectares) ..... 44 Table 3. Area under permanent crops treated by pesticides in Kakheti (ths. hectares) ...... 45 Table 4. Monitoring stations included in the state hydrogeological monitoring network by the ...... 47 Table 5. List of monitoring stations ...... 48 Table 6. Boreholes sampled during field expedition ...... 49 Table 7. Boreholes selected by literature for future monitoring...... 50 Table 8. List of Hydrogeological complex of Alazani-Iori valley aquifer ...... 55 Table 9. Groundwater body of modern alluvial deposits ...... 57 Table 10. Groundwater body of alluvial deposits of Iori valley ...... 59 Table 11. Groundwater body of Kvareli aquifer ...... 61 Table 12. Groundwater body of delluvial-proluvial deposits of quaternary age ...... 62 Table 13. Groundwater body of theTelavi aquifer ...... 63 Table 14. Groundwater body of the Gurjaani aquifer ...... 64 Table 15. Groundwater body of aquifer of continental Apsheron deposits ...... 65 Table 16. Groundwater body of aquifer of Apsheron marine stratum ...... 66 Table 17. Groundwater body ofaquifer of marine Agchagiristratum ...... 67 Table 18. Groundwater body of continental Agchagiri stratum ...... 68 Table 19. Groundwatter body of Apsheron-Agchagiri deposits ...... 70 Table 20. Groundwater body of Shiraqi stratum ...... 71 Table 21. Groundwater body of Dusheti stratum ...... 72 Table 22. Groundwater body of Up Sarmatian stratum ...... 73 Table 23. Groundwater body of Maikop stratum ...... 74 Table 24. Groundwater body of complex Paleogene deposits...... 75 Table 25. Groundwater body of Upper Eocene deposits ...... 76 Table 26. Groundwater body of Upper Cretaceous carbonate rocks ...... 77 Table 27. Groundwater body of the terrigenous flysch of the Lower Cretaceous ...... 80 Table 28. Groundwater body of the Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous ...... 81 Table 29. Groundwater body of aquifer the Upper Jurassic...... 82 Table 30. Groundwater body of the Middle and Lower Jurassic ...... 83 Table 31. Groundwater body of the Upper, Middle and Lower Leyas ...... 84 Table 32. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well Kalauri, MST_1 ...... 86 Table 33. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well Zegaani, MST_2 ...... 88 Table 34. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well Sanavardo, MST_3 ...... 90 Table 35. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well Pichkhis Bogiri, MST_4a ...... 92 Table 36. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well -Pichkhis Bogiri, MST_4b ...... 94 Table 37. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well Pichkhis Bogiri, MST_4...... 96 Table 38. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well -Kurdgelauri, MST_5...... 98 Table 39. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well, Qindzmarauli MST_9 ...... 100 Table 40. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well Kuchatani-koordinatebi, MST_10 ...... 102 Table 41. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well Kurdgelauri, MST_11 ...... 104 Table 42. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well Gurjaani, MST_13 ...... 106 Table 43. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well Chikaani, MST_15 ...... 108 Table 44. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well Heretiskari, MST_17 ...... 110 Table 45. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well Gediqi, MST_18 ...... 112 Table 46. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well /-MST_19-Gamarjveba ...... 114 Table 47. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well -MST_30-Gurjaani ...... 116 Table 48. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well-MST_31Vachnadzianti ...... 118 Table 49. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well-MST_32-Akura ...... 120 Table 50. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well- MST-6-Mukuzani ...... 122 Table 51. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well -MST-7-Shaqriani ...... 124

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Table 52. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well -MST-8-Gremi ...... 127 Table 53. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well -MST-14-Vardisubani...... 129

List of Figures Figure 1. Map of Preliminary delineation of groundwater body ...... 10 Figure 2. Hydrogeological zoning map of Georgia ...... 22 Figure 3. Hydrogeological map of Alazani-Iori valley aquifer ...... 55 Figure 4. Plenimilary delineation of growndwater body of Alazani-Iori valley ...... 57 Figure 5. Overview map of monitoring station ...... 86

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Abbreviations BOD ...... Biological oxygen demand DG NEAR ...... Directorate-General for Neighbourhood and Enlargement Negotiations of the European Commission DO ...... Dissolved oxygen EaP ...... Eastern Partnership EC ...... European Commission EC ...... Electric conductivity EECCA ...... Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia EPIRB ...... Environmental Protection of International River Basins ESCS ...... Ecological Status Classification Systems EU ...... European Union EU-MS ...... EU-Member States EUWI+ ...... European Union Water Initiative Plus GIS ...... Geographic information system GW ...... Groundwater GWB ...... Groundwater body IOWater/OIEau .... International Office for Water, France IWRM ...... Integrated Water Resources Management kf ...... Hydraulic conductivity MST ...... Monitoring station NGOs ...... Non-Governmental Organisations OECD ...... Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development PAH ...... Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons PCB ...... Polychlorinated biphenyl pH ...... Quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity of liquid solutions RBC ...... River Basin Council RBD ...... River Basin District RBMP ...... River Basin Management Plan RBO ...... River Basin Organisation SEIS ...... Shared environmental information system T ...... Transmissivity TDS ...... Total dissolved solids UBA ...... Umweltbundesamt GmbH, Environment Agency Austria UNDP ...... United Nations Development Programme UNECE ...... United Nations Economic Commission for Europe WISE ...... Water Information System for Europe WFD ...... Water Framework Directive

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Country Specific Abbreviations Georgia GFA ...... Fractured groundwater body in the Alazani valley GFI ...... Fractured groundwater body in the Iori valley GKA ...... Karstic groundwater body in the Alazani valley GKI ...... Karstic groundwater body in the Iori valley GMA ...... Mixed porous-fractured groundwater body in the Alazani valley GMI ...... Mixed porous-fractured groundwater body in the Iori valley GPA ...... Porous groundwater body in the Alazani valley GPI ...... Porous groundwater body in the Iori valley MENRP ...... Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources Protection of Georgia NEA ...... National Environmental Agency of Georgia

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1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and oft he Councilof October 23 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy (hereafter called the Water Framework Directive, or WFD) is the basis for the water policy of the population, ensures the protection of internal surface waters, transit waters, coastal waters and groundwaters that ensures the prevention of future deterioration, protects and improves water ecosystems and is associated with water needs, terrestrial ecosystems and wetlands directly depend on water ecosystems. Based on the above mentioned Directive, "EU Water Initiative for East Eastern Partnership (EUWI + 4 EaP)" was prepared. The overall purpose of the project is to improve water management in the Eastern Partnership countries. One of the outcomes of the Eastern Partnership project of EU Water Initiative + will be the development and implementation of the River Basin Management Plan in accordance with EU Water Framework Directive. In particular, the project assisted in the development of Alazani-iori basin management plan, determination and characterization of groundwaters and in the design of the groundwater monitoring network of the same river basins. On the basis of the agreement members of "Georgian Geothermal Association +" have conducted sur- veys, had been processed the reports on the previous geological and hydrogeological studies, had been digitized existing maps and implemented their analysis. Geological point of view, the general hydrogeological picture and the main features of the Alazani basin are the following ( Buachidze (1953, 62, 70, 85): a) the intermountain position of the Alazani Valley; b) a large thickness of the alternating permeable and relatively impermeable sediments of the Alazani series (Agchagir-Apsheron) and the Quaternary cover; c) the significant elevation of the sides of the valley in relation to its bottom, with a relatively weak slope of valley along the river; d) moderate amount of atmospheric precipitation; e) the presence of a dense vegetation cover on the elevated sides of the valley and the slopes of the Kakheti (Tsiv-Gombori) and the Main Caucasus Mountain ranges; f) the longitudinal character of the valley of Alazani River and the latitudal position of its left and right tributaries, which strongly saturate the Quaternary and Low Quaternary sediments; g) coincidence of the Ala- zani Valley with a plunging synclinal depression, and the elevated mountain ranges — with large anti- clinal structures in the uplifting stage. In addition, an important role is played by the fact that while on the south-western side of the valley, plunging in its direction, the layers of the Alzantan series are exposed as a result of erosion and are a medium of enhanced infiltration of the river flow of the right tributaries of the Alazan river and sediments in the north sandy-pebble-boulder deposits of Quaternary age come to the surface and thus create favorable conditions for intensive infiltration of the river waters of the left tributaries of the Alazani River and atmospheric precipitation. Hydrogeological conditions of Iori-Shiraqi artesian basin, according to I. Buachidze (1962), is conditioned by the geological-structural, physical-geographical and geomorphologic features of the area. The structural feature of the basin is the gradual sinking of old deposits under the relatively younger ones. In additional to the mentioned, the local erosion processes cause the creation of two hydrodynamical zones within the artesian basin: the zone of intensive water exchange (shallow water circulation zone) and the slow water exchange zone (deep water circulation zone). It should be noted, that the first zone is the recharge area, when the second zone is the area of development of confined aquifers. In the zone of intensive water exchange – the upper hydrodynamic zone, due to strong erosion, mainly are formed fresh waters with low mineralization. They are unconfined aquifers, circulating through system of cracks and faults of upper parts of bedrocks of the area. Groundwater flows and discharges

ENI/2016/372-403 9 Final Report Groundwater bodies and groundwater monitoring network in the Alazani-Iori River Basin District - Georgia according to the valley-river network. Water migration occurs relatively fast and discharges on the slopes and valleys in form of descending springs. In the slow water exchange zone – lower hydrodynamic zone confined aquifers are developed, which are characterized by higher mineralization and more complicated chemical composition. The mentioned can be explained by the conditions of recharge and circulation. During the work process, all hydrogeological horizons were analyzed in its geological boundaries as an independent unit of the unit with a particular chemical and quantitative status. Also, were analyzed their possible hydraulic connection with other horizons and similar ecological interactions. Based on these data, they were identified as a type of unity objects or types. Based on all the data obtained, 23 aquifers were identified, which are in direct contact with surface ecosystem. Consequently, from these aquifers groundwater bodies were delineated. The delinenation process was done according to the river basins. Consequently, these aquifers were evaluated as groundwater bodies. They were later assessed by their similarity and the typeing was made according to hydrogeological types. The delineation process was carried out in the boundaries of river basins.

Figure 1. Map of Preliminary delineation of groundwater body

Coding of groundwater bodies was implemented. The first letter stands for groundwater body - G. The second – for groundwater types. In particular, were assigned four types: porous -P; Karst-k; Fractured- F; Mix of porous-Fractured-M. The third, Alazani and Iori basins. They were given the following codes: Alazani-A and Iori-I. Also, each body was given four digit digital code. In the first typeGPA were united groundwater bodies of porous type Mio-Pliocene and old and modern Quaternary age groundwater bodies of Alazani Valley such as Telavi (code GPA0005), Gurjaani (code

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GPA0006), old Quaternary age Kvareli (code GPA0003), and modern alluvial sediments (code GPA0001) groundwater bodies. They are characterized by a similar lithology (pebble-boulders, sandstones, clays, conglomerated and etc.) and are hydraulically connected to each other. The similarity is in the chemical composition (hydrocarbonate-sulphate-sodium-calcium-magnezium type). Their total mineralization does not exceed 1 g / l and groundwater of the deeper parts is suitable for drinking. In contrast to the lower deep confined horizons of groundwater bodies that are ecologically clean, the upper active circulation zones are chem- ically and microbiologically contaminated (ten meters) from agricultural activities and wastewater. The similar porous groundwater bodies - GPI, area llocated in Iori Valley. It unites groundwater bodies of almost similar hydrochemical, hydrodynamic and ecological properties:modern alluvial sediments (code GPI0002) Quaternary age deluvial-proluvial sediments (code GPI0004), and Agchagir-Afsheron struta (code GPI0011). They have similar lithological composition. The difference is observed only in the saturation and mineralization. This type, unlike Alazani Valley type, is distinguished with high mineralization (3.9-5.3 g/l) and low water saturation (0.01-1.5 l/sec), which is due to their different recharge areas and climatic conditions. The second type GM of Iori Valley is located on the Iori Valley and consists of the aquifers of the Neo- gene age: the groundwater body of Afsharon continental deposits GMI0007, the Afsheron marine deposits (GMI0008), Agchagiri marine deposits (GMI0009), Agchagiri continental deposits (GMI0010), the Shiraki strata (GMI0012), Dusheti strata (GMI0013) Upper Samart (GMI0014) and Mycop strata (GMI0015). They, beside Afsharon continental (GMI0007) and Agchagiri continental deposits (GMI0009) are usually less saturated or practically waterless groundwater bodies and represent the regional aquitard. The third type, the karst groundwater bodies-GK, is represented by the carbonate deposits of upper Cretaceous (GKA0018), lower Cretaceous terrigenian flish (GKA0019) and upper Jurassic-lower Creta- ceous carbonate-karst rocks (GKA0020) and is distributed in Alazani Valley. To this type also belongs the groundwater body of carbonate deposits of Upper Jurassic age of Iori basin, near Dedoplis-tskaro (GKA0021). This type is characterized by high saturation and low-mineralized drinking groundwater with practically no anthropogenic pressure. The fourth fractured (GF) type water type unites the groundwater bodies of similar hydraulic and hydrochemical properties, located on the Southern Slope of Great Caucasus: groundwater bodies of the middle and lower Jurassic age (GFA0022) and Upper and Lower Lyas complex (GFA0023). They are also primarily in the upper active circulation zone, contain water of low mineralization groundwaters. The deployment of these bodies in the high mountain zone generally excludes anthropogenic pressure. The same type of fractured type of groundwater type, the aquifer of sporadically saturated rocks of Paleogene (code GFI0016) and the aquifer of Upper Eocene deposits (code GFI0017) located in the Iori basin. There are different from the Alazani fractured type groundwater type, by low water permeability and storativity.

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Table 1. List of groundwater bodies of Alazani-Iori valley aquifer

Hydrogeological Geographical sub- ## typeof GWB type of GWB GWB name GWB Code 1 Porous - Alazani AlaAllu; GPA0001;GPA (GP) (GPA) AlaKva; 0003; AlaTel; GPA0005; AlaGur GPA0006 Iori IorAluv; GPI0002;GPI0 (GPI) IoDePro; 004; GPI0011 IoAgAph 2 Fractured Alazani AlMIu; GFA0022; (GF) (GKA) AlLey GFA0023 Iori AlaPal; GFI0016 ; (GFI) IoEoc GFI0017

3 Karstic Alazani AlUpCre GKA0018 (GK) (GKA) ALowCr GKA0019 AlIuCre GKA0020

Iori AlUpIu GKI0021 (GKI) 4 Mix of Porous-Frac- Iori IoCoAph GMI0007 tured (MI) IoMaAph GMI0008 (GM) IomaAgh GMI0009 IocoAgh GMI0010 IoShir GMI0012 IoDush GMI0013 IoSar GMI0014 IoMai GMI0015

On the map the total mineralization and the water saturation of all groundwater bodies were indicated. Also, for the whole territory has been analyzed and outlined the possible diffusion-pollution areas. The anthropogenic pressure is observed in porous and porous-fractured-type groundwater bodies, and only in the upper active circulation zone, or in the shallow aquifers. During the monitoring of observation stations on relatively deep (100-200 m) aquifers, pollution is not observed (except for individual cases) that can be explained by the confined aquifers and as a result of the absence of contamination. Thus, in the process of organizing the monitoring network is considered the location of the existing monitoring stations. Along with the selected stations, they must characterize all groundwater bodies along their lateral (recharge and discharge areas) as well as vertical (all different sub-horizons / bodies) distribution. For this purpose, for the future the expansion of network was planned, for which additional monitoring stations were obtained from already existing and tested wells, as well as from reports on previous studies. It should be noted, that due to the age of wells their precise technical characteristics (construction, lithology, water content horizon, etc.) is unknown. This makes it impossible to delineate different horizons within the groundwater bodies and conduct the proper monitoring of their hydrogeological condition. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct the special well logging studies in existing and newly selected wells in order to determine their technical specifications. Also, to conduct hydrochemical and isotope sampling to determine water genesis, mean transit time, existence of connections between the aquifers and to detect polluted horizons and subsequently to carry out their delineation.

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Also, it is recommended to study the uncontrolled by the government wells that have been drilling for decades by the private companies in the Alazani basin. Usually uncontrolled drilling causes the “opening” and “mixing” of all aquifers and their contamination from upper layers occurs. Uncontrolled discharge of groundwater (sometimes high-mineralized) leads to surface salinization, formations of ravines and erosion processes. To avoid this, it is necessary to arrange well heads for self discharge regulation and in some cases to overlap the contaminated aquifers or to liquidate the wells. In future it is necessary to elaborate the restrictive regulations to private companies, to make mandatory to obtain drilling permits for deep horizons as well as to settle of drilling parameters and to provide borehole passport with the Ministry of Environment Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture. Groundwater delineation gives possibility to plan and utilize groundwater resources,ensure their sustainable development by organizing automated monitoring, which will enable us to quantify and qualititatively control the drinking groundwater resources.

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2 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE

The purpose of European Parliament and of the EU Council № 2000/60 / EC of 23 October 2000, setting the basis for Community water policy is to provide a protection structure of the inner surface waters, transitional waters, coastal waters and groundwater, that:  prevents further deterioration, protects and improves the status of aquatic ecosystems and, in relation to their water requirements, terrestrial ecosystems and wetlands directly dependent on aquatic ecosystems;  promotes sustainable water use based on long-term protection of available water resources;  aims to enhance protection and improvement of the aquatic environment, among other things, through special measures to progressively reduce discharges, emissions and losses of priority substances, as well as to completely stop or gradually reduce discharges, emissions and losses of priority hazardous substances;

 provides a progressive reduction of pollution of groundwater and prevents their further pollution. According to the mentioned directive the “European Union Water Initiative Plus for the Eastern Partner- ship (EUWI+ 4 EaP)” has been prepared. The overall objective of the project is to improve the management of water recourses in the EaP countries. One of the results are of the EUWI+East project is the development and implementation of River Basins Management Plans (RBMPs) in line with the EU Water Framework Directive. In particular, the project supports the development of management plan for Alazani-Iori River Basins, together with support in the delineation and characterization of groundwater bodies and the design of a ground water monitoring networkin the same River Basin Districts in Georgia. Based on the contract N° EUWI-EAST-GE-03, the staff of "Georgian Geothermal Association+". G. Melikadze, Doc. of Science in Geology (group leader); Al. Gventsadz, PhD student (geology, programer), N. Kapanadze, PhD student (gephysics), S. Vepkhvadze, PhD student (chemists), Todadze (chemists), implemented studies on the "DELINEATION OF GROUNDWATER BODIES OF ALAZANI- IORI RIVER BASIN DISTRICT"and in the report all the information and data baseis given.

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3 METHODOLOGY

The selection process of groundwater bodies was carried out under guidance of “CIS guideline document # 2”. In addition, number of workshops, trainings and skype conferences were organized during the timeframe of the project, in which the experts from Austrian company "Umweltbundesamt" Andreas Scheidleder, Christoph Leitner and Franko Humer, trained us and provided all the necessary information, for which we would like to express our gratitude. By the authors, had been processed all old reports on the previous geological and hydrogeological study from the library of Ministry of Environmental protection and Agriculture and Institute of Geology and Institute of Hydrogeology. Pick uped geological and hydrogeological information from about 50 reports, catalogs and articles. Had been digitized existing geological and hydrogeological maps and geological profiles and cross-section. All information was transferred in QGI system. Based on all the data obtained, 23 aquifers were identified, which are in direct contact with surface ecosystem. Consequently, from these aquifers groundwater bodies were delineated and recording. The delinenation process was done according to the river basins. Existed monitoring station covered only part of territory and characterized only small group of GWB. In order to covered “empty” area analyzed old catalogs of boreholes and spring and selected additional possible monitoring station. During field expedition recognized, checked and sampled for chemical analyze several boreholes from the list. In future are planning to continue selection process by logging and stable isotope application. During the GWB delineation process, all hydrogeological horizons were analyzed in its geological boundaries as an independent body with a particular chemical and quantitative status. Also, were analyzed their possible hydraulic connection with other horizons and similar hydrogeological interactions. Based on these data, they were identified as a body of unity objects or bodies. In some cases, groundwater bodies may be identified separately in one vertical section in one layer or as a different layer of underground waters to unite as a single object in both vertical and lateral sections. For example, the “Telavi” (code GPA0005) aquifer, which belongs to the “upper” part of Alazani suite, represents the groundwater body, which partly covers the “Gurjaani” (code GPA0006) aquifer- part of the middle part of Alazani suite. Both aquifers completely cover the “methane” aquifer of middle part of Alazani suite. They have similar hydrochemical and hydraulic properties. Water of all three aquifers is suitable for drinking. They differ from each other only by gas composition. “Kvareli” (code GPA0003) aquifer of old Quaternary deposits, located to the north from them, partly covers “Telavi” aquifer and has hydraulic connection to the mentioned aquifers. It also represents the significant fresh water resource. All the mentioned bodies have identical properties and have been united in one type of porous groundwater bodies. In the same type were united also aquifers of modern alluvial deposits (code GPA0001). There is a similar picture in the groundwater bodies of porous waters of Iori artesian basin, where have been merged the bodies of the almost similar hydrochemical, hydrodynamical and ecological properties (codes GPI0002, GPI0004 and GPI0011). They differ only by level of transmissivity and mineralization. In the selection process of groundwater bodies, the authors also considered the existence of different types of (agricultural, industrial, and other) anthropogenic pressure on groundwater bodies and their nature, which could have become the cause of their unification or separation of groundwater bodies. For example, even though the groundwaters of Alazani and Iori basins belong to the same type of porous waters, they were separated as types of independent bodies. This is primarily conditioned by their different recharge and formation areas, with different climatic and hydrochemical properties. In particular, Porous-type groundwater aquifer type of Alazani Basin unites the large resources of low mineralized, suitable for drinking water, groundwater bodies. And, a type of aquifers of Iori Basin unites the high mineralized and low saturated groundwater bodies, which are developed under conditions of dry climate.

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Also, the similarities are observed on the southern slope of the Great Caucasus, in the horizontally to each other developed aquifers of sporadically saturated terrigenous deposits of the Middle and Lower Jurassic (GFA0022) and of Upper, Middle and Lower Leyas (GFA0023), where the fractured groundwater aquifer system is developed, with similar pressure and hydro-chemical composition. Thus, their typeing under one fractured groundwater body is considered to be appropriate. The similarity was observed among the aquifers of karstic origin, located in Alazani basin, such as the aquifer of Upper Cretaceous carbonate rocks (GKA0018), the aquifer of sporadically saturated deposits of the terrigenous flysch of the Lower Cretaceous (GKA0019), the aquifer complex of carbonate- karstic rocks of the Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous (GKA0020) they are typed as one groundwater body. To this type also belong aquifers of Iori basin located near Dedoplistskaro, the aquifer of the carbonate deposits of the Upper Jurassic (GKA0021). As to dry, less saturated, practically regional aquitarde porouse-fractured groundwater body remained as separated type, such as the aquifer of Apsheron marine strata (GMI0008(GWB0007),the aquifer of Shiraqi stratum (GMI0012), the aquifer of Dusheti strata (GMI0013), the aquifer of Upper Sarmat stratum (GMI0014) and the aquifer of Maikop stratum (GMI0015). Almost for all the groundwater bodies have been observed the vertical zonality, which implies the existence of two and more sub-aquifers. As a rule, the upper layer is zone of intensive circulation, with relatively low mineralization and high-water saturation, and lower layers are characterized by gradual increase of mineralization and reduction of water saturation. In addition, upper layers are more active in contact with surface ecosystem and therefore under anthropogenic pressure. Thus, the upper layers of these groundwater bodies should be considered as independent sub-bodies. This applies only to a type of porous type of groundwater bodies of the Alazen and Iori basins, as the types of fractured and karst- type bodies of Great Caucuses’ and Alazani basin are not usually under pressure. For Alazani and Iori basins, as being under anthropogenic pressure bodies can be considered the first ten meters (from the surface) of porous waters where the pollution can be caused by uncontrolled drilling wells. The above mentioned assumption should be taken into consideration in the process of organizing the network of monitoring stations. During the studies was analyzed the location of current monitoring stations and their belongings to the particular groundwater bodies. Installation of additional monitoring stations was planned on the empty from the monitoring station areas. The location of the stations should ensure that all groundwater bodies are characterized as lateral (recharge and discharge areas) as well as vertical (all different sub-horizons / bodies) distribution. For this purpose, for the future the expansion of network was planned, for which additional monitorings stations were obtained from already existing and tested wells, as well as from reports on previous studies.

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4 GROUNDWATER BODIES IN THE ALAZANI- IORIRIVER BASIN DISTRICT

4.1 Summary description of the River Basin District

The basins of the Alazani and Iori rivers include the total region of Kakheti and the municipality of Tianeti that is part of the Mtskheta-Mtianeti region. Both rivers take their source on the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Range, at 2,600-2,800 m ASL, run across the intermontane depression and discharge into the Mingechauri reservoir. The total length of the Alazani is 352km, and the catchment area is 11,800 km2. The Iori River is 320km long, with a catchment area of 4,650 km2. The diversity of climate zones and soils in the Alazani and Iori basins results in the diversity of landscapes. There are alpine and subalpine ecosystems, mountain, floodplain, light forests, and semi-desert landscapes. Some of the ecosystems are as part of protected areas of different categories. The total area of the protected areas is 194,415.12 ha. There are 15 areas of special conservation value in the Alazani and Iori basins, with three of them being part of the Emerald Network (Lagodekhi, Batsara and Vashlovani PAs). There are over 2,000 rivers in the Alazani and Iori basins, and about 95 % of these are less than 10km long. The density of the river network is 0.45 km per km2. The annual discharge of the Alazani to the Mingechauri reservoir is approx. 2.5 bln m3. The total runoff on the territory of Georgia is 3.10 km3 (570 mm). The runoff rate varies from 43 to 8 l/s per km2. The average flow rate is 45 m3/s as measured at the gauging station located at the Shakriani Bridge, and 71.4 m3/s - near village Chiatura. The flow in the Alazani basin significantly varies between seasons. The maximum flow (35-40%) is observed in spring; 29-32% in summer, 20-23% in autumn, and 11-12% in winter. The annual discharge of the Iori River is 341 mln m3. The midstream and downstream parts of the basin are poor in water resources. The runoff rate varies within 5.00-2.80 l/s per km2. About 40% of the runoff is observed in spring, 27-33% in summer, 16-17% in autumn, and 8-14% -in winter. The Alazani basin is rich in groundwater. The total flow on the Alazani-Agrichay basin (6,000 m2) is 39 m3/s, and on the Georgian territory, it is estimated as 20.4 m3/s. In the downstream part of the Ala- zani-Agrichay basin, the maximum flow is 63.7 m3/s, so it is possible to tap at least 39 m³/s. The temperature, chemical composition, total mineralization and microbiology of the groundwater as studied in wells and boreholes has not changed significantly in recent years, and mainly stayed within permissible limits, and no serious changes in the surface water quality have been recorded either, except for ammonium that often exceeds the permissible concentration limit. However, not all parameters are actually measured. In particular, on the above-mentioned stations are monitored the following physical and chemical parameters: pH, dissolved oxygen in water (DO), Bio- chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), nitrite, nitrate, ammonium nitrogen, phosphates, sulphates, iron, zinc, copper, lead and manganese content, electro conductivity and mineralization. Monitoring of specific organic substances (for instance PAH, PCB, pesticides, etc.) are not covered under the National Quality Monitoring Program. About 38% of all agricultural lands in Georgia are located in Kakheti. Kakheti has the largest area of croMields and pastures in Georgia, and is the leader in cereal production and livestock breeding. Kakheti also has 70% of all Georgia’s vineyards. The share of agriculture in Kakheti’s GVA is 30%. Serious challenges for Kakheti’s agriculture include droughts, increased air temperatures (number of extremely hot days), wind erosion of soils, and hail.

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According to the Georgian Ministry of Environment and Agriculture data, there were 252 fish farms with a total water surface area of 2,514.7 ha as of 2017. In 2017 there were 208 farms that produced 4,308 tons of fish. The fish farms in Kakheti farm European carp, silver carp, and grass carp (Amur) (1,031 tons, 2,693.8 tons, and 575 tons respectively); there is also minor farming of catfish (only 8 tons in 2017). Most towns in Kakheti have centralized drinking water supply, but the majority of the villages still use water from natural springs/streams and artesian wells.Drinking water for drinking purposes is 2% of total consumed water. Centralized drinking water supply is provided by the "United Water Supply Company of Georgia" (UWSCG). For population the main sources of drinking water are wells and boreholes. These boreholes are with negative water level and technically in bad condition, they open several aquifers at the same time (including upper polluted layers) and has a low sanitary protection status. Sewer system is poorly developed in the region, and only some towns have a proper sewer system. There are no or obsolete wastewater treatment facilities in municipalities. There are typically arranged the septic tanks or pit latrines in Villages, which in turn causes the surface water pollution. Currently, the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency “SIDA” is supporting a Sustain- able Wastewater Management Project in Georgia that envisages construction of a wastewater treatment facility in Telavi, with a capacity of 14,400 m3 per day, to be put to operation in 2019. There are 64 essential water users in Kakheti. According to 2016 data, the water abstraction was 1,177.83 mln m3, including 25.13 mln m3 extracted from groundwater aquifers. The volume of new water used is 777.17 mln m3, of which 92% was used for hydropower generation. The irrigation sector is the second biggest surface water user after the hydropower sector. The Georgian Amelioration Ltd is currently rehabilitating and managing irrigation systems in the region. In the Alazani and Iori basins it manages 5 irrigation reservoirs (Sioni, Tbilisi, Dalis Mta, Ukhiskhevi, and Kran- chiskhevi), primary mechanical irrigation systems of Zemo Alazani, Naurdali, Kvemo Alazani, Kvemo Samgori, Zemo Samgori, Avaniskhevi, Kudigora, Shilda, Shua Arkhi, Kashmi-Patardzeuli, Gamarjveba- Japaridze and Zalicha, also 21 canals that supply water to all municipalities in Kakheti. According to data of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources (2016), in the Alazani Iori river basin, 1177.83 mln m3 water was abstracted, 25.13mln m3 was taken from groundwater. Whereas the total amount of used surface water is 777,17 mln m3 and 92% (718 mln m3) of it was utilized for the hydroelectric power plants (HPPs), while 34.73 mln m3 was used for irrigation and only 6.74 mln m3 – for industry. The uncontrolled groundwater extraction causes the pressure drop in the aquifers and reduces their resources. There is also a negative impact on the environment by producing soil condensation and erosion processes. A part of the irrigation systems is out of order and needs rehabilitation, so the Georgian Amelioration has planned for several rehabilitation projects. Rehabilitation of the irrigation systems would significantly increase the water abstraction for the needs of irrigation, which may be counterbalanced by introducing proper tariffs and modern irrigation technologies, also by arranging and rehabilitating windbreaks. Internal irrigation systems are of poor quality and inefficient. The main irrigation method is surface irrigation via canals and ditches; sprinkler irrigation is very limited because it is rather expensive and not used for small land plot. A small yet steadily growing part of the farmers use drip irrigation systems. The existing Strategic Plan envisages rehabilitation and construction of irrigation systems in Kakheti; improvement of the drinking water supply, especially in villages; construction of a sewer system and rehabilitation of existing systems and reinforcement/revetment of banks.

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4.2 Summary description of the groundwater bodies in the River Basin District

Geological description The Alazani basin is intermountain lowland, located on two tectonic zones: the east zone of South slope of the Caucasian folded system and the east part of Georgian plate. Geological composition of the mountainous parts, along the South slope, are sandstone and clay shale, limestone. On the right bank, along Kakheti range, are marls. Rocks are covered with clay and sandstones. Terraces of the Alazani Valley are covered by marl and sandy conglomerates. Floodplains are mostly built of alluvial, alluvial-proluvial and partly delluvial sediments of the Quaternary age. The Tsiv- gombori Range is mostly composed of conglomerates of Neocene age and loams (sandstone, clays). The Gare Kakheti Plateau is composed of conglomerates and pebbles. Flat surfaces are covered by alluvial sediments and the slopes of the ranges – alluvial-talus surfaces. The Plateau is mainly covered by loam. The Iori River Basin stretches on the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus (Central Caucasus) and flows between the Kakheti and Kartli ridges. Mountainous areas of the Iori Basin belong to the Mestia- Tianeti tectonic zone of Late Jurassic and Cretaceous Carbonate Flysch of the Fold-and-Thrust Struc- ture of the Southern Slopes of the Greater Caucasus, more specifically, to the Djinvali-Gombori tectonic sub-zone. The flysch is mostly composed of sandstones, marls, limestone, breccia (sedimentary rocks) mixed with porphyries and conglomerates. Tianeti and Ertso depressions are formed by Quaternary sands, clays and pebbles. Downstream of Sioni reservoir in the middle reaches of the Basin, Mestia-Tianeti tectonic zone turns into Eastern zone of molassic deposits of the Iverian Intermountainous Depression, more specifically, into Mukhrani-Tiriphoni sub-zone. A very small part of the basin in the middle to lower reaches is located in the southern zone of the depression, namely in Sartichala Sub-zone. Sartichala sub-zone is composed of Quaternary alluvial-delluvial-prolluvial deposits of sedimentary rocks. Mukhrani-Tiriphoni sub- zone is represented by Alazani sediments composed of thin layers of conglomerates and clays and Dusheti formations. It downstream Sagarejo transforms into Gare-Kakheti sub-zone represented by low thickness Shiraki molassic formations of clays, with conglomerate and sandstone interbeds; medium- thickness Eldar sediment of clays with sandstone and conglomerate mid-layers and; medium thickness Agchagil-Apsheron marine deposits of clays, sandstones and conglomerates. Quaternary deposits are found on Taribana valley, mid and late cretaceous – in v. Khirsa, Late Eocene - in Udabno and quaternary alluvial-prolluvial sediments - in flood plains. Hydrogeologycal description Alazani River Basin According to the hydrogeological zoning (I. Buachidze, 1970), the mentioned territory is the part of two hydrogeological zones, which are the following: artesian basin of confined aquifer system Zone of Great Caucasus southern Slope (II), East part of Georgian plate Artesian basin zone. From the mentioned zones, on the territory we observe: From the Pressured water system Zone of Great Caucasus Southern Slope:

II3 - Mestia-Tianeti fractures and fractured/karstic pressured system II4 - Kazbegi-Mtatusheti fractured pressured system From the East pert of Georgian plate Artesian basin zone: III9- Porous, Fractured and fractured/karstic artesian basin of Kartli. III10- Porous, fractured and fractured/karstic artesian basin of Alazani

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The Aquifer of Late Jurassic period is found on the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus, stretched up to the upper course of the river Alazani. The water-bearing horizon is formed here with marl slate, sandstones and limestone. It is characterized with high yield, counting tens of litres a second. The regime of the springs depends on atmospheric precipitation. The water mainly is of hydrocarbonate calcium type. The Alazani artesian basin covering the majority of the Alazani River Basin belongs to sub- mountainous and inter-mountainous confined aquifers. It is enclosed between impermeable strata of Quaternary alluvial-prolluvial sediments and is very rich in fresh subsurface pore and strata water, located at the depth from 10 to 60m. Flow rates in wells and springs range from 0.2 to 165 l/s, transmis- sibility coefficient is 500-1500 m2/day. Their conductivity is 3.9 m/day on average. The total groundwater resource in the major part of the Alazani valley (6,000 km2) is estimated 20.4 m3/sec in Georgia. While the minimum flow measured at the most downstream gauging site on the Alazani basin is 63.7 m3/sec, the exploitation of 39 m3/sec appears to be safe. On the territory of Georgia old Quaternary sediments contain hydro carbonate calcium-sodium waters, with mineralization not exceeding 0.7 g/l and total hardness of 1.8-6.5 mg-equiv. However, waters at the Georgian borders are mineralized to 1.5-2.7 g/L. Iori River Basin According to the same zonation, the mentioned territory is the part of the two hydrogeological zones, which are the following: Great Caucasus southern Slope (II), East pert of Georgian plate Artesian basin zone, Fractured groundwater of East slope of Javakheti Range (IV) and Artvini-Bolnisi belt Groundwater zone (V). From the mentioned zones, on the territory we observe: From the Great Caucasus southern Slope:

II3 - Mestia-Tianeti fractures and fractured/karstic pressured system From the East pert of Georgian plate Artesian basin zone: III11 -Porous and fractured artesian basin of Iori-Shiraqi III12 - Porous and fractured artesian basin of Marneuli-Gardabani From the Fractured groundwater of East slope of Javakheti Range: IV - Pressured water system of Adjara-Trielti fold mountain zone IV 3- Fractured and fractured/karstic pressured water system of Tbilisi Aquifers of the Greater Caucasus fold zone represented by Mestia-Tianeti fractures and fractured/karstic pressured systemare found in the upper reaches of the Iori Basin. These are mostly composed of terrigenous and carbonaceous flysch of the Early and Late Cretaceous and Late Jurassic ages as well as of Middle and Early Jurassic shale stratum. Due to numerous fractures and karsts, limestone and sandstones are highly permeable and saturated with water. Outcrops of the terrigenous flysch are mostly met in the upper weathered zone (to 20-25m), and have low flow rates, up to 0.2 l/s in shale formations and up to 6 l/s in sandstone inter-beds. Flow rates of the springs occurring in the limestone mainly exceed 1 l/s; in rare cases reaching 25 l/s. Carbonaceous flysch aquifer of Late Jurassic period is built with 1500m-thick limestone, dolomite and marl. Water in this aquifer has high flow rate of up to 70 l/s. Shale strata aquifer of the Middle and Early Jurassic age is mainly represented by thick mass of clayey shale sediments of dislocated and fractured structure. It includes zones of intensive and restricted water circulation. Unconfined groundwater circulates in the upper zone, with spring outputs ranging within 0.02-0.1 l/s. In large faults, where the crystal- line rocks thrust the shale mass, spring flow rates are much higher reaching 5 l/s. Intermountain aquifers are represented by ground waters of Iori-Shirak and Marneuli-Gardabani porous and fractured artesian basin, built with merged river debris cones. Ground waters occur at the tops of the cones forming a single unconfined aquifer. In the centre and periphery, where clays or clayey matrix occur, these divide the single aquifer into the unconfined aquifer and several confined ones. Aquifer of the Quaternary alluvial-proluvial sediments of 10-500 thickness is widespread within Tiriponi-Mukhrani, Marneuli-Gardabani, and the Iori tableland. In the Iori-Shirak artesian basin, the aquifer thickness ranges within 37-72m in the debris cones of the Iori tributaries. The waters are mainly free-flowing, with flow rates of 1.5 to 8.5 l/s. Their filtration coefficient is 3.9 m/day on

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average. In the central sunken part of the Marneuli-Gardabani plain, strong groundwater streams circulate at the depth of 20m. The total thickness of the strata reaches as much as 3000 m. Flow rates in wells/springs range within 0.10-5.7 l/s. Most wells have piezometric levels to 42 meters below the ground level. In Mukhrovani-Ujarma segment ground water mineral content is up to 20-35 g/l, represented by hydrocarbonate natrium type of waters. The aquifer of the recent alluvial sediments built of cobble with sandy and sand-salty matrix and inter-beds and lenses of sand, sandy loam, loam and clay, is found in floodplains and above-floodplain river terraces. The aquifer thickness mostly ranges within 3- 15 meters, occasionally reaching 30-40 meters. The filtration coefficient is 10-30 m2/day.

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Figure 2. Hydrogeological zoning map of Georgia

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4.3 Characterisation of groundwater bodies

Based on the hydrogeological map compiled by hydrogeologists at the “Georgian Geothermal Associa- tion+”, twenty-three hydrogeological units (aquifers) are distinguished in the Alazani-Iori river basin: 1. The aquifer of modern alluvial deposits; temporary code GPA0001; 2. The aquifers of alluvial deposits of Iori valley, temporary code GPI0002; 3. The aquifers of ancient Quaternary age proluvial-alluvial deposits, temporary code GE- GPA0003; 4. The aquifer of Delluvial-proluvial deposits of Quaternary age, temporary code GPI0004; 5. The aquifers of upper part of the Alazani series, temporary code GPA0005; 6. The aquifers of middle and lower part of the Alazani series, temporary GPA0006; 7. The aquifer of Apsheron continental strata, temporary code GMI0007; 8. The aquifer of Apsheron marine strata, temporary code GMI0008; 9. The aquifer of marine Agchagiri, temporary code GMI0009; 10. The aquifer of continental Agchagiri, temporary code GMI0010; 11. The aquifer of Apsheron-Agchagiri deposits, temporary code GPI0011; 12. The aquifer of Shiraqi stratum, temporary code GMI0012; 13. The aquifer of Dusheti strata, temporary code GMI0013; 14. The aquifer of Upper Sarmat stratum, temporary code GMI0014; 15. The aquifer of Maikop stratum, temporary code GII0015; 16. The aquifer of sporadically saturated rocks of Paleogene, temporary code GFI0016; 17. The aquifer of Upper Eocene deposits, temporary code GFI0017; 18. The aquifer of Upper Cretaceous carbonate rocks, temporary code GKA0018; 19. The aquifer of sporadically saturated deposits of the terrigenous flysch of the Lower Cretaceous, temporary code GKA0019; 20. The aquifer complex of carbonate- karstic rocks of the Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous, temporary code GKA0020; 21. The aquifer of the carbonate deposits of the Upper Jurassic, temporary code GKI0021; 22. The aquifer of sporadically saturated terrigenous deposits of the Middle and Lower Jurassic, temporary code GFA0022; 23. The Aquifer of Upper, Middle and Lower Leyas, temporary code GFA0023.

4.3.1 Groundwater body of modern alluvial deposits, temporary code GPA0001

The aquifer of modern alluvial deposits is distributed and related to the alluvial deposits of the floodplains of the rivers Alazani, Agrichay and their tributaries. Aquifers are represented by loose pebbles with sandy fillers, sand and sandy loam. The granulometric composition changes gradually to the downstream of the river; coarse-grained deposits are replaced by sandy loam and loam. The thickness of the alluvial deposits is considerable, but variable. According to the observations made in the boreholes by P.F. Kvartskhava (1956-57), the water level lies at the depth of 2.0-4.0 m in the upper part of the river Alazani and at a depth of 1.2-1.7 m in its average flow. Groundwater of modern alluvial sediments is studied along the tributaries of the river Alazani. There is an increase in the depth of bedding of the groundwater table downstream of the rivers. For example, in the upper part of the river Telaviskhevi (below the head constructions of the Tbiltskaro water pipeline), the depth of occurrence is 2.5-3.0 m, and near the surroundings’ of Telavi the groundwaters are not crossed by 20.0 m deep boreholes (I.E Kheladze, 1929).

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In the middle part of the river Kisiskhevi (near the main construction of the Kisiskhevi water supply station), the depth of the groundwater table is 3.5-4.0 m. at the middle part of the river Papriskhevi (at the main constructions of the water pipeline of the Gurjaani railway), the depth of occurrence is 2.5-3.5 m. Apparently, in these rivers there is a decrease in the level of groundwater to the downstream, as for all tributaries of the river Alazani is characterized by an increase in the cross-section and spreading of the groundwater flow when rivers reach the plain from narrow gorges, as a result of which the depth of occurrence increases. The character of the water content of these deposits is fully given in the work of I.M. Buachidze and I.S. Zviadadze (1965). According to their data, gravels with sand filler and sands are characterized by high water permeability, the filtration coefficient along the river. Bursa is equal to 16.8 m / day, along the river. Kisishevi - 18.3, along the river Papriskhevi - 14.5, sandy loam and loam are characterized by very low water conductivity. The chemical composition of the groundwaters of this horizon is as follows: on the right bank of the river Alazani water is bicarbonate-sulfate calcium-sodium-magnesium and calcium-magnesium , total mineralization increases from northwest to south-east from 0.4 to 0.7 g / l, and hardness 4.6 to 7.2 mg / eq. On the left bank of the river Alazani, according to P.F. Kvartskhava and O.M. Khamzayev(1957), the total mineralization of groundwater in modern alluvial deposits is less than on the right bank of the river Alazani - it ranges from 0.1 to 0.3 g / l, the hardness is 1.1-2.2 mg/eq. Basically, the water is carbonate calcareous and hydrogen carbonate sodium-calcium type. The increase in mineralization is also observed in the groundwaters of the alluvial deposits of the Alazani river, downstream along the riverbed. The groundwater regime has not been studied, but according to some available data, it can be roughly outlined. Capped galleries of the above-mentioned aqueducts show an increase in the underground flow discharges during floods and a sharp decrease in low-seasons. A significant fluctuation in the level of groundwater is noted from observations on periodically operating on the springs associated with modern alluvial sediments and long lasting after the passage of floods (rivers Turdo, Kisiskhevi, Papriskhevi, Duruji, etc.). The temperature, chemical and bacterial composition of the water changes along the year, they experi- ence the influence of flood waters. In case of floods, Telavi, Kisiskhevi, Papriskhevi and other water pipelines give muddy water and an increase in bacterial contamination is noticed. Groundwaters of modern alluvial sediments are recharged by river waters and atmospheric precipitation. The flow direction coincides with the flow directions of the Alazani and it tributaries, and later, when they enter the valley of the Alazani and Agrichai rivers, they spread out in a fan-like manner. Drainage is carried out poorly along the groundwater flow direction by the water discharge in the deposits of Alazani series, Quaternary proluvial-alluvial deposits and stagnant limestones of the Cretaceous age. Groundwaters of modern alluvial deposits can be used for drinking water supply after chlorination and periodic bleaching.

4.3.2 Groundwater body of alluvial deposits of Iori valley, temporary code GPI0002.

The aquifers of alluvial deposits of Iori valleyare developed in sandy-clayey alluvial deposits and are commonly distributed locally in the floodplain and floodlit terraces of river Iori and its left tributaries. In Sagarejo region and its above valley the deposits are represented by tabs of pebbles and boulders and their size decreases to the medium and small moving to the down of valley. Pebbles are well rounded and filled with clay. Petrographycally pebbles are represented by sandstones, limestones and

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karstic sediments. the alluvial deposits. On the floodlit terraces are covered by delluvial-proluvial deposits, clays, clays with the inter-layers of pebbles. The main recharge source of aquifers is the river filtration that generates the under-river streams that are located at a depth of 1-2 meters under the surface of the river. In the eastern part of the The chemical composition of mentioned waters is hydrocarbon -sulfate-calcium-sodium, low mineralized 1 g/l and suitable for drinking. To the south the alluvial sediments of the upper terraces of the left tributaries of river Iori are characterized by higher mineralization (5-8 g / l). They are sulfate-chloride-sodium- magnesium-calcium type, saline and unsuitable to drink (Khorbaladze, 1979). Thus, the alluvial sediments of the floodplain and floodplain terraces are fed by river infiltrates and the upper terraces are fed by the groundwaters of continental Apsheron as well as Shiraqi strata of the tertiary age. In the western part of the Iori Sartichala district, at the railway station Iori, the floodplain flow creates springs with discharge rate of 2.0 to 23.0 l / s. The groundwater is also open by the boreholes (N15 and N16) at the depth of 0.3 to 1.7 meters. By the chemical composition, the groundwaters are hydrocarbonate-sulfate-calcium-sodium type, fresh and drinkable. At the same area in the Khashmi district, the alluvial sediments on the upper terrace of the floodplain are covered by the deluvial-proluvial sediments. The springs related to the mentioned deposits, with discharge rate of 0.5 to 0.3 l / s, are high mineralized (7-8 g / l) and not suitable for drinking purposes. The groundwaters are also opened by the wells at the depts. from 0.6 to 2.3 m. As for the left tributaries of river Iori from the Gare Kakheti highlands, such as the Ole, Koda, Zakatlis- Khevi and other nameless rivers, as well as the tributaries located on the Eldari Valley in the South- East, the alluvial sediments are insignificant and have no practical significance. Besides, these waters are highly mineralized and are unsuitable for drinking. The alluvial sediments in the valley of the Lakbe are widely distributed and are represented by large pebbles, with the sandy-gravel fillers and Inserts boulders. With the mentioned deposits are related the under-river streams which are discharged as springs on the surface (158, 158 a) with discharge rate of 10 to 0.1 l / s. by the chemical composition they are hydrocarbonate-chloride-sulfate-calcium-sodium type, with the mineralization up to 1 g / l and is suitable for drinking purposes. These alluvial sediments are characterized by large water resources. The sandy-gravel alluvial deposits are also well-developed in the valley of river Chailuri, where under riverbed the fresh water streams, suitable for drinking purposes, are formed. They are linked to a type of sources (# 91) with a total debit of 5 L / s. With chemical composition it is sulfate-hydrocarbonate- calcium-sodium type, with the mineralization of 0.8 g / l. The alluvial deposits are also well developed in the valley of river Parolaant-Tskali, namely pebble- boulders with sandy-gravel filler. Here is also developed under river bed flows, which are fed by river filtrates on the surface is discharge with type of springs (# 59). Mentioned type is located about 1.5 km North-West of Sagarejo. By the chemical composition springs are hydrocarbonate-calcium type, with mineralization of 0.3 g/l, discharge rate of 30 l/sec. The water content of alluvium is high and suitable for drinking and agricultural purposes. In the valley of river Lapiani well developed the alluvial deposits. They are represented by pebbles and boulders. Groundwaters related to them are discharged as springs (## 39, 40). By the chemical composition waters are hydrocarbonate-calcium-sodium type. The alluvium is characterized by high content of water and good drinking properties.

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4.3.3 Groundwater body of ancient Quaternary age proluvial-alluvial deposits (Kvareli aquifer), temporary code GPA0003

The aquifers of ancient Quaternary age proluvial-alluvial deposits(Kvareli aquifer) deposits are widely developed throughout the Alazano-Agrichay artesian basin. The left tributaries of the river Alazani flowing off the southern slope of the Main Caucasian Range, is much more watery than the right tributaries of the river Alazani, originating in the Kakheti Range. The rivers flowing from the Southern slope of the Main Caucasian Range within the year bring their waters to the Alazani and Agrichay rivers, carrying and depositing a large amount of terrigenous material. As a result of the activities of these rivers, powerful cones are formed, representing in terms of huge fans, overlapping each other. In the distribution of the material of these cones, a definite regularity is observed. The study of the core of about 800 exploratory wells drilled within the depression allowed to establish that the by the tributaries of the Alazani rivers are deposited by boulders and large pebbles near the exit from the gorges, and in the low part - fine-grained material. Since the nature of sedimentation of these deposits is alluvial- prolluvial, in all lithological varieties of the Quaternary cover diagonal stratification and lenticular occurrence are observed. The presence in the section of the deposits under consideration with respect to the waterproof and water-permeable layers, facies substituting each other, creates the conditions for the formation of aquifers that have a hydraulic connection between. This gives the possibility to consider the aquifers of the Quaternary cover of the Alazano-Agrichay depression, as a single aquifer, conventionally called by I.M. Buachidze (1953) -Kvareli aquifer. The Kvareli aquifer is the most water-abundant from the aquifers of the Alazano artesian basin and, thus, the most significant for water supply of the settlements of Kakheti by for drinking and partly irrigation purposes. In the distribution of groundwater in the cones has horizontal zoning. The first is the absorption zone of the waters of the river network and atmospheric precipitation. To it belong tops of cones, directly adjoin- ing to an edge part of the Southern slope of the Main Caucasus. This zone is characterized by a deep occurrence of non-pressurized waters, the depth of their occurrence below the head of the wells varies within 12-63 m. Alluvial and proluvial deposits here are coarse-clastic, mainly boulder-pebbles with sandy fillers, well permeable, resulting in a united flow of groundwaters. The second zone covers the central parts of the cones and is characterized by the dismemberment of a united flow of groundwater into several deep-lying, well permeable layers, in which, as it dips, the water acquires a hydrodynamic head. The resulting increased pressure is transmitted to the internal, submerged parts of the aquifers. Such a redistribution of pressure causes the movement of pressurized water along the aquifer, as well as their discharge through hydrogeological windows and through a relatively waterproof stratum, as it is discussed in detail below. The described zone occupies the predominant part of the Kvareli aquifer. The third zone - the zone of wedging of aquifers occupies the periphery of the cone’s outcomes. Here the auriferous layer is a fine-grained material. Below is a detailed description of the Kvareli aquifer. Kvareli aquifer is widespread, mainly on the left bank of the river Alazani and along the right bank of the river Agricai, where the thickness of Quaternary deposits is considerable large. Partly, it passes to the right bank of the river Alazani. According to the data from 332 wells, the Kvareli aquifer lies at a depth of 3.5-600 m and contains from 1 to 15 aquifers with a total thickness varies within 1-90 m, depending on the depth of the wells.

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The material composing the aquifer, according to the granulometric composition, obeys a sharply expressed spatial pattern: along the foothills of the southern slope of the Main Caucasian Range, i.e. near the erosion region, it is represented by boulder-pebble deposits with sandy gravelly-gravel filler. Further in the direction to the valley, these deposits are replaced by pebbles with sandy-gravel, sandy and sandy loam filler, which in turn are mixed with sands, first coarse-grained, and then gradually turning into fine-grained ones. Unlike the aquiferous horizons of the Alazani series, a large part of the Kvareli aquifer is characterized by a weak roundness, indicating the proximity of the erosion zone. As for the petrographic composition, in this respect the Kvareli aquifer retains its distinctive features: they are represented mainly by clay shales of black and blue, bluish, silicified sandstone, limestone and, more rarely, by porphyrites. These rocks are characteristic for the Southern slope of the Main Caucasian Range. Relatively waterproof layers are represented by boulder-pebble deposits with clay fillers, pebbles with clay filler and sandy, silty and viscous clays of bluish-gray colors. The spatial regularity is also clearly expressed in the distribution of the listed fractional differences. In the central part of the Alazani artesian basin, near the village of Tsnori and Chiauri Bridge, in these waterproof sediments, according to some wells, torf interlayers with a thickness of up to 0.15 m were found. When one well was drilled at a depth of 54 m, the trunk oak was removed together with the core. The Kvareli aquifer is characterized by high water availability. Debit wells range within. 0.2-165.0 l / sec, the specific discharge rate is 0.1-5.0 l / sec. The conductivity ranges from 6.57 to 36.55 m / day. To characterize the Kvareli horizon along the layers, below is given the description of the longitudinal hydrogeological cross section along the line I-I’ '. On the longitudinal hydrogeological cross section along the 1-1 'line with a length of 127 km, the Kvareli horizon was opened by 24 wells with a depth of 36 to 600 m. The section was taken along the adjacent territories of Georgia and Azerbaijan. In some wells, the number of aquifers varies from 2 to 15, and their total thickness varies from 6 to 90 m. The aquifer is represented by poorly rounded pebbles with sand-gravel filler, sand, gravel and very rarely sandy loam, pebbles, slate, limestone, sandstone, porphyrite and other rocks .The relatively waterproof layers are represented by yellow and gray sandy clays, less often boulder-pebble deposits The discharge rate of wells varies from 2.4 to 20 l / sec, The specific discharge rate is from 0.13 to 1.1 l / s The conductivity varies from 3.2 to 33.42 m / day. According to the chemical composition the water of the Kvareli horizon is hydrocarbonate-sulphate calcium-magnesium, hydrocarbonate-sulfate sodium-magnesium, hydrocarbonate calcium-magnesium, hydrocarbonate calcium-sodium-magnesium, etc. Mineralization ranges from 0.2 to 1.0 g / l. Hardness of 1.8-5.4 mg / eq. The water is fresh, clear without color and odor. The aquifer is characterized by the significant amount of descending springs, wells and pits, observed both on the right and left banks of the river Alazani. Groundwaters are related to sandy-pebble sandy, boulder-pebble, loamy and sandy-loam sediments. The flow rates of springs, wells and pits range from 0.1 to 10 l/sec. The water level is 0.4-14 m below the surface. In the interfluve between Kisishevi and Mgvrishevi, groundwater was not met even at a depth of 20 m.The high standing of the level of the underground water in the lower and middle parts of the valley causes swamping. I.E. Kheladze, who worked on the right bank of the river Alazani to the southeast of the meridian of Gurjaani, notes the following pattern in the distribution of the groundwater level: in the upper part of the valley adjacent to the foot of the northeastern slope of the Kakheti Range, groundwaters lie at a depth of 3-20 m, in the middle part at a depth of 0.5- 1.5 m and at the bottom at a depth of 1.5-6.0 m. The slope of the water surface coincides with the slope of the discharge in the upper and middle zones, in

ENI/2016/372-403 27 Final Report Groundwater bodies and groundwater monitoring network in the Alazani-Iori River Basin District - Georgia the lower one, due to the draining effect of the river Alazani, it's bigger. I. M. Buachidze (1965) notes the same regularity in the left-bank part of the valley, on the right bank of the river Alazani. The high standing of the level of the groundwaters in the lower and middle parts of the valley causes wetland. The conductivity of Quaternary proluvial-alluvial rocks, according to P.F. Kvartskhava (1956), determined by experimental pumping out of boreholes, is expressed in the order of 1.5-1.86 m / day in Kvareli and 0.14-27.0 m / day in Akhmeta regions. Total mineralization of the waters of descending springs and boreholes on the left bank of the river Alazani and the right bank of the river Agricai ranges from 0.13 to 0.53 g / l in some cases reaching 0.73 g / l (spring No. 313). By the chemical composition water is bicarbonate calcium-magnesium, calcium and calcium-magnesium-sodium. Rigidity ranges from 1.8 to 6.1 mg / eq. reaching 9.64 mg / eq in the spring No. 313 (near the village of Pichkhovani). On the right bank of the river Alazani, the total mineralization of groundwater along the river is increasing. According to the data of chemical analyzes of water, drilled wells (well No. 149, 88, 89, 152, 153) by the Geology Department in the central part of the basin north of the village Tsnori and in the steppes of Milari, the mineralization of groundwater varies between 3-12 g / l. According to the chemical analyses, the composition of water is sulfate sodium, chloride-sulfate magnesium-calcium, sulfate-chloride sodium and hydrocarbonate-sulfate-chloride sodium-magnesium. Soils containing these waters are saline, they occupy an area of about 22,000 ha. The temperature of groundwater, measured in the III, V, IX months of the year is 8-20 °C at an air temperature of 13-19 °C. The regime observations carried out by the Georgian Hydrogeological Station on the descending springs shows that the discharge of springs varies considerably; this is to a certain extent due to the amount of precipitation. The chemical composition of the waters of all springs undergoes insignificant changes that do not exceed the limits of the accuracy of the determination, and the temperature fluctuations are associated with variations in air temperature. Bacterially these waters are slightly polluted because of the dense population of the area of their distribution, which is also their recharge areas. This is confirmed by bacterial analyzes conducted on some boreholes and wells in Telavi. Free-flowing groundwaters waters of quaternary proluvial-alluvial deposits are recharged by river waters and atmospheric precipitation, as well as pressurized waters of under-lying aquifers. The geological structure and morphology of the valley determine the movement of groundwater towards rivers Alazani and Agrichay and their tributaries, as evidenced by the slope of the screen of sub-terrestrial waters in the direction of rivers Alazani and Agrichay.

4.3.4 Groundwater body of Delluvial-proluvial deposits of quaternary age, temporary code GPI0004.

The aquifer of Deluvial-proluvial sediments of Quaternary age are represented by deluvial-proluvial and deluvial clays and clayish sediments with inter-layers of sandstones. They are distributed on the uplift of Gare-Kakheti and the east part of the region. Mentioned deposits have local distribution and less saturated. In most cases they are actually dry (## 186-190, 22 and etc). by chemical composition majority of waters are sulfate-sodium-calcium type, with low discharge rate from 0.01 to 1.5 l/sec and high mineralization 3.9-5.3 g/l. waters are not suitable for drinking purposes. But should be mentioned that there are also waters with good drinking properties, but very little, hydrocarbonate-sulfate-sodium-calcium type (##187, 226 and etc), with low mineralization

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0.6-1.4 g/l. The varying chemical composition of waters is result of their recharge through high mineralized tertiary age deposits. The same is proved by their high discharge rate up to 43.2-86.4 m3/day. That high discharge rate under the hot climate conditions in Quaternary deposits is less probable. The springs, in their discharge areas cause salinization of Quaternary deposits and also swamping of the lowland areas of Eldari and Jaikhan-Chale. On Gare-Kakheti uplift the above-mentioned deposits by wells and pits are opened waters of various chemical compositions. Majority of them is high mineralized sulfate-chloride-calcium-sodium waters. The wells drilled in the depressed areas of Shiraqi and Ole showed that the thickness of mentioned deposits reach 50-60 m and waters are sulfate-sodium-calcium type, with high mineralization.in Didi Shiraqi and Jailhan-Choli lowlands observed water screen is 5 and 3.7 m. the difference can be explained by the fact that in Didi Shiraqi lowland the recharge of deluvial-proluvial deposits of Quaternary age occurs only by atmospheric precipitations when in Jaikhan-choli in recharge regime participates deeper aquifers too. As to other lowlands: Naomari, Natbeuri, taribana and Eldari , here were not opened groundwaters , even at the depth of 7 m.The similar deposits are distributed also on the west part of Gare Kakheti uplift, on Mtsvane Mindori and Ole lowlands and Sagarejo-Samgori districts. The thickness of deposits varies from 10 to 12 m in Mtsvane Mindori, Sagarejo – 5-15 m and reach the maximum on Karaiaza lowland 20-24 m. here also, the water saturation varied from low to medium. The chemical composition is similar and groundwaters are in most cases mineralized. In general, the mentioned above deposits are locally and little saturated, which is caused by the abundance of clay content and the low thickness of inter-layers of sandstones. The low volume of atmospheric precipitations 344-544 mm and hot summer with frequent winds cause intensive evaporation and reducing the groundwater amount. The same is proved by the water level variation in wide range from 3 to 5 m. Complex of Mio-Pliocene deposits. The aquifer complex of myopliocene deposits is confined to pebble-conglomerate strata, as well as to shale, limestone and mudstone with sandy filler. In them, on the southwest slope of the Kakheti Range, pressurized and non-pressurized waters are discovered. Free-flow water circulates in the tops of the sediments. Descending springs with a flow rate of up to 4 l / s and a temperature of 13 ° C are discovered in the vicinity of Manavis-tsivi. Aquifer complex rescharge occurs by atmospheric precipitations, surface waters and also by condensates of water vapors. The recharge area is located on the blurred part of the arch. From the Tsiv-Gomborsky anticline, water seeps through the bare permeable layers in the gorges of rivers and ravines. The direction of the groundwater flow is mainly from the north-west to the south-east on the territory of Alazani artesian basin, which covers an area of more than 6000 km2. On mentioned territory, in the sediments of the Alazani series and the Quaternary age, 575 wells were drilled from 50 to 500 m deep. The exception is 12 wells (№№ 491,492,566, 581,582, 583, 584, 585, 594, 633, 634, 682), the depth of which varies in the range of 600-2100 m. from mentioned wells, 523 wells are self- discharging (91%), the remaining 52 wells are sub-artesian. The Alazani series, subdivided into lower, middle and upper parts, is characterized by alternating permeable and relatively waterproof layers. With the lower part of the Alazani series contains high mineralization water (16-17 g / l) not suitable for drinkingand he has no connection with the surface coefficient. Above themlocater the middle “Gurdjaani” and the upper “Telavi” aquifers are distinguished. The aquifers of the Alazani series are distinguished in wells by their relative hypsometric position and some features of the host rocks. For example, the Gurdjaani aquifer is clearly developed in the upper part of the stratum of clay rocks of blue and bluish colors (the upper part of the middle section of the Alazani series). As for the Telavi aquifer located above, which overlaps the Gurdjaani aquifer, it is developed in the thicker yellow clay of the upper section of the Alazani series.

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The chemical composition of the pressurized waters of these aquifers differ from each other. The total mineralization of the waters of the Telavi horizon is less than that of the Gurdjaani. In addition, the groundwater of the Gurdzhaani horizon, in contrast to Telavi, is characterized by hydrogen sulfide content. The aquifers located even deeper, are related to the middle and lower parts of the Alazani series.

4.3.5 Groundwater body of upper part of the Alazani series Telavi aquifer, temporary code GPA0005.

The aquifers of upper part of the Alazani series Telavi aquifer is related mainly to the upper part of the Alazani series and partly, perhaps, to the Quaternary sediments with. the deep-lying occurrence of aquifers opened by the wells traversed in the low part of the valley. The Telavi aquifer mainly was explored on the right bank of the river Alazani and is traced by exploratory wells from the village Kogo to Red Sabatlo. According to the data of 510 wells, it lies mostly at depths of 90 to 200-250 m, and in some cases at a greater depth of 320-364 m. This horizon contains 1-2, sometimes 3-4 aquiferous layers. They are composed of gravels with sandy and sand-gravel fillers, sometimes with boulders, sands with pebbles and gravel, a fractured conglomerate with sand-lime cement. The total thickness of the aquifers in individual wells varies from 0.5 to 36.5 m. However, it should be noted that the aquifers are not permeable to water through the entire thickness and often contain interlayers of clays or pebbles with a clay filler. The water content of the Telavi horizon varies from weak to high, the well production ranges from 0.2 to 60.0 liters / sec, and the discharge rate of ascending springs associated with outcrops of the upper part of the Alazani series at the foot of the Kakheti Range is 0.5-7.0 liters / sec. On the hydrogeological longitudinal cross section along the line 2-2 ' the Telavi horizon was opened for 120 km between Telavi and village Gumbati. The Telavi horizon lies mainly at the depth of 90-265 m, in some wells it is represented by 1-4 aquifers, but mostly by one or two. The total thickness of the aquifers in individual wells varies from 1 to 48 m. Water-bearing layers are composed of pebbles with sand- gravel fillers, sands, sands with gravel and pebbles, fractured conglomerates, pebbles with sand and sandy loam. Relatively waterproof rocks are represented by pebbles and boulders with clay fillers, conglomerates and clays. Clays are yellow, gray-yellow, brown and gray. From a depth of 200 m in the central part of the section, starting from village Mukuzani, blue clays appear, rising to the surface in a southeast direction. To these blue and blue clay rocks is related, mainly, the Gurjani horizon. For the Gurjani and Telavi horizons is characteristic bifurcation and union of layers. From the 37 wells that opens this horizon, only four are subartesian with a negative level of 2.5 to 42.0 m below the earth's surface. In self-discharging wells, head pressure ranges from 3.0 to 20.0 m above the well head. The highest pressure is observed in the Telavi site in the northwestern part of the section. The well discharge rates range from 0.2 to 18.0 l / sec. The high discharge rates coincide with the sections of wells with a large number of aquifers and with their large total capacity, as well as with sections of the aquifer where it is represented by large fractions. Gurjaani wells are characterized with higher discharge rates 12 to 18 l / sec. With low discharge rate are characterized wells in Cardanachi and Sakobo - 0.2 and 0.49 l / sec. Specific flow rates range from 0.03 to 1.19 l / s. Frequent changes in well production rates are explained by the variability of the particle size distribution and the thickness of the water-bearing strata along the layer of the rocks, as well as the content of clay interlayers in them.The conductivity from the data of the wells located on the section along the line II-II’ ranges from 1.03-22.46 m / day. On the hydrogeological cross section, it can be seen that the piezometric level of the Telavi horizon gradually falls from the northwest to the southeast of Telavi to the village Gumbati.

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The Telavi aquifer has not been completely explored, due to its sinking under the powerful Quaternary deposits. The results of chemical analyzes of groundwater in all wells of the Telavi aquifer allow us to distinguish the following main types of waters: hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium-calcium, hydrocarbonate-sulphate calcium-sodium, hydrocarbonate calcium-sodium and hydro-carbonate calcium-sodium-magnesium. The total mineralization of these waters varies between 0.3-0.6 g / l, hardness 1.4-10.4 mg. The waters are fresh, without color, smell and taste and is quite suitable for household and drinking purposes.

4.3.6 Groundwater body of middle and lower part of the Alazani series Gurjaani aquifer, temporary code GPA0006.

The aquifers of the middle section of the Alazani series are studied together. Lithologically it is represented by medium, well-rounded pebbles with sandy aggregate. Appear as an outcrop in the ravine of Kvelatsminda. The angles of incidence vary between 65-70. The water flow, measured in 1961 at the wellhead, is 6 l / sec, piezometric level +90 m temperature 15.1С The water is clear, odorless, color and taste. As to chemical composition, water is hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium-calcium. The total mineralization is 1.6 g / l, the hardness is 3.5 mg / eq. To- gether with water, a combustible gas with a flow rate of 5.2 m3 / h is released. Water is suitable for drinking and technical purposes. The Gurjaaini aquifer of pressurized waters is confined to the upper part of the middle section and the lower part of the upper part of the Alazani series. This horizon according to I.M. Buachidze is related to the Kishiskhevi suite. According to data of 91 wells, the Gurjaani aquifer can be traced from the city of Telavi to the village Gumbati for 120 km and lies at a depth of 120-500 m. The Gurjaani horizon consists of several layers (2 - 6). Its total thickness ranges from 1.0 m to 62 m. To the north-west from the village Velistsikhe the horizon is submerged, and in the southeast direction to Gurjaani, gradually rises to a depth of 150 m. Then, in the southeast direction, the Gurjaani aquifer gradually sinks. The lithology of the Gurjaani horizon is diverse. It is represented by pebbles from well-drained pebbles of silicified, sandstone, claystone, less frequently of lime and shale with sandy aggregate and grained sands with gravel and pebbles. Relatively waterproof rocks are mainly represented by gray, yellow and blue clays, as well as pebbles with clay aggregate. A layer of volcanic ash was met in the wells in the Gurjaani section. The flow rate of individual boreholes varies from 0.5 to 66.0 l / sec, and the water discharge from individual aquifers reaches 40 l / sec. The conductivity of aquifer , determined in a laboratory way, according to samples from the outcrops of the Kisiskhevi suite (in the gorges of the rivers Turdo, Telaviskhevi, Kisishshvi, Vantishevi), varies between 0.26 and 24.0 m / day. The filtration coefficient calculated by Dupuy's formulas varies from 0.32 to 26.28 m / day in the drilling wells. From the 61 wells that opens the Gurjaani horizon, only four wells is not self-recharging and has a negative piezometric level from 7.0 to 60.0 m below the surface of the earth. The height of the pressure for most of the wells ranges from 1.0 to 39.0 m. There is an increase in the piezometric level in the deeper layers, which is explained by the location of the recharge area of the deeper layers at higher elevations.

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Absolute marks of pressure levels fluctuate, and the piezometric level is lowered from the base of the Kakheti Range towards the river Alazani from 440 m to 300 m and from the north-west to the south-east from 410 m to 290 m. In some wells, the levels are measured in total, sometimes together with the layers of the Telavi horizon, as a result of which they are underestimated. Our conclusions are justified by relatively accurately measured levels. The sinkng of the Gurjaani aquifer from the Kakheti Range to the northeastern direction, is clearly visible on the hydrogeological section along the line III-III ', IV-IV’and V-V’. According to the chemical composition, the pressurized waters of the Gurjaani horizon are represented in separate wells by hydrocarbonate sodium-calcium, hydrocarbonate-sulfate sodium-calcium and other types of water. The total mineralization ranges from 0.6 to 1.3 g / l. We observe a noticeably insignificant increase in mineralization from the southwest to the northeast, along the submerging of the layers. With depth, mineralization slightly increases. Rigidity ranges from 1.1 to 6.4 mg / eq. The groundwater of all wells that open the Gurjaani aquifer contains an insignificant amount of hydrogen sulfide from 0.8 to 4.0 mg / l, which, along with lithology, generally slightly elevated mineralization, the temperature and depth of the aquifer, is the main feature that distinguishes the pressurized groundwaters of Gurjaani from groundwaters of the Telavi and other aquifers. The water content of hydrogen sulphide does not reduce the drinking qualities of the groundwaters of the Gurjaani horizon, since hydrogen sulphide rapidly escapes out of the water.

4.3.7 Groundwater body of continental Apsheron deposits , temporary code GMI0007.

The aquifer of continental Apsheron deposits are little distributed. They are only developed in the central part of Gare-Kakheti uplift, from the South and South-East part of Naomari valley including Natbeuri valley. On Gare-Kakheti uplift the continental Apsherom sediments are represented by poorly cemented conglomerates, sands, pebbles and gravel, with thickness more then 250 m. Presented springs are characterized by discharge rate of 0.01-0.1 l/sec. the have manly sulphate-hydrocarbonate-sodium-calcium composition, with mineralization of 0.9 g/l. Water temperature 13-16 0C, they are suitable for drinking purposes, but in some areas not suitable, because contain sulfur. The water content of the horizon is too low. In the area of Natbeuri Valley, the above mentioned sediments form the sufficiently wide and shattered syncline fold, which elevates and exposes on the surface to the South-East and descanted to the North- West wings. The horizon is represented by the water-bearing deposits – conglomerates, sands, pebbles, gravel, as well as waterproof clays and clayey. The mentioned provides good conditions for developing the pressurized aquifers. The recharge area of groundwaters is located on the elevated South-East wing of the syncline where the continental Apsheron deposits are exposed to the whole depth.

4.3.8 Groundwater body of Apsheron marine stratum, temporary code GMI0008

The aquifer of Apsheron marine stratum is developed to the south-east as narrow strip (1.5-2 km) between Eldari valley and Jaikhan-Chali lowland. The horizon is represented by clays, sandstones and micro-conglomerates. There are observed two springs # 254 and 262 with discharge rates of 0.01 l/sec and 0.2 l/sec respectively. By chemical composition the first mentioned spring is sulfate-hydrocarbonate-calcium type, mineralization 1.1 g/l and the second – chloride-sodium type, mineralization 6.9 g/l. the discharge areas of the springs are related to the micro-conglomerates. Overall, we can conclude that mentioned horizon is less watery.

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4.3.9 Groundwater body of marine Agchagiri stratum, temporary code GMI0009

The aquifer of marine Agchagiri stratum is exposed on the surface in the central and Eastern parts of Gare-Kakheti. Also, it is observed on the left bank of river Iori, from Naomari valley to the South-East direction and reaches Alazani valley and includes the significant part of Eldari valley (north part). Litologically, the marine Agchagiri is represented by three horizons. The lower horizon is formed medium and large sized pebble conglomerates, the middle horizon with dark grey and blue clays, dark-grey clayey, loams, with inter-layers of fine-grained sandstones and upper horizon – with different grained dark, yellow, friable sandstones, with inter-layers of micro-conglomerates and grey clays. In mentioned deposits the friable sandstones represent the main water-bearing deposits, which contain fractured and porous waters. In this areas, the many discharged springs are related to the marine Agchagiri. Their discharge rate varies from 0.001 to 0.5 l/sec, rarely to 1.0 l/sec. by the chemical composition waters are sulphate- chloride-sodium-calcium type. The mineralization varies from 0.8 to 9.2 g/l. Only few amounts of springs are fresh – suitable for drinking purposes. I can be explained by the low value of coefficient of filtration, very slow circulation and long-term contact with the rocks in horizon. The marine Agchagiri is developed in the basin of Jeihan-Chali, which is located to the most East part of Iori basin. The territory covers 60 km2. Morphologically the basin represents the syncline of bowl form. On the south-west part of which there is the valley of river Obji. The elevation difference between the syncline wings is 200-250 m (700-800 m to the north and 600-630 m to the south) and between the low- hilly areas 450-480 m. The north wing is constructed by clays of Paleocene/Pont-Meotis, sandstones and conglomerates. As to south-east part, it is represented by Paleocene/Archagiri marine loose sandstones and conglomerates. In the center of syncline the tectonic fault is developed. The central part is covered by the Quater- nary deposits, which is represented by the poorly cemented conglomerates, clays and sandy, clay deposits. The wells, drilled on the territory opened two aquifers. The first layer is sub-artesian horizon at the depth of 63.5-66.4 m, with the high mineralized water 3.4 g/l. the second, regional meaning layer opens at the depth of 260-270.6 m and the water of low mineralization ( 0.6 g/l) and discharge rate 0.1 l/sec water was discovered (temperature 17 0C). By the chemical composition water is hydrocarbon-sulpate-calcium-sodium-magnium type. The average value of conductivity for the major horizon is 16.1 m/day, transmissivity – 129 m2/day. The exploitation resource – 80 l/s. 4.3.10 Groundwater body of continental Agchagiri stratum, temporary code GMI0010

The aquifer of continental Agchagiri stratum is also distributed to the Western part of the region on the right bank of river Iori, from the North-West area of Ovruz-dara till the East slope of mountain Chikhura, on the Sartichala plateau. Some outcrops of the mentioned deposits is observed on the East part of Arkhasheni range and to the north part of Jandar-gel lake. Lithologically, the deposits are represented by conglomerates, from fine to large sized boulders, poorly cemented with clay-limestone materials. The water content of mentioned deposits is local and the discharged springs are observed in very limited amount, about 0.01-0.3 l/sec. Only 12 springs, with sulfate- hydrocarbonate-sodium-calcium type, with mineralization of 0.4-2.2 g/l are observed. Only very few (# 61, 70a) springs, hydrocarbonate-calcium-magnesium (mineralization 0.2-0.4 g/l) type, are suitable for drinking purposes. In general, the horizon is poorly watery.

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Continental Agchagiri is developed in Sagaredjo basin, what is located between Sagarejo and village Badiauri. The length of the basin is about 32 km and width 16 km, total areas 380 km2. The river crosses the territory from the North-West to the South-East and the elevation varies from 510-520 m till 450- 460m. The landscape has accumulative tectonic character and it represents syncline, the axis of which coincides to the river bed. The syncline is constructed by Cenozoic/ Quaternary and continental Cenozoic/Paleogene/ Miocene, Pont-Meotice age and Agchagiri rocks. The latest one covered by the quaternary deposits. As to deeper developed continental Paleogene/Paleocene/Agchagiri horizon, which forms the syncline, there are drilled 12 wells, which opened 3 water content layers. Aquifer is represented by sand and gravel. The aquiclude layers are represented by sand and gravel with clay fillers. The thickness of water bearing- layers varies between 1.5-27 m (average 13.8 m). the average value of conductivity is 3.2 m/day, transmissivity 44 m2/day. From 20 wells 8 are self-discharging with rate of 0.02-2.1 l/sec, pressure is up to 5 meter. The recharge occurs by precipitation penetrated through the deluvial deposits covering horizon to the north and to the south of its outcrops. The horizon discharges in its central part in groundwaters. By chemical composition waters are hydrocarbonatic-chloride-calcium-sodium type. The mineralization varies from 0.4 to 2.3 g/l. temperature is 14.4-18.5. waters have good quality for drinking purposes. The exploitation resource is 103 m3/sec. Therefore, continental Agchagiri is developed in the Sartichala Artesian basin also, what is located on the most northeastern area and occupies 200 km 2 area. The basin is located on the right bank of the Iori River, on the outer Kakheti Range and extends from the north to south-east direction. The difference in height changes 760-860 m (north) 15-20 m (east of the river Iori) On The plateau is distributed Agchagiri continental deposits which is represented mainly by poorly cemented with clay-sandstone and limestone-sandstone small and medium grained sandstone conglomerates with interlayers of sandstones and limestones. Agchagiri continental deposits from the north-west to the south-east are replaced by marine deposits. Agchagiri almost all the territory is covered by the continental deposits of Quaternary age. They have asymmetrical sinclyne form and creat favorable for pressurized water formation conditions (cross section VI-VI’) Recharge of horizon occurs by atmospheric precipitation and partly by rivers drained through quaternary deposits and discharges in the central part of the basin in form of ascending springs and to the south- east in valley of river Iori, where the groundwater level increase causes the swamping of the area. The boreholes open the few layers of total thickness of 50 meters. The self-discharging boreholes (+6.5) with discharge rate of 0.3-3.0 l / s, water temperature 13.4 0C and mineralization 1.6 g / l water were obtained. The conductivity of the horizon is 0.3 m / day and the transmissivity is 6.9 m2 / day. The exploitation resources of the horizon is 16400 m3. By chemical composition waters are sulfate, hydrocarbonated calcium-magnesium-sodium type. To the center of the syncline the Increase of mineralization up to 6.2 g / l is observed.

4.3.11 3.3.11 Groundwater body of Apsheron-Agchagiri stratum, temporary codeGPI0011.

The aquifer Apsheron-Agchagiri deposits, in South kakheti are represented by the continental facies – conglomerates, with clayey inter-layers, sandy clayey and rarely by friable different sized sandstones. Mentioned deposits are widely distributed on the whole territory, namely the form the molded syncline fold of Shiraqi. Also, their outcrops are observed Dedeplis-Tskaro (Krasno-Kolodskoe) hilly area and to its North-West on the South slope Tsiv-Gombori range, from village Uzundari till Qvemo Bodbe. Here deposits are represented by large grained pebble conglomerates, poorly cemented loams and pebbles, clayey sandstones, sandy clays and loamy lenses.

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On Shiraqi lowland with this deposit are related sub-artesian aquifers, the recharge areas of which are located on the south and south-west wings of Shiraqi depression and also on Dedoplis-Tskaro hill. On the recharge area springs are not observed, which indicates that the groundwater flow in the recharge area is less than their discharge rate in discharge areas. The mentioned sub-artesian aquifers discharge in Alazani lowland and provide significant amount of descending springs on tectonic ledge, which surrounds the Didi Shiraqi lowland from the north and North-East. From these springs should be mentioned ## 241, 271, 276 and etc. from the chemical point of view waters are sulfate-hydrocarbonate-sodium-calcium-magnesium. The mineralization varies from 0.48 to 2.5 g/l. the total discharge rate is 22.4 l/sec. despite the fact that the chemical composition and mineralization varies, the most of the springs are fresh and suitable for drinking purposes. It can be assumed that the upper part of the horizon is “washed out” by water circulation. But the different situation is in deeper horizons, where the water circulation is long-term and has geological character. For instance, the well #84, drilled in the central part of Siraqi lowland, opened two sub-artesian horizons. The first one from 111 to 130 m and the second – from 196 to 261.3 m. waters are saline, Chloride- calcium-sodium type, with total mineralization 2.2-3.3 g/l. Well # 87, drilled in the west part of Didi Shiraqi on 600 m depth opened pressurized horizon (+0.5 m) with content of hydrogen sulfide. Continental deposits of Apsheron-Agchagili also are developed in the West part of Gare-Kakheti plateau, which is presented by conglomerates with inter-layers of clays and sandstones. The horizon contains water locally and descending springs with low discharge rate are observed. The chemical composition of groundwaters is sulfate-chloride-hydrocarbonate-sodium-calcium, with mineralization up to 1.3 to 2.0 g / l. The water content of horizon is low. Most of the springs ( ## 281- 286) are low mineralized, while the small portion is mineralized (## 216, 149-151). Also, these groundwaters were opened by the pits on the depth of 6-6.5 m. considering the above mentioned, can be concluded that the water content of this horizon is small, water is law mineralized or rarely mineralized. The mentioned deposits are distributed also in the area of Mtsvane-Mindori which represents the syncline. The horizon is represented by conglomerates, grey-blue clays and loams, with sandstone inter- layers. The wells (## 88 Bogdanovka, 89 Ior-miganlo and 90 Mtsvane mindori) drilled in this zone opens three pressurized horizons. In the first pressurized (# 80, +8.1- +24 m) horizon waters by chemical composition are Chloride-sulfate-calcium-sodium type. # 89 well opened waters of sulfate-hydrocarbonate-chloride-sodium-calcium type. As to # 90, waters are hydrocarbonate-sulfate-calcium-sodium type. The total mineralization of waters in the first and the second wells varies from 0.5 to 1.5 g/l, and in the third # 90 well it is 0.5 g/l. waters are suitable for drinking purposes. The second horizon is opened by the well # 88 where waters are sulfate-hydrocarbonate-chloride- sodium-calcium type, # 89 sulfate-hydrocarbonate-sodium-calcium and by the third # 90 well opens horizon with waters of hydrocarbonate-sulfate-chloride-sodium-calcium type. The total mineralization of the first and the second horizon is 1.2-1.3 g/l, for the third it decreased till 0.7 g/l. the physical properties of waters make them suitable for water supply purposes. In the third horizon the chemical composition of waters does not change actually and the mineralization varies from 1.5 to 0.75 g/l. Waters are suitable for drinking. The forth horizon is opened only by the well # 90 at the depth of 194.5-197.5 m. water are good for drinking. The same deposits are distributed on the south slope of Tsiv-gombori range, from the river Chalubnis- khevi till village Shibliani. They form the mountains Tsivi-Tura, Koda, TorTla and Sayaraulo, which are located to the west from Sagarejo. In the mentioned deposits are observed 29 springs, that are characterized with low mineralization till 1 g/l. The water content of the horizon I also low. Groundwaters are fresh, mainly hydrocarbonate-calcium-

ENI/2016/372-403 35 Final Report Groundwater bodies and groundwater monitoring network in the Alazani-Iori River Basin District - Georgia sodium composition (##132,134, 163, 125, 138, 170). There are also different type of springs, as hydrocarbonate-calcium-magnesium type (136, 160, 161, 124, 155) and etc . Should be noted that Apsheron-Agchagiri conglomerates differ by the composition of cement in it. There, where cement is clay and loamy, water content is low, and where cement is friable sandstones, they are good water collectors. Olei basin is distributed in the central part of Iori Basin to the East from the Mtsvane mindori. The landscape is slightly declined from the North to the South and has a form of pan and is elongated from the North-West to the South-East, with the length of 17-18 km and width 8-10 km. The elevation varies in the range of 540-700 m. from the tectonic point of view it is syncline, constructed by the continental Paleocene/Apsheron-Agchagili age rocks. At the central part it is covered by quaternary age deposits (cross section 7-7). There are drilled 10 wells with the depth of 80-411 m, which open one regional aquifer. Litologically layer is represented by boulder-gravels with sandy fillers. The thickness of the layer varies between 3.2-75 m. the waterproof layer is represented by boulder-gravel deposits with sandy-clay filler. In the central part of the aquifer by the wells are opened two unconfined aquifer with total mineralization of 1 g/l, temperature 16.5. Chemical composition of waters is sulphate-hydrocarbonate-sodium-calcium type. The third layer located on the depth of 55-88 m and it is confine with weak pressure and has the regional distribution. The conductivity for the horizon varies in the range of 0.3-38.4 m/day, and transmissivity 3-240 m2/day. Their average values are 9.12 m/day and 180 m2/day. From mentioned horizon the self discharging rate is 0.1-3.0 l/sec, with the same chemical composition. Waters are good for drinking purposes. The recharge of the aquifer occurs by atmospheric precipitation, the amount of which is 763 mm annually. The flow path of groundwaters coincide with structure direction, and discharge occurs in the central part of the structure. Due to the pressure differences their discharge occurs in the quaternary deposits, the groundwater level increases due to capillary processes and water evaporates. Waters become salty. The exploitation resource is 153 m3/day.

4.3.12 Groundwater body of Shiraqi stratum, temporary code GMI0012.

Theaquifer of Shiraqi stratum is represented by continental facies and lithologicaly is divided into two types. The lower layers are represented by sandy-clays and friable clayey sandstones, and the upper layers by the conglomerates of large grained boulders, friable large grained clayey sandstones and inter-layers of lens of clays. With upper part of Shiraqi continental stratum are related the porous and porous-fractured groundwaters. There are observed about 18 springs in the districts, the 50 % of which (springs ##214, 183, 309, 198, 193, 185, 308, 270 and etc) have discharge rate of 0.01-0.1 l/sec and the rest of them from 0.1 to 0.8 l/sec. Based on the mentioned can be assumed that conglomerates bellow the local erosion bases have very low water content and in some cases they are dry. The low water content of conglomerates can be explained by the presence of clay cement in them, which is bad filtrate and also the very low amount of precipitation in the area, about 344-544 mm /year. Precipitation in most cases can’t reach the aquifer and evaporates on the surface. The low water content is also proved by the chemical composition of waters. Namely, in conglomerates groundwaters are characterized by elevated and high mineralization. From the studied 18 springs only two of them are fresh. #198 hydrocarbonate-calcium-sodium and # 191 sulfate-hydrocarbonate-sodium type, with total mineralization 0.4-1.0 g/l. the mentioned waters are suitable for drinking. The rest of waters are characterized by the various chemical composition and high mineralization from 9.2 to 44.8

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g/l and are not suitable for drinking (214, 193, 269, 210, 185 and etc) purposes (sulfate-hydrocarbonate- sodium # 192, Chloride-sodium-calcium # 309, sulfate-chloride-calcium # 266 ) . The lower part of Shiraqi stratum is widely distributed and mainly is represented by clays, loam, with inter-layers of friable sandstones. Mentioned deposits contain porous and fissured waters, which rarely discharge on the surface as springs. There are observed only 15 sources in the region. These waters are opened also byshurf at the depth of 2.5-4.5 m. the discharge rate of the springs are very low from 0.01 to 0.1 l/sec (springs ##3 209. 309, 198, 193, 185, 308 ) or low (##212, 197, 194, 192, 191, 246, 231). Only two wells from 15 are fresh and suitable for drinking, # 198 hydrocarbonate-calcium-sodium type and #191 sulfate-hydrocarbonate-sodium type, with total mineralization of 0.4-1.0 g/l. Waters of elevated mineralization are characterized by various chemical composition (sulfate-calcium- sodium (209), sulfate-chloride-sodium-calcium (#185) type and etc with total mineralization from 3.8 to 5.5 g/l. Waters are not suitable for drinking purposes. The spring # 194 is chloride-sodium type with mineralization of 44.8 g/l. the low water content of mentioned part of the stratum is also explained by the low level of fracturing, high content of clay and fine grained conglomerates as well as continental climate conditions. The same deposits are distributed on the west part of Iori valley, on Tsic-Gombori range. They follow Sagaredjo depression and Kakabeti anticline as narrow strip. On the upper part of Siraqi stratum are observes 6 springs (60, 86, 100, 122, 126, 129), which are characterized by the low discharge rates (0.01-1.2 l/sec). From the chemical composition point of view waters are hydrocarbonate-calcium-sodium-magnesium type, with mineralization of 0.5-0.8 g/l. waters are suitable for drinking purposes. Generally water content in horizon is low or very low.

4.3.13 Groundwater body of Dusheti stratum, temporary code GMI0013

The aquifer of Dusheti stratum is developed on the north-west territory of the district and is represented by the medium and large sized pebbles and boulders and poorly cemented loams and friable sandstones. In conglomerates of Dusheti strata is not observed self-discharged springs, but bellow the local erosion zones they may be water bearing.

4.3.14 Groundwater body of Sarmat stratum, temporary code GMI0014

Upper Sarmat stratum is represented by three parts. The first is formed by highly plastic clays, with inter- layers of friable and fine-grained clayey sandstones. The second part is composed also by clays, with the inter-layers of sandstones and marls. To the south and south-west in the middle Sarmat sediments significantly increases the content of sandstones becomes larger grained. The lower part is represented by the marine facies -sandstones, with inter-layers of micro-conglomerates and lenses. To the east, in Mlashe-khevi valley and Eldari lowland only the upper part of Sarmart is exposed. They are not permeable and water-bearing horizons can’t form. Thus, on the mentioned territory and stratum aquifers are not developed.

4.3.15 Groundwater body of Maikop stratum, temporary code GII0015

The aquifer of Maikop stratum is developed in the north-west part, where they are exposed on the surface in form of strips and separate spots. To the north from village Patardzeuli the Maikopi clays are distributed as narrow strips from south-east to the north-west on the right bank of river Iori.

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Lythologically they are represented by thin layered, plastic clays, with inter-layers of gypsum which in some places are replaced by 1 m thickness sandstone layers. On the peripheries of the territory ap- peared sandstones and conglomerates. Despite the widely distribution in Maikop strata only two springs, with discharge rate of 0.3 and 0.025 l/sec respectively are observed. Due to the high clay content of the deposits we can assume that the mentioned strata are waterless. Bellow the erosion bases it is possible the developing the some aquifers but with content of high mineralized waters.

4.3.16 Groundwater body of sporadically watered rocks of Paleogene, temporary code GFI0016.

The aquifer of sporadically seturated rocks of Paleogene age are distributed on the Kakheti Range. The groundwaters related to these rocks circulate only in the fractured conglomerates, mainly in the weathering zone, above the local basis of erosion. In the Pkhovel region, the subterranean waters are related to the tectonic disturbance zones. The rate of the sources of sporadically watered rocks of the Paleo- gene and Sarmatians is insignificant, varying within 0.0003-0.0008 l / sec. Southeast of the city of Gur- jaani, on its site Ziari-Pkhoweli part of the ascending mineral springs (Nos. 1388, 1839, 1390, 1391, 1392, 1393, 1394) chloride-sodium type, with total mineralization of 13-56 g / l, hardness of 13.9-71.4 mg / eq, water temperature 14 -18 ° С. It is assumed that there is a connection between the ascending sources and the oil manifestation known in the region, since they carry out an insignificant amount of oil together with water (Khenia, 1976). water conductivity of sporadically watered rocks of the Paleogene and Sarmatian on the Kakheti Ridge according to S.N. Zedginidze (1969-1971), varies from 1 to 20 m / day, and the module of underground runoff is 0.1 to 0.5 l / sec with 1 km2.Waters, related to this complex, cannot be considered as a source of household and drinking water supply.

4.3.17 Groundwater body of Upper Eocene deposits, temporary code GFI0017.

The aquifer of Upper Eocene deposits is developed to the west of the territory on Lochini lowland and is represented by sandstones alternating with thin and medium clays layered. In mentioned deposits are observed 6 springs. Also, groundwaters are opened by surfes at the depth of 1.3 m. most of groundwaters are salty, rarely less salty or fresh. By chemical composition salty waters are chloride-sodium type (#24, 25), with total mineralization of 25-42.9 g/l. waters with low salinity are sulfate-hydrocarbonate- chloride-sodium type (# 52), with mineralization of 1.5 g/l. fresh waters are suitable for drinking and are sulfate-hydrocarbonate-calcium-sodium-magnesium type (# 11), with mineralization up to 1.0 g/l By above mentioned is characterized the first hydrodynamic zone above the erosion bases, where the water circulation is intensive. The discharge rate of fresh waters is 1.1 l/sec. The mineralization increases and decreases discharge rate (0.001-0.1 l/sec) with depth. Generally, the water content level in mentioned zone of upper Eocene is low and, in some cases, even waterless. As to lower hydrodynamic zone, it has not been studied yet, but we can assume that in case of their presence, groundwaters will be high mineralized.

4.3.18 Groundwater body of Upper Cretaceous carbonate rocks, temporary code GKA0018

The aquifer of Upper Cretaceous carbonate rocks is distributed in the upper part of the Alazani-Story rivers and between Belokani and the upper part of the river Agricay. In addition, it is distributed in the axial part of the Kakheti Range. Well exposed also in the upper parts of the right tributaries of the river

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Alazani along the gorges of the Kisishevi, Turdo, Shavkaba, and other rivers. Lithologically the mentioned aquifer is represented by sandstones, limestones, marly limestones, marls, and less by clays. The total thickness varies between 450-1000 m. All these rocks are intensively fractured. However, the degree of fracturing is uneven. Fractures, related to the tectonic processes are not everywhere similar due to the lithological heterogeneity of the given horizon. The limestones and marly-limestones of this horizon are most fractured. The development of a system of cracks is largely facilitated by the fragility of limestones. Sandstone and marl are characterized by a weaker fracturing, however, in zones of development of tectonic cracks and weathering cracks, they have increased water conductivity, and the water conductivity decreases sharply below the zone of weathering. The average water conductivity of the mentioned horizon according to S.N. Zedginidze (1969-1971) is 130 m2 / day. The degree of water discharge in the intensive water exchange zone varies from 0.1 to 30.0 l / sec. The module of the underground runoff of the mentioned horizon, determined by the hydrograph, varies from 5 to 10 l / sec with 1 km2. The waters of shallow circulation of the aquifer of Upper Cretaceous carbonate rocks are characterized by low mineralization (up to 0.8 g / l). Low mineralization of these waters is due to the good washing of the rocks. The chemical composition of groundwater is mainly hydrocarbonate calcium-magnesium and hydrocarbonate-sulfate calcium-magnesium. The temperature of groundwater varies from 10 to 13 ° C. As to the groundwaters of the zone of delayed water exchange of this horizon, it should be noted that the various fracture intensities and the presence of weakly water conducting marly deposits cause a limited distribution of these waters at a depth. The recharge of groundwater occurs by atmospheric precipitation and surface waters. The area of recharge and distribution of waters of intensive exchange of this aquifer is mainly coincides. The discharge of these waters occurs mainly on the slopes. The regime of waters has not been studied, but taking into account the fact that the main source of their recharge is atmospheric precipitation, their regime will vary depending on the regime of precipitation. These waters are suitable for drinking and household purposes.

4.3.19 Groundwater body of sporadicallysaturated deposits of the terrigenous flysch of the Lower Cretaceous, temporary code GKA0019.

The aquifer of sporadically watered deposits of the terrigenous flysch of the Lower Cretaceous is distributed in the northwestern part of the basin, between the Alazani and Story rivers. They also occur in the central vaulted part of the Kakheti Range and are represented by muds, sandstones, limestone marls and sandstone limestones. The groundwaters, related to the mentioned thick strata, circulate in the form of separate flow paths through the fractured and fragmented rocks. The average coefficient of water conductivity of sporadically watered deposits of terrigenous flysch of the Lower Cretaceous according to S.N. Zedginidze (1969- 1971), is 100 m2 / day, and the module of natural resources, defined by hydrograph, ranges from 5 to 10 l/sec from 1 km2. These deposits are associated with ascending (springs No. 193, 194, 1388, etc.) and descending (springs No. 28, 1107, 1413, 1413, 1414, etc.) springs. In the north-western part of the Kakheti Range, in the area of village Bakana the type of ascending springs No. 1388 with a non-significant debit discharge. Water is highly mineralized (40 g / l), with the chemical composition of sodium chloride, methane and oil are weak, and water hardness is 130 mg /eq. The temperature is 20 ° C. The discharge rate is constant. I.E. Karstens connects these waters with

ENI/2016/372-403 39 Final Report Groundwater bodies and groundwater monitoring network in the Alazani-Iori River Basin District - Georgia zones of tectonic faults. I. M. Buachidze supposedly refers them to the oil waters and considers it anal- ogous to the salt sources of the Pkhoveli district. Descending springs are relatively high-discharged, their discharge rates range from 0.1 to 15.0 l / sec (springs Nos. 1106, 1280, 1270, etc.). The waters of the descending springs of shallow circulation by the chemical composition are hydrocarbonate calcium type, with a total mineralization of 0.2-0.4 g / l and a temperature of 11-13 ° C. They are recharged by the precipitation and surface waters. The discharge rate of springs is variable.

4.3.20 Groundwater body in complex of carbonate- karstic rocks of the Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous, temporary code GKA0020

The aquifer complex of carbonate- karstic rocks of the Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous.The Creta- ceous is widespread throughout the Southern slope of the Great Caucasian Range. It is characterized by exceptional water abundant and numerous discharged of both descending and ascending springs. The limestones are especially water abundant, to which are related the karst and fractured karst sources. Their discharge rate is sometimes tens or more l / s. Spring number 1387, located to the north of the Kvareli farm, has a discharge rate of 70 liters per second, and spring number 170, located on the left bank of the river Shorokhevi left tributary of the river Alazani, 1.5 km north of the highway Kvareli- Lagodekhi, has a discharge rate of 252 l/ s. Sandstones, marls and sandy-argillaceous rocks, characterized with less water content and smaller springs of fissure and usually low-yield (0.05-0.15-0.3 l / sec) are related to them. According to I.M. Buachidze, P.F. Kvartskhava(1965), along about 200 km there are mapped about 48 large and several dozen small springs of fractured karst type. They discharge on the slopes and on the watersheds formed by limestones. The chemical composition of the groundwater of this aquifer is varied, depends on the lithological composition of the rocks and is associated with the tectonics of the area. According to the chemical composition, three types of sources are distinguished. The first type is the slightly mineralized bicarbonate calcium-magnesium waters. Their total mineralization ranges from 0.15-0.4 g / l; hardness 1.5-5.3 mg / eq, temperature 13-14 ° C; the discharge rate is 0.3-125 l/s (springs ## 576, 797, 1211, 1326, etc.). They have shallow circulation, recharged by atmospheric precipitation and surface water, their areas of discharge and distribution coincide. The first type includes spring number 170 with a flow rate of 252 l/s, a temperature of 11 ° C, a mineralization of 0.2 g / l; water of hydrocarbonate-calcium type. The source can be recommended for drinking water. At the same time, it is necessary to conduct the regime observations. The second type - is highly mineralized chloride sodium-calcium waters (Mlaskiszkaro). Total mineralization varies from 1 to 1.2 g / l, rigidity 5.3-6.4 mg / eq, temperature 16-18 ° C, flow rate 1-4 l / sec. Against the statements about their recharge from surface waters of these waters is the weak permeability of marly deposits, the absence of readily soluble salts in them, and in the water absence of hydro carbonates. According to I. M. Buachidze, the groundwater of salt springs is relict. These waters are related to the zone of tectonic fractures, covered with quaternary deposits. The Zinobnani spring , which is located 10 km southeast of the town of Kvareli, is related to the carbonate rocks of the Lower Cretaceous and the Upper Jurassic age. The discharge rate of the spring is 2 l / sec. According to the chemical composition, water is chloride-sodium type with a total mineralization of 9 g / l. The water temperature is 17 ° C. Water contains hydrogen sulphide. Judging by the regime and chemical composition, the water, apparently, is of deep circulation. The spring Zinobiani is capped and water, pre-heated, is used for balneological purposes. On the basis of the spring, a sea- sonally-functional bathroom building was built.

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In 1964, the Geological Department drilled the well No. 566 near the source of Zinobiani. The depth of the well is 1100 m. Drilling was carried out in the carbonate deposits of the Lower Cretaceous - the Upper Jurassic, and 10 water-bearing pressurized intervals were discovered. The upper three have the negative levels, and the lower seven give self-discharging water. The waters of the upper five intervals are fresh, their mineralization does not exceed 0.6 g / l, and the temperature is 19 ° C. By chemical composition, these waters are hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium-calcium-magnesium type. The lower five intervals, (layers) give mineralized, hydrothermal waters. The sixth interval was opened at a depth of 756.0-760.0 m. The discharge rate was 2.0 l / sec. The piezometric level is +6 m. The temperature is 22.6 ° C. The chemical composition of the water is sodium chloride. The total mineralization is 9.7 g / l. The seventh interval is from 843.8 to 846.8 m. The discharge rate of water is 2.9 l / sec. The temperature is 24 ° C. The eighth interval is 888.8 to 893.9 m. The water flow rate is 6.6 l / sec. The temperature is 27 ° C. The ninth interval is at a depth of 983.2-991.3 m. The discharge rate is 3.9 l / sec. The temperature is 26 ° C. The chemical composition of water is chlorine, sodium. The total mineralization is 9.9 g / l. The tenth interval is at a depth of 1008.7 - 1010.7 m. The water flow rate is 7.0 l / sec. The temperature is 27 ° C. Total mineralization: 9.3 g / l. The chemical composition of the water is sodium chloride. From the described water-bearing intervals (from the sixth to the tenth) there is observed methane gas with the discharging water. In our opinion, the waters from the borehole No. 566 can be used for balneological purposes. In addition, water contains an increased amount of boron. The third type is mixed water from the first two ones. They have increased mineralization in comparison with the first type, and also contain sodium sulfate (sources "Ukugmaccaro", "Muniszkaro", ###. 530, 532, 1213, 1348, etc.). Their total mineralization varies from 0.3 to 0.6 g / l, hardness is 1.4 to 7.1 mg / eq, temperature is 13.6 to 17 ° C, water discharge rate \varies from 0.4 to 160.0 l / sec. Springs of mixed type with respect to chemical composition are chloride-hydrocarbonate sodium-calcium and hydrocarbonate-chloride calcium-sodium-magnesium. They are characterized by an insignificant content of hydrogen sulphide, the formation of which is explained by the reduction of sulfates during mixing of water, or by oxidation of organic substances (bitumen) from limestones. 4.3.21 Groundwater body of the Upper Jurassic age carbonate deposits, temporary code GKI0021

The aquifer of the carbonate deposits of the Upper Jurassic is developed within the Dedoplitskaro Uplift. Lithologically, the horizon is represented by massive, thick-layered limestone rocks with interlayers of sandy marls, which are everywhere overlain by limestone breccias. The karstic processes are widely developed the in limestones and tectonic cracks are often found here. The presence of intensive karst formation over the modern basis of erosion affects the functioning of large springs in this zone. Consequently, the character of the groundwater of the carbonate deposits of the Upper Jurassic, by the nature of the circulation is crack-karstic. The degree of water content of the described horizon in the zone of intensive water exchange, estimated according to the rates of springs varies from 2 to 10 l / sec. Relatively increased groundwater resources are concentrated in karst voids and in conditions of negative forms of relief. The coefficient of water conductivity according to S.N. Zedginidze (1969 -1971), L.A. Kharatishvili, S.N. Zedginidze (1969) is 160 m2 / day, and the module of the underground flow is 10 l / sec with 1 km2. The temperature of the non-pressurized water (intensive circulation) of Upper Jurassic deposits varies in the range of 11-15 ° C. Mineralization of water is usually low and does not exceed 0.6 g / l, which is due to their shallow circulation and favorable conditions for rapid drainage of water.

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The data of chemical analyzes show that the free-circulated waters of the mentioned zone are bicarbonate calcium type. The regime of water of the intensive exchange zone is characterized by variability and directly depends on the intensity of atmospheric precipitation. Groundwaters, which belong to the delayed circulation zone, appear on the surface as ascending mineral springs, mainly concentrated along tectonic faults. In the zone of delayed circulation (deep circulation), the degree of water content of the mentioned aquifer is low, estimated according to the flow rates of springs from 0.2 to 2.0 l / sec. The water temperature varies between 16-20 ° C. The total mineralization of these waters varies from 0.6 to 3.0 g / l. Groundwaters of delayed circulation zone are pressurized and have relatively constant flow rate.According to the chemical composition, waters do not differ from each other. Here we meet: basically, water of hydrocarbonate-chloride calcium-magnesium composition. The recharge of the aquifer of the carbonate deposits of the Upper Jurassic occurs by atmospheric precipitation and condensate waters of atmospheric genesis. The springs recharged from intensive water exchange zone can be recommended for household-drinking water supply of the population. Drinking qualities of these waters are mostly beneficial. The waters are bacteriologically pure. To use water for economic purposes, it is necessary to study the regime of groundwater.

4.3.22 Groundwater body of sporadically watered terrigenous deposits of the Middle and Lower Jurassic, temporary code GFA0022.

The aquifer of sporadically watered terrigenous deposits of the Middle and Lower Jurassic are widely distributed mainly within the southern slope of the Great Caucasus, extending a wide band to the general direction of Caucasian range from village Pshaveli to the district center of Zakatala. In addition, they are little developed to the Kakheti Range. The shale stratum is represented mainly by thick clayey-slate deposits (with the subordinate role of sandstones). On the southern slope of the Great Caucasus, these rocks are intensively dislocated and disintegrated, but the cracks are, as a rule, matted with the material of disintegrated shales. As a consequence, the whole stratum is weakly water-bearing. Relatively larger water-abundance is characterized by cracked zones developed along large tectonic faults and a zone of exogenous fissur- ing. For example, the transmissivity of the above strata between the upper parts of the Lopota and Mazimchai rivers, the left tributaries of the river Alazani by S. N. Zedginidze, varies from 30 to 50 m2 / day, the module of underground runoff is from 5 to 10 liters / s from 1 km2 of the area of sporadically watered complex, while the coefficient of water conductivity of the same species within the upper parts of the basins of the Story rivers and Lopota is 110 m2 / day, and the module of underground runoff - from 10 to 15 l / sec with 1 km2. The chemical composition of non-pressurized waters is mainly hydro-carbonate calcium-magnesium, rarely hydrocarbonate-sulphate calcium and hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium with a total mineralization of 0.1 to 0.6 g / l. water hardness ranges from 5.4 to 6.8 mg / eq. The temperature is 12-13 ° C. The non-pressurized waters of the shale strata are recharged by precipitation, rivers and melted waters, also by the waters from deluvial-alluvial deposits. The recharge area and area of their distribution coincide. Groundwaters of delayed circulation appear almost everywhere within the aquifer complex. They mainly circulate near the surface, within the intensively cracked zone. These waters are characterized by a rather high saturation with carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide. Their temperature ranges between 7 to 12 ° C. The total mineralization is from 1.0 to 3 g / l. A known spring of Torgvasabano with a temper-

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ature of 36-37 ° C, located in Tusheti, discharged from these deposits. Water refers to the hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium type. The content of total sulfide is 6-8 mg / l. The gas composition of the water is represented by methane, nitrogen and hydrogen sulphide. The source is capped and used for balneological purposes

4.3.23 Groundwater body of complex of Upper, Middle and Lower Leyas, temporary code GFA0023.

The thick layer of the Flyschian deposition of the Lower Jurassic (Lyas) age, including the sandstone- shale suite of the upper Lyas, the shale suite of the lower and middle layas, is separated into one geological-litological complex of flysch sediments and their water content is considered together. These sediments are developed both on the southern and northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Range. Lithologically, the upper Lyas is represented by dark gray shale with sandstone inter-layers, limited both from the South and North by large tectonic faults. The thickness of the upper Lyas deposits is from 2000 to 5200 m. Middle Lyas sediments are represented by slate and shale with rare inter-layers and bundles of fine- grained sandstones and rarely bundles of fine-grained quartz sandstones, in some places up to 150 m. The total thickness of the middle Lyas deposits reaches 250 m. The sediments of the lower Lyas, which have a slight areal distribution only in the basin of the upper flow of the Alazani River, are represented by sandstones in the form of lenses and packs among the schist and clay shales. The water content of the sediments is mainly associated with cracks in sandstones, rarely shales. The origin of these cracks can be tectonic in nature, and also as a result of weathering (the latter are mostly above the erosion incision. The water content of these sediments varies from very weak to medium. However, there is relatively large water content of sandstones in areas of intense fracturing. The water abundance of shale is insignificant. In addition to the major discharge areas, there are observed the springs related to the deluvial deposits of the Leyas rocks. However, taking into account the limited distribution of the deluvial cover, it is sup- posed that groundwater, moving in the bedrock, also takes part in the recharge of the mentioned springs, and some of these springs usually recharges the groundwater of the bedrock. The debit of springs ranges from 0.05 to 1.0 l / s (springs NN 4,14,16,29, 43,58,98,99,131,234, etc. ) and springs N 1a, 8, 16, 22, 30, 40, 90, 97, 125, 130, 155, 157, 248), but sometimes there are springs with a flow rate of more than 1.0 l / c (springs NN 67,97,103,134,182,188, 360,364 and springs NN 3,4,10,26,29,37,85,93, 123, etc), and the flow rate of springs NN 55, 97,102,140, 226 and 237 t) and NN 41,273,288,303,335,374,540,578, 613,618,664, 666 ranges from 8.0 to 30.0 l / s; Springs whose outputs are related to a deluvial deposits are characterized by slightly lower flow rates from 0.01 to 0.5 l / s (springs: NN 11, 48, 64, 93, 138, 142, 184, etc. 5,6,9,12,19,21,23,31,39,79, etc). To the sediments of the Leyas, in the zone of deep circulation, pressurized carbonate, ferruginous, mainly hydrocarbonate-sodium-calcium-magnesium mineral waters are confined. The total mineralization of the mineral waters of the upper Lyas varies from 0.4 to 6.0 g / l. There are single sources with mineralization of 10.3, 13.1 and 35.5 g / l (sources NN 93, 533) The chemistry of water from the deep circulation of flysch deposits of a Lyas is mainly characterized by a bicarbonate-calcium-magnesium-sodium and bicarbonate-calcium-sodium-magnesium composition. The content of sulphates in groundwater, in general, does not exceed 20.0 mg / eq,%, and the content of chlorides is significantly higher from 20.0 to 30.0 mg / eq.%. The total mineralization of water is low -

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0.1-0.5 g / l. The total hardness of groundwater ranges from 0.8-4.0 mg / eq. Carbonate hardness from 0.9 to 3.8. g.eq. pH 5.0-3.5. The temperature of groundwater ranges from 6-10 ° C. The water chemistry of the delluvial sediments of Lyas deposits is characterized by the same composition, the only difference is that the role of sulfates and chlorides in these waters is significantly limited and, in most cases, does not exceed 15.0 g / eq%. Groundwater is recharged by precipitation and river water. The waters circulating through the cracks in the rocks are directed down to the slopes and drained by a system of rivers. The regime of these waters, according to survey data, is non-permanent. They are used by the local population and farms for drinking and watering livestock and sheep, mainly in the autumn-summer period. The practical significance of this aquifer complex in the use of fresh water is insignificant due to the weak water abundance. On the other hand, the use of mineral springs confined to deep horizons de- serves attention.

4.4 Significanthuman pressures and associated potential chemical pollutants

The groundwater layers of Alazani-Iori basin are genearly confined and that why will not alow unconfined surface water to percolate into deeper layers and will not polluted. Pollution from different agricultural sources represents one of the key impacts on surface water bodies. As was discussed earlier the main driver of diffuse pressure in Alazani-Iori river basin district is agriculture. There is limited or no information available and a lack of reliable data on nitrogen, phosphorus, pesticides. Because of the lack of available data, diffuse pressure has been calculated by pressure indicator which is the ratio of agriculture area in a given water body catchment to the catchment area of the respective water body. It means that diffuse source such as organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, pesticides, hazardous substances, etc. have not been considered separately. Organic pollutants and pathogens: There is an increasing concern related to the release of microbiological pathogens and organic pollutants from agricultural activities (e.g. from animal manure, residues of veterinary preparations) into waters, as they could pose a serious threat and represent an unknown long-term risk to human health. It should be stressed that according to statistical data provided by Na- tional statistics office of Georgia (GeoStat) there is statistical data about use of manure and land area treated by manure at the regional level, but Kakheti is not in the list in this case. Nitrogen: Although nitrogen in water does not only come from agricultural sources, runoff from agricultural land is the main source of nitrogen pollution. Nitrates and ammonia are the most common forms of nitrogen in rivers, with nitrates alone accounting for more than 80 % of total nitrogen (Strosser, Pau Vall, & Plötscher, 1999). It would be stressed that the nitrogen/nitrate pressures caused by agricultural activities. Table 2 presents area under permanent crops treated by nitrogenous fertilizers in Kakheti region. Table 2. Area under permanent crops treated by nitrogenous fertilizers in Kakheti (ths. hectares)

Total area By nitrogenous fertilizers 2014 8.1 4.0 2015 9.2 6.0 2016 10.6 7.5 2017 8.9 5.5

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Pesticides: Agriculture is a major user of pesticides. Despite this agriculture pressures due to pesticides are less well-known than nitrate pressures because of insufficient follow-up tools and data on the multi- ple types of pesticides. Table 3 below shows the areas under permanent crops treated by pesticides such as fungicides, insecticides and other pesticides. Pesticides contain one or more biologically active substance with a controlling effect on crop pests, diseases or weeds. Pesticide use by farmers depends on a multitude of factors, such as climatic conditions, the succession and variety of crops, pest and disease pressures, farm incomes, pesticide cost/crop price ratios, pesticide policies and management practices (Herbke et al., 2006). Table 3. Area under permanent crops treated by pesticides in Kakheti (ths. hectares)

Total area By fungicides By insecticides By other pesticides 2014 29.2 28.3 10.6 11.5 2015 33.9 32.2 10.5 10.7 2016 33.5 32.2 7.4 8.7 2017 32.8 32.0 9.0 11.2

Generally speaking, different pollutants and their balance are related to low river flows. Low river flows (usually dry periods in spring and summer) will result in less dilution of pollutants entering the water body, increasing their impact. For example, phosphate pollution is assessed on an annual basis, whereas the biological impact is confined to spring and summer. In fact, pollutants arise from a range of sources and they contribute throughout the year with variation in the relative proportion. It should be stressed that the major source of phosphorus compounds entering rivers is sewage effluent in spring and summer, rather than agriculture. Furthermore, a high level of phosphates or nitrates can cause excessive growth of river plants and since these plants die and decay, oxygen levels drop, affecting river water quality and biology.

4.5 Uncertainties, open issues and data / information gaps

Existing archive old materials did not give possibility, to fully determine the characteristics of several aquifers. In particular, for some case total discharge, or chemical composition, or thickness of horizon, or hydrodynamical parameters (conductivity, transmissivity, storativity and etc) and mean transit time and connection with other aquifers. Further, it is necessary to obtain mentioned information by organizing hydrochemical and isotope sampling on the wholeterritory. Therefore, we recommend organizing monitoring observations on every groundwater body.

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5 EXISTING GROUNDWATER MONITORING NETWORK

5.1 Summary description of the current groundwater monitoring situation

Georgia has committed itself to the Association Agreement with the European Union to undermine national legislation with EU legislative acts and international legal instruments in accordance with the pro- visions of the same Annex, including the water quality and water resources referred to in Annex XXVI of this Agreement, including the Marine Environmental Management (Article 306). For this purpose, the Law on Water Resources Management was adopted for approval in Parliament. Concrete actions have already begun to improve the investigation, monitoring and management of water resources. Monitoring of underground fresh water in Georgia has been resumed in 2013 at Geological department of National Environmental Agency, which is Legal Entity of Public Law under the Ministry of Environment Protection and Agriculture of Georgia.In the period of 2013-2017 the new stations have been added to the monitoring network of Georgia step by step. 6 natural springs were equipped and started instrumen- tally monitored in the Ajara region, by support EU funded project EPIRB, which allows the constant control of water debit and temperature. In December 2017, the number of monitoring water station increased by 11 stations,with support of the Czech Development Agency. Other monitoring station fi- nanced by Ministry of Environment Protection and Agriculture of Georgia. Price of each monitoring station about 22 500 GEL (2500 €). Currently there are 40 monitoring stations – 34 wells and 6 natural springs on the whole territory of Georgia. In particular, 26 stations are located in the Alazani-Iori basin district. The resumption of the monitoring studies and installation of the appropriate equipment on the wells was realized with the support of National Environmental Agency and water qualitative and quantitative characteristics are being controlled in a continuous online mode via the installed equipment on the wells. Modern automatic equipment on the monitoring station allows measurement of five main characteristic parameters permanently (water discharge-L/s, temperature-T0C, total mineralization –Mg/L, pH, conductivity- μS/cm). The instrumental monitoring of natural springs includes the measurement of water temperature - T0C and discharge rate- L/s. The data are transferred in real time by GSM system. Also, the sites of monitoring network are sampled for chemical and bacteriological analyses. During selection of new monitoring station, during field expedition, staff of Geological department measure several water parameters (temperature-T0C, total mineralization –Mg/L, pH, water level, conductivity (μS/cm)). They use portable field equipment such as: GPS MAP 62SC; water table measuring device - P7/LM3/100m; Water sampling device -429 2’’x 2ft SS and pump " WaSP 12 V Pump". Additionally, they take samples for full chemical and microbiological analyses. In addition, in order to measure water chemical composition and microbiological parameters, monitoring stations are sampled twice in year. Together with major ions, at the laboratory of Ministry there are measured also the composition of main for drinking water components such as pH, oxygen dissolved in water (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), nitrite, nitrate, ammonium nitrogen, phosphates, sulphates, iron, zinc, copper, lead and manganese content, electro conductivity and mineralization. Mon- itoring of specific organic substances (for instance PAH, PCB, pesticides, etc.) are not covered under the National Quality Monitoring Program (See in annex 6)

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Below is given information on monitoring stations included in the state hydrogeological monitoring network by the municipalities (table 4).

Table 4. Monitoring stations included in the state hydrogeological monitoring network by the municipalities

Municipality Number of wells Telavi 3 Kvareli 6 Lagodekhi 7 Gurjaani 6 Dedoplistskaro 4 Sum 26

In the framework of renewed Hydrogeological monitoring, since 2013 till July 2017, the works carried out on drinking groundwater, analysis of fund data and results of research, were detailed described in six newsletter bulletin in the appropriate period. Those bulletins werecreated by personnel of Geological department of National Environmental Agency of Ministry of Environment Protection and Agriculture of Georgia: M. Gaprindashvili, G. Gaprindashvili, N. Kitiashvili, N. Poporadze, Z. Bostashvili and M. Kakhadze. It should be also mentioned the role as leader of National Environmental Agency in the work of restore- renewal of groundwater monitoring network, also data support from personnel of Environmental Pollu- tion Monitoring and Hydro Meteorology departments. According monitoring data, parameters of artesian wells is stable; discharge rates do not change or vary in a small interval. Some parameters of groundwaters in the wells and springs, such as temperature, chemical composition, total mineralization and microbiological indicators have insignificantly changed within the permissible norms in recent years. But we observe the different situation for the №32 (village Akura) borehole, where the water discharge rate significantly decreased since January and in July self- discharging was stopped. Based on complex analysis of the received data it could be concluded that the amplitudes of changes in groundwater levels, debits, temperatures and mineralization are similar to the data regime regulatory data of the previous years. The extreme change of any hydro-chemical parameters, microbiological indicators or other physical characteristics have not been identified. In December 2017, the change of various microbiological indicators was observed in Zegaani, Kurdgelauri and Kindzmarauli springs.It occurs to the relatively deep horizons that are opened by the monitoring network. The information about surface water quality at Alazani and Iori district is scarce and incomplete because there is no effective monitoring network of surface water quality.There are only three stations (Chiauri, Alaverdi and Omalo) located in the Alazani basin; two stations are located in the Iori basin (Sasadilo and Sartichala). These stations are owned by the National Environment Agency of the Ministry of Envi- ronment Protection and Agriculture of Georgia. These stations do not have systematic monitoring, which makes it difficult to assess the water quality. Due to the above-mentioned, it is difficult to discuss the results of waste water discharge in water bodies. Taking into consideration the impact on natural water resources, we can assume that the pollution of Alazani, Iori and their tributaries mainly occurs by organic substances, biogenic substances in untreated wastewater, as well as by legal and illegal dumps, agricultural activities, and drainage.

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5.2 Inventory of existing monitoring sites

The main principles of location of monitoring station is to characterize the whole groundwater body - the relatively contaminated territory of the lowlands surrounding the rivers Alazani and Iori as well as practically not contaminated highly mountainous areas. Also, the monitoring stations should characterize a groundwater body in the whole its vertical section – the shallow polluted aquifers (or being under risk) as well as non-polluted deeper horizons. Nowadays, on the territory of Alazani-Iori are located following monitoring stations: Table 5. List of monitoring stations

Monitoring Name of X Y station number monitoring station GWB 555026 4631985 MST_1 Kalauri GPA0006

561020 4627671 MST_2 Zegaani GPA0006

568205 4637862 MST_3 Sanavardo GPA0003

588515 4632032 MST_4 Pichkhis-Bogiri GPA0003

588504 4632038 MST_4a Pichkhis-Bogiri GPA0003

588508 4632033 MST_4b Pichkhis-Bogiri GPA0003

542010 4641321 MST_5 Kurdgelauri-winery GPA0005 territory

560573 4628153 MST_6 Mukuzani GPA0006

549190 4650211 MST_7 Shakriani GPA0003

548774 4649438 MST_8 Gremi GPA0003

564120 4641296 MST_9 Kindzmarauli GPA0003

569473 4637754 MST_10 Kuchatani GPA0005

541501 4642301 MST_11 Kurdgelauri GPA0005

586092 4629488 MST_12 Afeni GPA0003

567006 4621953 MST_13 Gurjaani GPA0006

594702 4625156 MST_14 Vardisubani GPA0003

566232 4622860 MST_30 Gurjaani-Sports GPA0006 complex 553739 4633738 MST_31 Vachnadziani GPA0006

551389 4634636 MST_32 Akura GPA0005

574620 4636126 MST_15 Chikaani GPA0003

592069 4622551 MST_16 Saqobo GPA0003

591005 4617426 MST_17 Heretiskari GPA0003

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Monitoring Name of X Y station number monitoring station GWB 582403 4597468 MST_18 Gediqi-Arboshiki GKI0004

582866 4592970 MST_19 Gamarjveba GKI0004

546278 4603785 MST_44 Tulari GPI0002

555564 4606675 MST_45 Kachreti GPI0004

562408 4606036 MST_46 kvemo-melaani GPI0004

544808 4605108 MST_47 Keshalo GPI0002

From the given wells, 1 are located on the territory of groundwater body 0001; accordingly, 1-GWB0002; 13-GWB0003; 6-GWB0004; 4- GWB0005;2-GWB0011; As we can see, the GWB0003 is the most distributed GWB and the major part of the monitoring stations are located on it. However, they cannot fully cover and characterize the GWB. Thus, it is recommended to select the number of new monitoring stations.

5.3 Proposed revised groundwater monitoring network

The location of existing monitoring stations and the aquifers, opened by the wells, requires search for the new ones in the other blank areas, tocontribute to the full characterization of the groundwater bodies. In the framework of the project, in order to characterize all groundwater bodies, was conducted the field expedition for selection of new station. Were sampledwells for analyze water chemical composition Full report see in Annex 6

Table 6. Boreholes sampled during field expedition

Monitoring station Name of monitoring X Y number station GWB 573457 4617718 S_1 Bakurtsikhe GPA0003

544214 4640770 S_2 Nasamkhrali GPA0001

571109 4638309 S_3 TsitskinaaTseri GPA0003

570592 4637367 S_4 Kuchatani GPA0003

570303 4638934 S_5 Kuchatani GPA0003

571639 4638497 S_6 TsitskinaaTseri GPA0003

585035 4631695 S_7 Areshferani GPA0003

582671 4629084 S_8 Leliani GPA0003

582559 4629416 S_9 Leliani GPA0003

587426 4630794 S_10 Afeni GPA0003

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Monitoring station Name of monitoring X Y number station GWB 599833 4628571 S_11 Davitiani GPA0003

595793 4626252 S_12 Chaduniani GPA0003

596873 4620044 S_13 Tamariani GPA0003

597590 4622295 S_14 Tamariani GPA0003

596715 4622639 S_15 Tamariani GPA0003

595913 4625369 S_16 Vardisubani GPA0003

595523 4625243 S_17 Vardisubani GPA0003

595324 4625571 S_18 Vardisubani GPA0003

573787 4635808 S_19 Chikaani GPA0003

568382 4638078 S_20 Eniseli GPA0003

550765 4648989 S_21 Eniseli GPA0003

520666 4651911 S_22 Orvili GPA0003

546849 4639340 S_23 Kondoli GPA0003

In addition, location of new station selected by literature.

Table 7. Boreholes selected by literature for future monitoring

Number of Name of monitoring X Y the map station GWB 519841 4613386 L-14 Sartichala GPI0004

524563 4610462 L-15 Kachal-Tba GMI0014

536008 4618231 L-16 Toxliauri GPI0004

545610 4605667 L-17 Iormuganlo GPI0002

554434 4608875 L-18 Bogdanovka GPI0004

563557 4610114 L-19 Melaani GPI0011

577540 4606966 L-20 Zeda-Magaro GPI0011

571512 4601652 L-21 Ulianovka GPI0011

585868 4593899 L-22 Gamarjveba GPI0011

591216 4592351 L-23 Dedophlis-Tskaro GKI0021

547644 4698011 L-27 Dartlo GFA0023

551942 4690355 L-28 Omalo GFA0023

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Number of Name of monitoring X Y the map station GWB 527147 4677888 L-29 Kadori GFA0023

554362 4664014 L-30 Lopoti GFA0023

There is a necessity to study the technical properties ofthe oporated and newly selected wells. In order to fully characterize the groundwater bodies on the whole territory, will be used the testing and the regime observationsresults. Also, in the testing list will be include all wells which have been found in grey material and report data on other territories. Considering mentioned above, it is recommended to continue observation on the existed monitoring station for data collection. Also, testing and selection of new wells and include them into the list of mon- itoringstation. During selection new monitoring station, in order to measure water physical parameters (pH , EC, TDS, Salinity, Temperature) aportable laboratory "Multiparameter pH/mV/ISE” may be purchased, and an EC/TDS/Salinity Benchtop Meter"may be equippedat newly selected wells, with the automatic stations, like the existing stations. Additionally, it may be desirable to add to the list additional sensors of nitrites and nitrates for monitoring theseparameters in the agro-contaminating areas.

5.4 Uncertainties, open issues and data / information gaps

Implementing the mentioned project and selecting the observation wells was distinguished, that the existing information is not complete. In most cases, their technical parameters (construction, lithology, aquifer and etc) are not known. All the mentioned makes it impossible to find out which aquifers are opened by the well, its parameters, in order to carry out the normal monitoring of each aquifer independently and totally full GWB. Based on the above-mentioned it may be expedient to carry out well-logging studies on the existing and newly selected wells, in order to determine their technical condition. On the territory of Alazani-Iori river basins, fordecades well-drilling by private companies was uncontrolled by the state, during which it wasnot taken into account existing geological information location of aquifer are installed on the whole length of the wells and therefore no separation of aquifers took place. This causes water movement between aquifers and their complete contamination from upper horizons. In general, the depth of the wells varies from 50 to 200 m, which in general determines depths and areas of contamination.

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6 CONCLUSIONS AND LESSONS LEARNED

In order to improve network condition it is necessary:  To determine the filtration parameters of aquifers (conductivity, transmissivity, storativity). On some wells hydrodynamical testing process (injection-pump in for negative level wells and close- opening for self-discharging wells) may be necessary to achieve this.  It will be necessary to determine the water origin (young, surface, artesian, mixed and etc) and time from recharge to discharge area – mean transit time. This can be determined by isotope applications. In parallel to the chemical sampling during slag test may be carried out also isotope sampingwhich will be continued as regime monitoring.  To select new wells in order to fully characterize all groundwater bodies on the whole territory based on obtained results and the regime observations.  In addition, in order to solve the mentioned problem, it is necessary to work out the restrictive regulations for private companies, in terms of making it mandatory to receive a permission for drilling, license and agreement of general parameters of drilling well (drilling territory and ecological conditions, depth of the well and construction etc.) with the Ministry of Environment Protection and Agriculture of Georgia. This will give possibility to avoid potential pollution of the environment in the future. Besides, the existing situation and the condition of already drilled wells should be taken into account. In particular, in order to determine the “drain-mixing” processes between the aquifers should be studied using well logging methods as well as hydrochemical and isotope analysis. In the areas of contamination it is necessary to plan either liquidation of wells or for the purpose of separation of aquifers, to construct cement packers. After that, will be possible in future: On the base of the data received from hydrogeological monitoring from monitoring stations in online, field works and laboratory analysis, data base is under creation about Georgian fresh drinking groundwater quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Collecting, analyzing and using this data is important for sound groundwater management under Georgia’s commitments to implement the Water Framework Directive, include to protect groundwater resources as a source for drinking water supply.

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7 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Buachidze I. M at all, ”Distrubition of artesian basins on the territory of Georgia”, Institute of Ge- ology, Academy of Science of Georgia, Book XII, 1953. 2. Buachidze I. M at all, ”Hydrogeology of USSR” Book X, Georgia, “Hedra”, Moscow, 1970. 3. Buachidze I.M. (1962) Engineer-Geological Zoning Principles for Folded Mountainous Regions of Georgia. Transactions of the meeting on engineering-geological problems. Moscow, 1962. In Russian. 4. Buachidze, I. and Zedgenidze, S. Hydrogeology and Perspectives for Usage of Groundwater of Alazani-Agrichai Artesian Basin. Report of Geological Department of Georgia,Tbilisi, 56-86. 1985 5. Common Implementation Strategy for the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC). Guidance Document No 2 Identification of water bodies, esp. Section 4 “Specific guidance on bodies of groundwater,” 15 January 2003. Available at: http://dqa.inag.pt/dqa2002/port/docs_apoio/doc_int/02/Water_Bodies_Guidance.pdf/ 6. Common Implementation Strategy for the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC). Guidance Document No 7 Monitoring under the Water Framework Directive, 2003. Available at: http://www.eurogeologists.de/images/content/panels_of_experts/hydrogeology/9E9DFd01.pdf 7. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Full text: http://eur-lex.eu- ropa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2000:327:0001:0072:EN:PDF/ 8. Gamkrelidze P. D., The main features of the tectonic structure of Georgia; works of the Institute of Geology, Academy of Sciences of Georgian SSR; Geology of the USSR, ser. X (XV), 1957. 9. Gamkrelidze P.D. - Some features of the tectonic zones distribution of the folded system of the southern slope of Great Caucasus; collection of works of the Institute Geology, Academy of Sci- ences of the Georgian SSR, 1959. 10. Kenya et al, Report on exploration –survey works on the South part of Alazani artesian basin from vil. Bakurtsikhe till border of Azerbaijan, Report of Geological Department of Georgia, 1976 11. Kharatishvili L.A., Zedgenidze S.N. - Methods for determination the water conductivity of aquifers in mining areas without special drilling and experimental work, Nedra Publishers, Soviet Geology, N 7, 1969. 12. Kharatishvili, LA, Zedginidze, S.N. - State and tasks of hydrogeological and engineering-geological research of Georgia; Collection of papers “Proceedings of the zonal meeting on hydrogeology and engineering geology”, Minsk, 1969. 13. Kheladze I.E., Hydrogeological report on the Kakheti lowlands within the irrigation of the Alazan Channel, Archive of the Ministry of Water Management of Georgian SSR, 1929. 14. Kheladze I.E., Hydrogeological studies of the right bank of Alazani Valley; archive of the Ministry of Water managment of Georgian SSR, Tbilisi, 1929. 15. Khorbaladze et al, Report on the detailed survey of Quaternary alluvial deposits of River Iori on the area of Mtianeti in terms of assessment of groundwater recourses, Report of Geological De- partment of Georgia, 1979 16. Kvarckhava P.F. et.al. Hydrogeology of South Kakheti, Report of Iori hydrogeological type, Geo- logical Department of Georgia, 1956

ENI/2016/372-403 53 Final Report Groundwater bodies and groundwater monitoring network in the Alazani-Iori River Basin District - Georgia

17. Kvartskhava P.F. hydrogeology of the righbenk of Iori river, South Kakheti; Report of Marneuli type, Report of Geological Department of Georgia,1957 18. Loladze et al, Report on hydrogeological survey of growndwater and pressurized waters under alluvial-lake deposits of River PoladauriIn terms of water supply of Marneuli-Bolnisi districts, Re- port of Geological Department of Georgia,1968 19. Tsertsvadze N.V., Mineral water of Georgia, Publishing House “Nekeri” , 2017. 20. Zedginidze C. N. et al, Report of Hydrogeological type on assessment of regional groundwater resources of Iori-Shiraqi artesian basin, Geological Department of Georgia,1969 21. Zedginidze et al, Report on assessment of groundwater resources of Alazani artesian basin, Re- port of Geological Department of Georgia,1971 22. Zedginidze S.N. et al. - Water content of the Quaternary formations of Georgia. Hydrogeology of the USSR, vol. X, Georgian SSR, Nedra Publishing House, 1970. 23. Zedginidze S.N. et al., Summary report of Iori Geological type with a calculation of regional operational groundwater resources of the Iori-Shiraki artesian basin- 1948-1969. (for I.VI-1969) Funds of Georgian Geology, 1969. 24. Zedginidze S.N. et al., water content of Neogene and Paleogene Deposits of Georgia, USSR Hydrogeology, vol. X, Georgian SSR, Nedra Publishing House, 1970.

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8 ANNEXES

8.1 ANNEX1 List of groundwater bodies in the Alazani-Iori River Basin District

Figure 3. Hydrogeological map of Alazani-Iori valley aquifer

Table 8. List of Hydrogeological complex of Alazani-Iori valley aquifer

Ecosys- tem, Human # Size Aquifer River/Wet- pres- Pollu- # List of aquifer Code Name (km²) type land sures tants 1 The aquifer of modern GPA000 AlaAll 154 porouse R/W Agricul- Ninrate, alluvial deposits 1 u groundwa- ture pol- posfat, ter lution Pesti- cate

2 Aquifers of alluvial de- GPI0002 IorAlu 148 porous R/W Agricul- posits of Iori valley v groundwa- ture pol- ter lution 3 The Kvareli aquifer GPA000 AlaKv 2460 porouse R/W Agricul- 3 a grounwa- ture pol- ter lution

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Ecosys- tem, Human # Size Aquifer River/Wet- pres- Pollu- # List of aquifer Code Name (km²) type land sures tants 4 The aquifer of GPI0004 IoDe- 2621 porous R/W Agricul- delluvial-proluvial Pro groundwa- ture pol- deposits of quaternary ter lution age 5 Telavi aquifer GPA000 AlaTel 110 porouse R/W Agricul- 5 groundwa- ture pol- ter lution 6 Gurjaani aquifer GPA000 Ala- 214 porouse R/W Agricul- 6 Gur grounwa- ture pol- ter lution 7 The aquifer of conti- GMI000 Io- 175 porous - R/W Agricul- nental Apsheron de- 7 CoAph fractured ture pol- posits lution

8 The aquifer of Ap- GMI000 IoMaA 131 porous - R/W Agricul- sheron marine stratum 8 ph fractured ture pollution 9 The aquifer of marine GMI000 IomaA 526 porous - R/W Agricul- Agchagiri stratum 9 gh fractured ture pollution 1 The aquifer of GMI001 Io- 297 porous - R/W Agricul- 0 continental Agchagiri 0 coAgh fractured ture pol- stratum lution 1 Apsheron-Agchagiri GPI0011 IoAgA 635 porous R Agricul- 1 deposits ph ture pollution 1 The aquifer of Shiraqi GMI001 IoShir 753 porous - R/W Agricul- 2 stratum 2 fractured ture pollution 1 The aquifer of Dusheti GMI001 Io- porous - R/W Agricul- 3 strata 3 Dush fractured ture pollution 1 The aquifer of Upper GMI001 IoSar porous - R/W Agricul- 4 Sarmat stratum 4 fractured ture pollution 1 The aquifer of Imper- GII0015 IoMai Impermea- 5 meable Maikop stra- ble tum 1 The aquifers complex GFI0016 AlaPal 141 fractured R/W Agricul- 6 of Paleogene deposits ture pollution 1 The aquifer of Upper GFI0017 IoEoc 48 fractured R/W Agricul- 7 Eocene deposits ture pollution 1 The aquifer of Upper GKA001 AlUpC 390 karstic R/W 8 Cretaceous carbonate 8 re rocks 1 The aquifer of the terri- GKA001 ALow 469 karstic R/W 9 genous flysch of the 9 Cr Lower Cretaceous

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Ecosys- tem, Human # Size Aquifer River/Wet- pres- Pollu- # List of aquifer Code Name (km²) type land sures tants 2 Aquifer complex of the GKA002 AlI- 297 karstic R/W 0 Upper Jurassic - Lower 0 uCre Cretaceous 2 The aquifer the Upper GKI0021 AlUpIu 21 karstic R/W 1 Jurassic 2 Middle and Lower Ju- GFA002 AlMIu 571 fractured R/W 2 rassic 2 2 The aquifer of the Up- GFA002 AlLey 2860 fractured R/W 3 per, Middle and Lower 3 Leyas

8.2 ANNEX 2 Characterization of groundwater bodies in the Alazani-Iori River Basin District

Figure 4. Plenimilary delineation of growndwater body of Alazani-Iori valley

Completed characterization templates for each groundwater body Table 9. Groundwater body of modern alluvial deposits

Parameter unit Value GWB code GPA0001

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Parameter unit Value GWB name AlaAllu GWB area km² 154 GWB thickness [m] 2-20 GWB type Shallow groundwater Individual GWB or group of GWBs group

Transboundary Yes GWB horizon 1 Depth to GW level [m] 2-4 Average annual fluctuation of GW level [m] +-1 Aquifer type (predominantly) porouse groudwater Aquifer – Pressure situation unconfine-confined Aquifer – Petrography, lithological description loose pebbles with sandy fillers, sand and sandy loam Aquifer – Geological age Cenozoic/ Quaternary Aquifer – Geochemistry (main cations and left bank- calcareous/ sodium anions) Right bank- calcareous /sulfate-calcium- sodium Overlying layers – Petrography soil Overlying layers – Average thickness [m] 1-3

Impermeable overlying layers no Impermeable overlying layers – Average [%] 100 coverage Hydraulic conductivity (kf) 0.0003 m/s; 14.5-18.3 m/d Transmissivity (T) Mean residence time of groundwater Mean [a] Number of chemical monitoring sites Number of quantitative monitoring sites Number of abstraction wells Purpose of abstraction Drinking water supply and melioration purpose Annual groundwater abstraction [m³/a] - Main recharge source Precipitation, river Annual precipitation [mm] 800–900 Associated aquatic ecosystems yes River Associated terrestrial ecosystems no wetland GW level trend - Prevailing human pressures Agriculture pollution Land use [%] Artificial surfaces-2%; Agricultural land- 71%; Forests and semi-natural areas-27% GWB chemical status Good GWB quantitative status Good Confidence level of information High GWB chemical trend -

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Table 10. Groundwater body of alluvial deposits of Iori valley

Parameter unit Value GWB code GPI0002 GWB name IorAluv GWB area km² 148 GWB thickness [m] 10-30 GWB type Shallow GWB Individual GWB or group of GWBs group

Transboundary No GWB horizon 2 Depth to GW level m 1-2 Average annual fluctuation of GW level [m] +/-1 Aquifer type (predominantly) porous groundwater Aquifer – Pressure situation Unconfined Aquifer – Petrography, lithological description pebbles and boulders Aquifer – Geological age Caenozoic / Quarternary / Aquifer – Geochemistry (main cations and calcareous / / sulphatic/ influence; M-1-8 anions) g/l; Overlying layers – Petrography - Overlying layers – Average thickness [m] -

Impermeable overlying layers - Impermeable overlying layers – Average [%] - coverage Hydraulic conductivity (kf) m/d - Transmissivity (T) m²/d - Mean residence time of groundwater Mean [a] - Number of chemical monitoring sites - Number of quantitative monitoring sites - Number of abstraction wells more than 10 Purpose of abstraction Drinking water supply Annual groundwater abstraction [m³/a] >30l/s Main recharge source Precipitation, river Annual precipitation [mm] 400-500 Associated aquatic ecosystems yes yes Associated terrestrial ecosystems yes yes GW level trend - Prevailing human pressures Agriculture pollution Land use [%] Agricultural land-47%; Forests and semi- natural areas-52%; Water bodies-1% GWB chemical status GWB quantitative status

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Parameter unit Value Confidence level of information GWB chemical trend

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Table 11. Groundwater body of Kvareli aquifer

Parameter unit Value GWB code GPA0003 GWB name AlaKva GWB area km² 2517 GWB thickness [m] 6-90 GWB type Shallow and deep groundwater Individual GWB or group of GWBs group

Transboundary Yes GWB horizon 15 Depth to GW level [m] 1-90 Average annual fluctuation of GW level [m] 3 Aquifer type (predominantly) porouse grounwater Aquifer – Pressure situation unconfine-confined Aquifer – Petrography, lithological description boulder-pebble deposits with sandy gravelly- gravel aggregate Aquifer – Geological age Cenozoic/ Quaternary Aquifer – Geochemistry (main cations and calcareous/ sulphatic/calcium/magnesium/ anions) influence; M-1.0 g/l; Overlying layers – Petrography soil Overlying layers – Average thickness [m] 1-3

Impermeable overlying layers no Impermeable overlying layers – Average [%] 100 coverage Hydraulic conductivity (kf) 0.0003 m/s; 24 m/d; Q 0.2- 60.0 l/s Transmissivity (T) 0.015 m²/s 1000-1500 m²/d Mean residence time of groundwater Mean [a] Number of chemical monitoring sites 13 Number of quantitative monitoring sites 13 Number of abstraction wells 350 Purpose of abstraction Drinking water supply and melioration purpose Annual groundwater abstraction [m³/a] - Main recharge source Precipitation, river Annual precipitation [mm] 800–1000, 900 Associated aquatic ecosystems yes River Associated terrestrial ecosystems no wetland GW level trend - Prevailing human pressures Agriculture pollution Land use [%] Artificial surfaces-1%; Agricultural land-74%; Forests and semi-natural areas-24%; Wetlands-0.5%; Water bodies-0.5% GWB chemical status Good GWB quantitative status Good

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Parameter unit Value Confidence level of information High High GWB chemical trend -

Table 12. Groundwater body of delluvial-proluvial deposits of quaternary age

Parameter unit Value GWB code GPI0004 GWB name IoDePro GWB area km² 1774 GWB thickness [m] 5-60 GWB type Shallow GWB Individual GWB or group of GWBs group

Transboundary yes GWB horizon 1 Depth to GW level m 3-5 Average annual fluctuation of GW level [m] +/-2-3 Aquifer type (predominantly) porous groundwater Aquifer – Pressure situation Unconfined Aquifer – Petrography, lithological description Clay, with the sandstone fillers Aquifer – Geological age Caenozoic / Quarternary / Aquifer – Geochemistry (main cations and calcareous / / sulphatic/ influence; M-0.5- anions) 3.5 g/l; Overlying layers – Petrography - Overlying layers – Average thickness [m] -

Impermeable overlying layers - Impermeable overlying layers – Average [%] - coverage Hydraulic conductivity (kf) m/d - Transmissivity (T) m²/d - Mean residence time of groundwater Mean [a] - Number of chemical monitoring sites - Number of quantitative monitoring sites - Number of abstraction wells more than 50 springs Purpose of abstraction Drinking water supply Annual groundwater abstraction [m³/a] >20l/s Main recharge source Precipitation, river Annual precipitation [mm] 344-544 Associated aquatic ecosystems yes yes Associated terrestrial ecosystems yes yes GW level trend - Prevailing human pressures Agriculture pollution

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Parameter unit Value Land use [%] Artificial surfaces-1%; Agricultural land- 41%; Forests and semi-natural areas-57%; Water bodies-1% GWB chemical status Good GWB quantitative status Good Confidence level of information Hight GWB chemical trend -

Table 13. Groundwater body of theTelavi aquifer

Parameter unit Value GWB code GPA0005 GWB name Telavi GWB area km² 110 GWB thickness [m] 11 - 36.5, 30 GWB type deep GWB Individual GWB or group of GWBs group

Transboundary no GWB horizon 3-4 Depth to GW level [m] (+3.0) -(+ 20), +15 Average annual fluctuation of GW level [m] +3 Aquifer type (predominantly) porouse groundwater Aquifer – Pressure situation confined Aquifer – Petrography, lithological description pebbles with sand and sand-gravel aggregate, sometimes with boulders, sand with pebbles and gravel, a fractured conglomerate with sand-lime cement. Aquifer – Geological age Cenozoic/Paleogene/ paleocen/ Mio-Plio- cene Aquifer – Geochemistry (main cations and calcareous/ sulphatic/calcium influence; anions) Overlying layers – Petrography Boulders, pebbles, gravel with clay interlayers Overlying layers – Average thickness [m] 5-30

Impermeable overlying layers no Impermeable overlying layers – Average [%] 30 coverage

Hydraulic conductivity (kf) 0.0002 m/s; 5.7-14.2 m/d; Q 0.2- 60.0 l/s

Transmissivity (T) 0.002 m²/s 100-200 m²/d Mean residence time of groundwater Mean [a] - Number of chemical monitoring sites 6 Number of quantitative monitoring sites 6 Number of abstraction wells 150 Purpose of abstraction Drinking water supply and melioration purpose

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Parameter unit Value Annual groundwater abstraction [m³/a] - Main recharge source Precipitation Precipitation, river Annual precipitation [mm] 700–1000 Associated aquatic ecosystems yes River Associated terrestrial ecosystems no wetland GW level trend Natural - fluctuation Prevailing human pressures Agriculture Agriculture pollution pollution Land use [%] Artificial surfaces-7%; Agricultural land- 52%; Forests and semi-natural areas-41% GWB chemical status Good GWB quantitative status Good Confidence level of information High GWB chemical trend -

Table 14. Groundwater body of the Gurjaani aquifer

Parameter unit Value GWB code GPA0006 GWB name AlaGur GWB area km² 214 GWB thickness [m] 62 GWB type deep GWB Individual GWB or group of GWBs group Transboundary no GWB horizon 1 Depth to GW level m +10 Average annual fluctuation of GW level [m] +2 Aquifer type (predominantly) porouse grounwater Aquifer – Pressure situation confined Aquifer – Petrography, lithological description pebbles of silicified, sandstone, sandstone, claystone, less frequently of lime and shale with sandy aggregate and grained sands with gravel and pebbles Aquifer – Geological age Cenozoic/Paleogene Aquifer – Geochemistry (main cations and calcareous/ sulphatic/calcium influence; M- anions) 1.3 g/l; H2S- 4 mg/l; Overlying layers – Petrography pebbles with sand and sand-gravel aggregate, Overlying layers – Average thickness [m] 30

Impermeable overlying layers no Impermeable overlying layers – Average [%] 100 coverage Hydraulic conductivity (kf) [m/s] 0.0003 m/s; 26.28 m/d

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Parameter unit Value Transmissivity (T) [m²/s] 0.019 m²/s; 1612 m²/d Mean residence time of groundwater Mean [a] unknown Number of chemical monitoring sites 3 Number of quantitative monitoring sites 3 Number of abstraction wells 100 Purpose of abstraction Drinking Drinking water supply and melioration water supply purpose Annual groundwater abstraction [m³/a] - Main recharge source Precipitation, river Annual precipitation [mm] 700–1000 [mm] Associated aquatic ecosystems River Associated terrestrial ecosystems wetland GW level trend - Prevailing human pressures Agriculture pollution Land use [%] Artificial surfaces-1%; Agricultural land- 24%; Forests and semi-natural areas-75% GWB chemical status Good GWB quantitative status Good Confidence level of information High High GWB chemical trend -

Table 15. Groundwater body of aquifer of continental Apsheron deposits

Parameter unit Value GWB code GMI0007 GWB name IoCoAph GWB area km² 134 GWB thickness [m] 250 GWB type Shallow GWB Individual GWB or group of GWBs group of GWBs

Transboundary no GWB horizon 2 Depth to GW level m Average annual fluctuation of GW level [m] Aquifer type (predominantly) Porous-fractured groundwater Aquifer – Pressure situation Unconfined Aquifer – Petrography, lithological description conglomerates, sands, pebbles and gravel Aquifer – Geological age Caenozoic / Quarternary / Aquifer – Geochemistry (main cations and calcareous / / sulphatic/ influence; M-0.9 g/l; anions) Overlying layers – Petrography - Overlying layers – Average thickness [m] -

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Parameter unit Value

Impermeable overlying layers - Impermeable overlying layers – Average [%] - coverage Hydraulic conductivity (kf) m/d - Transmissivity (T) m²/d - Mean residence time of groundwater Mean [a] - Number of chemical monitoring sites - Number of quantitative monitoring sites - Number of abstraction wells more than Several springs Purpose of abstraction Annual groundwater abstraction [m³/a] Main recharge source Precipitation, river Annual precipitation [mm] 344-544 Associated aquatic ecosystems yes yes Associated terrestrial ecosystems yes yes GW level trend - Prevailing human pressures Land use [%] Agricultural land-11%; Forests and semi- natural areas-89% GWB chemical status GWB quantitative status Confidence level of information GWB chemical trend -

Table 16. Groundwater body of aquifer of Apsheron marine stratum

Parameter unit Value GWB code GMI0008 GWB name IoMaAph GWB area km² 131 GWB thickness [m] - GWB type Shallow GWB Individual GWB or group of GWBs group of GWBs

Transboundary no GWB horizon 2 Depth to GW level m Average annual fluctuation of GW level [m] Aquifer type (predominantly) Porous-fractured Aquifer – Pressure situation Unconfined Aquifer – Petrography, lithological description clays, sandstones and micro-conglomerates Aquifer – Geological age Caenozoic / Quarternary /

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Parameter unit Value Aquifer – Geochemistry (main cations and 1. calcareous / / sulphatic/ influence; anions) M-1.1 g/l; 2. halitic / Sodium/M-7.9 g/l; Overlying layers – Petrography - Overlying layers – Average thickness [m] -

Impermeable overlying layers - Impermeable overlying layers – Average [%] - coverage Hydraulic conductivity (kf) m/d - Transmissivity (T) m²/d - Mean residence time of groundwater Mean [a] - Number of chemical monitoring sites - Number of quantitative monitoring sites - Number of abstraction wells more than Two springs Purpose of abstraction Annual groundwater abstraction [m³/a] Main recharge source Precipitation Annual precipitation [mm] 344-544 Associated aquatic ecosystems yes yes Associated terrestrial ecosystems yes yes GW level trend - Prevailing human pressures Land use [%] Agricultural land-5%; Forests and semi- natural areas-95% GWB chemical status GWB quantitative status Confidence level of information GWB chemical trend -

Table 17. Groundwater body ofaquifer of marine Agchagiristratum

Parameter unit Value GWB code GMI0009 GWB name IomaAgh GWB area km² 237 GWB thickness [m] 600-700 GWB type Shallow and deep GWB Individual GWB or group of GWBs group

Transboundary yes GWB horizon 2 Depth to GW level m +0.1 Average annual fluctuation of GW level [m] Aquifer type (predominantly) Porous-fractured

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Parameter unit Value Aquifer – Pressure situation Unconfine- confined Aquifer – Petrography, lithological description conglomerate with sandstones Aquifer – Geological age 1-Cenozoic/ Quaternary/ 2- Cenozoic/Paleogene/ calcareous /sulphatic/ Sodium/ calcium /sodium/ influence; M-3-5 g/l Overlying layers – Petrography conglomerate with sandstones-clay Overlying layers – Average thickness [m] 50-70

Impermeable overlying layers no Impermeable overlying layers – Average [%] 90 coverage Hydraulic conductivity (kf) m/d 0.0002 m/s; 16.1 m/d Transmissivity (T) m²/d 0.0020 m²/s; 129 m²/d Mean residence time of groundwater Mean [a] Number of chemical monitoring sites Number of quantitative monitoring sites Number of abstraction wells More than 10 Purpose of abstraction Drinking water supply and melioration purpose Annual groundwater abstraction [m³/a] Main recharge source Precipitation Annual precipitation [mm] 490 Associated aquatic ecosystems yes River Associated terrestrial ecosystems no wetland GW level trend Prevailing human pressures Agriculture pollution Land use [%] Agricultural land-18%; Forests and semi- natural areas-82% GWB chemical status Good GWB quantitative status Good Confidence level of information High GWB chemical trend

Table 18. Groundwater body of continental Agchagiri stratum

Parameter unit Value GWB code GMI0010 GWB name Sagaredjo GWB area km² 224 GWB thickness [m] 10-50 GWB type Shallow -deep GWB Individual GWB or group of GWBs layer) group layer

Transboundary no

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Parameter unit Value GWB horizon 2

Depth to GW level [m] +4

Average annual fluctuation of GW level 1 Aquifer type (predominantly) Porous-fractured Aquifer – Pressure situation Unconfine and confined Aquifer – Petrography, lithological description conglomerates sandstone, gravel, pebbles; Aquifer – Geological age Cenozoic/Paleogene/ Aquifer – Geochemistry (main cations and calcareous / sulphatic/ Sodium/ calcium anions) influence; M-1.3-6.2 g/l; H2S- 4 mg/l; Overlying layers – Petrography [m] sandy-gravel Overlying layers – Average thickness m 2 -61.5 Impermeable overlying layers [%]

Impermeable overlying layers – Average 55% coverage Hydraulic conductivity (kf) m/d 3.2 m/d Transmissivity (T) m²/d 44 m²/d Mean residence time of groundwater Number of chemical monitoring sites Number of quantitative monitoring sites more than Number of abstraction wells Drinking water supply Purpose of abstraction [m³/a] Drinking water supply and melioration purpose

Annual groundwater abstraction Main recharge source Precipitation, river Annual precipitation Min–Max, 400–600, 500 [mm] Mean [mm]

Associated aquatic ecosystems River

Associated terrestrial ecosystems wetland GW level trend Prevailing human pressures Agriculture pollution Land use [%] Agricultural land-49%; Forests and semi- natural areas-51% GWB chemical status GWB quantitative status Good Confidence level of information High GWB chemical trend

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Table 19. Groundwatter body of Apsheron-Agchagiri deposits

Parameter unit Value GWB code GPI0011 GWB name IoAgAph GWB area km² 328 GWB thickness [m] 10-600 GWB type Shallow and deep GWB Individual GWB or group of GWBs group of GWBs

Transboundary yes GWB horizon 4 Depth to GW level m +1-(+24) Average annual fluctuation of GW level [m] +/-2 Aquifer type (predominantly) porous groundwater Aquifer – Pressure situation Unconfined and confined Aquifer – Petrography, lithological description conglomerates, with clayey inter-layers, sandy clayey Aquifer – Geological age Caenozoic / Palaeogene / Palaeozoic / Aquifer – Geochemistry (main cations and 1. sulphatic/calcareous / influence; M- anions) 0.48-2.5 g/l; halitic /sulphatic/ 2. calcareous / influence; M-2.2- 3.3g/l; H2S- 3 mg/l; Overlying layers – Petrography - Overlying layers – Average thickness [m] -

Impermeable overlying layers - Impermeable overlying layers – Average [%] - coverage Hydraulic conductivity (kf) m/d 0.5-40

Transmissivity (T) m²/d 180-250 Mean residence time of groundwater Mean [a] - Number of chemical monitoring sites - Number of quantitative monitoring sites - Number of abstraction wells more than More than 40 boreholes 50 springs Purpose of abstraction Drinking water supply Annual groundwater abstraction [m³/a] >30l/s Main recharge source Precipitation Annual precipitation [mm] 400-500 Associated aquatic ecosystems yes River Associated terrestrial ecosystems yes GW level trend - Prevailing human pressures Agriculture pollution Land use [%] Artificial surfaces-1%; Agricultural land- 67%; Forests and semi-natural areas-32%

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Parameter unit Value GWB chemical status GWB quantitative status Confidence level of information GWB chemical trend -

Table 20. Groundwater body of Shiraqi stratum

Parameter unit Value GWB code GMI0012 GWB name IoShir GWB area km² 753 GWB thickness [m] 900-1800 GWB type Shallow and deep GWB Individual GWB or group of GWBs group of GWBs

Transboundary yes GWB horizon 4 Depth to GW level m +8-(+24) Average annual fluctuation of GW level [m] +/-2 Aquifer type (predominantly) Porous-fractured Aquifer – Pressure situation Unconfined and confined Aquifer – Petrography, lithological description 1- conglomerates of large grained boulders, friable large grained clayey sandstones 2- clays, loam, with inter-layers of friable sandstones Aquifer – Geological age Caenozoic / Palaeogene / Palaeozoic / Aquifer – Geochemistry (main cations and 1. calcareous /calcium/ sodium/ anions) influence; M-0.1-0.8 g/l; 2. halitic-sulphatic influence; 9.2-44.8 g/l; Overlying layers – Petrography - Overlying layers – Average thickness [m] -

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Parameter unit Value Annual precipitation [mm] 344-544 Associated aquatic ecosystems yes yes Associated terrestrial ecosystems yes yes GW level trend - Prevailing human pressures Agriculture pollution Land use [%] Agricultural land-27%; Forests and semi- natural areas-73% GWB chemical status GWB quantitative status Confidence level of information GWB chemical trend -

Table 21. Groundwater body of Dusheti stratum

Parameter unit Value GWB code GMI0013 GWB name IoDush GWB area km² 117 GWB thickness [m] GWB type Shallow GWB Individual GWB or group of GWBs individual

Transboundary GWB horizon 1 Depth to GW level m -1 Average annual fluctuation of GW level [m] +/-0.5 Aquifer type (predominantly) Porous-fractured Aquifer – Pressure situation Unconfined Aquifer – Petrography, lithological description Medium and large -sized pebble-boulders and weakly cemented loams and loose sandstones Aquifer – Geological age Caenozoic / Palaeogene / Palaeozoic / Aquifer – Geochemistry (main cations and anions) Overlying layers – Petrography - Overlying layers – Average thickness [m] -

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Parameter unit Value Number of abstraction wells more than Purpose of abstraction Drinking water supply Annual groundwater abstraction [m³/a] - Main recharge source Precipitation Annual precipitation [mm] 344-544 Associated aquatic ecosystems yes yes Associated terrestrial ecosystems yes yes GW level trend - Prevailing human pressures Agriculture pollution Land use [%] Artificial surfaces-3%; Agricultural land- 38%; Forests and semi-natural areas-59% GWB chemical status GWB quantitative status Confidence level of information GWB chemical trend -

Table 22. Groundwater body of Up Sarmatian stratum

Parameter unit Value GWB code GMI0014 GWB name IoSar GWB area km² 603 GWB thickness [m] 1250-300 GWB type Shallow GWB Individual GWB or group of GWBs individual

Transboundary GWB horizon 1 Depth to GW level m -1 Average annual fluctuation of GW level [m] +/-0.5 Aquifer type (predominantly) porous -fractured Aquifer – Pressure situation Unconfined Aquifer – Petrography, lithological description Highly elastic clays, with inter-layers of loose and fine-grained clayey sandstones. The second part is also represented by clays with inter-layers of sandstones and marls Aquifer – Geological age Caenozoic / Palaeogene / Palaeozoic / Aquifer – Geochemistry (main cations and anions) Overlying layers – Petrography - Overlying layers – Average thickness [m] -

Impermeable overlying layers - Impermeable overlying layers – Average [%] - coverage

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Parameter unit Value Hydraulic conductivity (kf) m/d - Transmissivity (T) m²/d - Mean residence time of groundwater Mean [a] - Number of chemical monitoring sites - Number of quantitative monitoring sites - Number of abstraction wells more than Purpose of abstraction Drinking water supply Annual groundwater abstraction [m³/a] - Main recharge source Precipitation Annual precipitation [mm] 344-544 Associated aquatic ecosystems yes yes Associated terrestrial ecosystems yes yes GW level trend - Prevailing human pressures Agriculture pollution Land use [%] Artificial surfaces-1%; Agricultural land- 43%; Forests and semi-natural areas-55%; Wetlands-0.5%; Water bodies-0.5% GWB chemical status GWB quantitative status Confidence level of information GWB chemical trend -

Table 23. Groundwater body of Maikop stratum

Parameter unit Value GWB code GII0015 GWB name IoMai GWB area km² 64 GWB thickness [m] GWB type Shallow GWB Individual GWB or group of GWBs individual

Transboundary GWB horizon 1 Depth to GW level m -1 Average annual fluctuation of GW level [m] +/-0.5 Aquifer type (predominantly) porous -fractured Aquifer – Pressure situation Unconfined Aquifer – Petrography, lithological description Thin layered, plastic clays with gypsum inter-layers, which in some places are replaced sandstones of 1 m thickness. On the peripheral parts of the area sandstones and conglomerates appear. Aquifer – Geological age Caenozoic / Palaeogene / Palaeozoic /

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Parameter unit Value Aquifer – Geochemistry (main cations and anions) Overlying layers – Petrography - Overlying layers – Average thickness [m] -

Impermeable overlying layers - Impermeable overlying layers – Average [%] - coverage Hydraulic conductivity (kf) m/d - Transmissivity (T) m²/d 0.3 - 0.025. Mean residence time of groundwater Mean [a] - Number of chemical monitoring sites - Number of quantitative monitoring sites - Number of abstraction wells more than Purpose of abstraction Drinking water supply Annual groundwater abstraction [m³/a] - Main recharge source Precipitation Annual precipitation [mm] 344-544 Associated aquatic ecosystems yes yes Associated terrestrial ecosystems yes yes GW level trend - Prevailing human pressures Agriculture pollution Land use [%] Artificial surfaces-1%; Agricultural land- 42%; Forests and semi-natural areas-57% GWB chemical status GWB quantitative status Confidence level of information GWB chemical trend -

Table 24. Groundwater body of complex Paleogene deposits

Parameter unit Value GWB code GFI0016 GWB name AlaPal GWB area [km²] 172 GWB thickness Min–Max, 350-1400 Mean [m] GWB type Shallow and deep GWB Individual GWB or group of GWBs group Transboundary [yes/no, no country] GWB horizon 2 Depth to GW level Min–Max, Mean [m]

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Parameter unit Value Average annual fluctuation of GW level Mean [m] Aquifer type (predominantly) fractured grounwater Aquifer – Pressure situation unconfined- confined Aquifer – Petrography, lithological description conglomerates Aquifer – Geological age Caenozoic /Paleogene-Sarmatian Aquifer – Geochemistry (main cations and chloride-sodium anions) Overlying layers – Petrography pebbles, gravel with clay Overlying layers – Average thickness [m] - Impermeable overlying layers [yes/no] no Impermeable overlying layers – Average [%] 50 coverage Hydraulic conductivity (kf) Min–Max, Mean [m/s] Transmissivity (T) Min–Max, 0.0002 m²/s; 1-20 m2/d Mean [m²/s] Mean residence time of groundwater Mean [a] - Number of chemical monitoring sites Number of quantitative monitoring sites Number of abstraction wells Purpose of abstraction balneology Annual groundwater abstraction [m³/a] - Main recharge source Precipitation, deep grounwater Annual precipitation Min–Max, 800-100 Mean [mm] Associated aquatic ecosystems [yes/no] River Associated terrestrial ecosystems [yes/no] wetland GW level trend Natural fluctuation Prevailing human pressures Agriculture pollution Land use [%] Agricultural land-31%; Forests and semi- natural areas-69% GWB chemical status GWB quantitative status Confidence level of information High GWB chemical trend -

Table 25. Groundwater body of Upper Eocene deposits

Parameter unit Value GWB code GFI0017 GWB name IoEoc GWB area km² 48 GWB thickness [m] - GWB type Shallow

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Parameter unit Value Individual GWB or group of GWBs group of GWBs

Transboundary no GWB horizon 2 Depth to GW level m 1.3 Average annual fluctuation of GW level [m] Aquifer type (predominantly) fractured Aquifer – Pressure situation Unconfined Aquifer – Petrography, lithological description sandstones alternating with thin and medium clays layered. Aquifer – Geological age Caenozoic / Palaeogene / Eocene / Aquifer – Geochemistry (main cations and 1. calcareous / sodium/ influence; M- anions) 1.0 g/l; 2. halitic-sulphatic influence; 25-42.9 g/l; Overlying layers – Petrography - Overlying layers – Average thickness [m] -

Associated aquatic ecosystems yes

Associated terrestrial ecosystems yes GW level trend - Prevailing human pressures Land use [%] Agricultural land-100% GWB chemical status GWB quantitative status Confidence level of information GWB chemical trend -

Table 26. Groundwater body of Upper Cretaceous carbonate rocks

Parameter unit Value GWB code GKA0018

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Parameter unit Value GWB name AlUpCre GWB area [km²] 406 GWB thickness Min–Max, 450-1000 Mean [m] GWB type Shallow and deep GWB Individual GWB or group of GWBs group Transboundary no GWB horizon 2 Depth to GW level 2–4, 3 [m] Average annual fluctuation of GW level 2 [m] Aquifer type (predominantly) karstic groundwater Aquifer – Pressure situation unconfined- confined Aquifer – Petrography, lithological description sandstones, limestones, marl Aquifer – Geological age Mesozoic/ Upper Cretaceous Aquifer – Geochemistry (main cations and calcareous / sulphatic/ calcium/ magnesium anions) Overlying layers – Petrography Boulders, pebbles, gravel with clay interlayers Overlying layers – Average thickness [m] 1-2

Impermeable overlying layers no Impermeable overlying layers – Average [%] 60 coverage Hydraulic conductivity (kf) Min–Max, Mean [m/s] Transmissivity (T) [m²/s] 0.0020 m²/s; 130 m2/d Mean residence time of groundwater Mean [a] Number of chemical monitoring sites Number of quantitative monitoring sites Number of abstraction wells Purpose of abstraction Drinking water supply and melioration purpose Annual groundwater abstraction [m³/a] - Main recharge source Precipitation, river Annual precipitation Min–Max, 900-1200 Mean [mm] Associated aquatic ecosystems River Associated terrestrial ecosystems wetland GW level trend - Prevailing human pressures Agriculture pollution Land use [%] Artificial surfaces-1%; Agricultural land- 28%; Forests and semi-naturalareas-71% GWB chemical status GWB quantitative status Confidence level of information High

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Parameter unit Value GWB chemical trend -

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Table 27. Groundwater body of the terrigenous flysch of the Lower Cretaceous

Parameter unit Value GWB code GKA0019 GWB name ALowCre GWB area [km²] 580 GWB thickness Min–Max, Mean 1000-2000 [m] GWB type Shallow and deep GWB Individual GWB or group of GWBs Individual group

Transboundary no GWB horizon Carbonate 2 sediments Depth to GW level [m] -(2)-(+5) Average annual fluctuation of GW level [m] 2 Aquifer type (predominantly) karstic groundwater Aquifer – Pressure situation Unconfined-confined Aquifer – Petrography, lithological description sandstones, limestone marls and sandstone limestones.

Aquifer – Geological age Mesozoic/Lower Cretaceous Aquifer – Geochemistry (main cations and Hydrocarbonate chloride/sodium anions) calcium Overlying layers – Petrography pebbles, gravel with clay interlayers Overlying layers – Average thickness [m] Impermeable overlying layers no no Impermeable overlying layers – Average [%] 40 coverage Hydraulic conductivity (kf) Min–Max, Mean [m/s] Transmissivity (T) [m²/s] 0.001 m²/s; 100 m2/d Mean residence time of groundwater Mean [a] Number of chemical monitoring sites c Number of quantitative monitoring sites c Number of abstraction wells c Purpose of abstraction Drinking water Drinking water supply and melioration supply purpose Annual groundwater abstraction [m³/a] - Main recharge source Precipitation Precipitation, river Annual precipitation Min–Max, Mean 900-1200 [mm] Associated aquatic ecosystems yes River Associated terrestrial ecosystems no wetland GW level trend Natural - fluctuation Prevailing human pressures Agriculture pollution

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Parameter unit Value Land use [%] Artificial surfaces-1%; Agricultural land- 19%; Forests and semi-natural areas-80% GWB chemical status Good GWB quantitative status Good Confidence level of information High High GWB chemical trend -

Table 28. Groundwater body of the Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous

Parameter unit Value GWB code GKI0020 GWB name AlIuCre GWB area [km²] 282 GWB thickness Min–Max, Mean 1800-2700 [m] GWB type Shallow and deep GWB Individual GWB or group of GWBs group Transboundary yes GWB horizon 2 Depth to GW level [m] 2–4, 3 Average annual fluctuation of GW level [m] 2 Aquifer type (predominantly) karstic groundwater Aquifer – Pressure situation unconfined- confined Aquifer – Petrography, lithological description Limestones, sandstone-marl Aquifer – Geological age Mesozoic/ Upper Jurassic Lower Craterous Aquifer – Geochemistry (main cations and hydro- unconfined-becarbonate anions) carbonate /calcium/magnesium M-0.15-0,4 g/l calcium confined-chloride/sodium M-9 g/l sulphide influence Overlying layers – Petrography Boulders, pebbles, gravel with clay interlayers Overlying layers – Average thickness [m] 2-3

Impermeable overlying layers no Impermeable overlying layers – Average [%] 50 coverage Hydraulic conductivity (kf) Min–Max, Mean - [m/s] Transmissivity (T) [m²/s] 0.001-0.002 m²/s; 100-150 m2/d Mean residence time of groundwater Mean [a] - Number of chemical monitoring sites Number of quantitative monitoring sites Number of abstraction wells Purpose of abstraction Drinking water supply and melioration purpose

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Parameter unit Value Annual groundwater abstraction [m³/a] - Main recharge source Precipitation, river Annual precipitation Min–Max, Mean 900-1100 [mm] Associated aquatic ecosystems River Associated terrestrial ecosystems wetland GW level trend - Prevailing human pressures Agriculture pollution Land use [%] Artificial surfaces-1%; Agricultural land- 20%; Forests and semi-natural areas-79% GWB chemical status GWB quantitative status Confidence level of information High GWB chemical trend -

Table 29. Groundwater body of aquifer the Upper Jurassic

Parameter unit Value GWB code GKI0021 GWB name AlUpIu GWB area [km²] 21 GWB thickness Min–Max, Mean 300-1800 [m] GWB type Fractured- Shalow and deep GWB Carstic Individual GWB or group of GWBs type group

Transboundary yes GWB horizon 1 Depth to GW level [m] -(2-3) Average annual fluctuation of GW level [m] +/-2 Aquifer type (predominantly) karstic groundwater Aquifer – Pressure situation unconfined / Aquifer – Petrography, lithological description limestone, sandy marls, Aquifer – Geological age Mesozoic /up Jurassic Aquifer – Geochemistry (main cations and hydro-carbonate calcareous /chloride/calcium/ magnesium; anions) calcium M-0.6g/l; Overlying layers – Petrography pebbles, gravel with clay interlayers Overlying layers – Average thickness [m] 2-3

Impermeable overlying layers no Impermeable overlying layers – Average [%] 15 coverage Hydraulic conductivity (kf) Min–Max, Mean [m/s] Transmissivity (T) [m²/s] 0.002 m²/s; 160 m2/d

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Parameter unit Value Mean residence time of groundwater Mean [a] - Number of chemical monitoring sites Number of quantitative monitoring sites Number of abstraction wells 20springs and 15 boreholes Purpose of abstraction Drinking water Drinking water supply and melioration supply purpose Annual groundwater abstraction [m³/a] - Main recharge source Precipitation Precipitation, river Annual precipitation Min–Max, Mean 400-500 [mm] Associated aquatic ecosystems yes River Associated terrestrial ecosystems no wetland GW level trend - Prevailing human pressures Agriculture pollution Land use [%] Artificial surfaces-1%; Agricultural land- 79%; Forests and semi-natural areas-20% GWB chemical status Good GWB quantitative status Good Confidence level of information High GWB chemical trend -

Table 30. Groundwater body of the Middle and Lower Jurassic

Parameter unit Value GWB code GFA0022 GWB name AlMIu GWB area [km²] 558 GWB thickness Min–Max, Mean 1200-2000 [m] GWB type Shallow and deep GWB Individual GWB or group of GWBs group Transboundary yes GWB horizon 2 Depth to GW level [m] +2-(+3) Average annual fluctuation of GW level [m] +-0.5 Aquifer type (predominantly) fractured groundwater Aquifer – Pressure situation unconfined- confined Aquifer – Petrography, lithological description clayey-slate and sandstone deposits Aquifer – Geological age Mesozoic /middle and lower Jurassic Aquifer – Geochemistry (main cations and hydro-carbonate bycarbonate /calcium/ /magnesium anions) calcium- M-0.1-0.6 g/l magnesium

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Parameter unit Value Overlying layers – Petrography Boulders, sand/ gravel with clay pebbles, clay interlayers Overlying layers – Average thickness [m] 10-15

Impermeable overlying layers no Impermeable overlying layers – Average [%] 40 coverage Hydraulic conductivity (kf) Min–Max, Mean 0.0002 m/s; 5-14 m/d [m/s] Transmissivity (T) Mean [m²/s] 0.002 [m²/s] 30-110 m2/day Mean residence time of groundwater Mean [a] - Number of chemical monitoring sites - Number of quantitative monitoring sites - Number of abstraction wells - Purpose of abstraction Drinking water supply and melioration purpose Annual groundwater abstraction [m³/a] - Main recharge source Precipitation, river Annual precipitation Min–Max, Mean 900-1200 [mm] Associated aquatic ecosystems yes River Associated terrestrial ecosystems no wetland GW level trend Natural - fluctuation Prevailing human pressures Agriculture pollution Land use [%] Artificial surfaces-1%; Agricultural land- 9%; Forests and semi-natural areas-90% GWB chemical status Good GWB quantitative status Good Confidence level of information High High GWB chemical trend -

Table 31. Groundwater body of the Upper, Middle and Lower Leyas

Parameter unit Value GWB code GFA0023 GWB name AlLey

GWB area [km²] 2160 GWB thickness Min–Max, Mean 2200-3500 [m] GWB type Shallow and deep GWB Individual GWB or group of GWBs group Transboundary yes GWB horizon 1

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Parameter unit Value Depth to GW level [m] -1-3) Average annual fluctuation of GW level [m] 0.5 Aquifer type (predominantly) fractured groundwater Aquifer – Pressure situation unconfined- confined Aquifer – Petrography, lithological description sandstone-shale suite Aquifer – Geological age Mesozoic / lower Jurassic Aquifer – Geochemistry (main cations and hydrocarbonate-sodium-calcium- anions) magnesium M-0.4-6 g/l Overlying layers – Petrography sand/ gravel with clay Overlying layers – Average thickness [m] 1-5

Impermeable overlying layers no Impermeable overlying layers – Average [%] 10 coverage Hydraulic conductivity (kf) Min–Max, Mean [m/s] Transmissivity (T) Mean [m²/s] Mean residence time of groundwater Mean [a] - Number of chemical monitoring sites - Number of quantitative monitoring sites - Number of abstraction wells - Purpose of abstraction Annual groundwater abstraction [m³/a] - Main recharge source Precipitation, river Annual precipitation Min–Max, Mean 1000-1800 [mm] Associated aquatic ecosystems yes River Associated terrestrial ecosystems no wetland GW level trend Natural - fluctuation Prevailing human pressures Land use [%] Agricultural land-13%;Forests and semi- natural areas-85%; Wetlands-1%; Water bodies-1% GWB chemical status Good GWB quantitative status Good Confidence level of information High GWB chemical trend -

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8.3 ANNEX 3 List of groundwater monitoring sites in the Alazani-Iori River Basin District

Figure 5. Overview map of monitoring station

Table 32. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well Kalauri, MST_1

Identification unit Value Monitoring site code MST-1 Monitoring site name Kalauri Monitoring site principle type Well Location GWB code GPA0006 GWB name AlaGur Administrative unit code Gurjaani municipality Protection zone No Coordinate system Coordinate system – x coordinates 555026 Coordinate system – y coordinates 4631985

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Identification unit Value Elevation of reference point above sea level Access description Village road Sketch of the access route Location plan / site plan Owner Name of owner Municipality Street of owner Post code and city of owner Phone number of owner Email of owner Contact person Name of contact person Street of contact person Post code and city of contact person Phone number of contact person Email of contact person Life time cycle Information entered / updated by N. Qitiashvili Date of collection of information Start of monitoring [MM.YYYY] 10.10.2013 End of monitoring [MM.YYYY] Replacement of which site Replaced by which site Status of monitoring site Site monitored Reason for closing Type of chemical monitoring Operational monitoring Significant changes Technical specification of monitoring site Drilling profile available Middle sized pebble-boulder, sandy gravel filler Drilling profile of the well Development plan available Development plan of the well Pressure type of groundwater Artesianconfined Material of capture Concrete Material of pipes Iron Characterisation of monitoring site Use of the monitoring site Private drinking water supply Purpose of monitoring site Water abstraction Sub type of monitoring site Artesian Remark to other type of monitoring site Construction year

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Identification unit Value Diameter of well Sampling method Overflow Distance between abstraction and sampling 0 Sampling depth On the surface Frequency of water abstraction Permanent Springs (further information) Spring recharge area identified Size of spring recharge area [km²] Average elevation of spring recharge area [m a.s.l.] above sea level Average residence time [a] Precipitation monitoring Pressure situation Influence by industry and manufacturing Influence by old deposits / brownfield Influence by waste deposits Influence by transportation network Influence by sewer treatment and percolation Influence by oil and gas enterprises Influence by agriculture agricultures Other influences Monitoring Monitoring of quantity Water level, Monitoring frequency of quantity Regular Monitoring of chemistry Conductivity, temperature, mineralisation, pH Monitoring frequency of chemistry 6 months Monitoring of drinking water quality

Table 33. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well Zegaani, MST_2

Identification unit Value Monitoring site code MST-2 Monitoring site name Zegaani Monitoring site principle type Well Location GWB code GPA0006 GWB name AlaGur Administrative unit code Gurjaani municipality Protection zone No Coordinate system Coordinate system – x coordinates 555026 Coordinate system – y coordinates 4631985

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Identification unit Value Elevation of reference point above sea level Access description Village road Sketch of the access route Location plan / site plan Owner Name of owner Municipality Street of owner Post code and city of owner Phone number of owner Email of owner Contact person Name of contact person Street of contact person Post code and city of contact person Phone number of contact person Email of contact person Life time cycle Information entered / updated by N. Qitiashvili Date of collection of information Start of monitoring [MM.YYYY] 15.10.2013 End of monitoring [MM.YYYY] Replacement of which site Replaced by which site Status of monitoring site Site monitored Reason for closing Type of chemical monitoring Operational monitoring Significant changes Technical specification of monitoring site Drilling profile available Middle sized pebble-boulder, sandy gravel filler Drilling profile of the well Development plan available Development plan of the well Pressure type of groundwater Artesianconfined Material of capture Concrete Material of pipes Iron Characterisation of monitoring site Use of the monitoring site Private drinking water supply Purpose of monitoring site Water abstraction Sub type of monitoring site Artesian Remark to other type of monitoring site Construction year

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Table 34. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well Sanavardo, MST_3

Identification unit Value Monitoring site code MST-3 Monitoring site name Sanavardo Monitoring site principle type Well Location GWB code GPA0003 GWB name AlaKva Administrative unit code Kvareli municipality Protection zone No Coordinate system Coordinate system – x coordinates 568205 Coordinate system – y coordinates 4637862

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Identification unit Value Elevation of reference point above sea level Access description Village road Sketch of the access route Location plan / site plan Owner Name of owner Municipality Street of owner Post code and city of owner Phone number of owner Email of owner Contact person Name of contact person Street of contact person Post code and city of contact person Phone number of contact person Email of contact person Life time cycle Information entered / updated by N. Qitiashvili Date of collection of information Start of monitoring [MM.YYYY] 15.10.2013 End of monitoring [MM.YYYY] Replacement of which site Replaced by which site Status of monitoring site Site monitored Reason for closing Type of chemical monitoring Operational monitoring Significant changes Technical specification of monitoring site Drilling profile available Pebble with sandy filler Drilling profile of the well Development plan available Development plan of the well Pressure type of groundwater Artesianconfined Material of capture Concrete Material of pipes Iron Characterisation of monitoring site Use of the monitoring site Private drinking water supply Purpose of monitoring site Water abstraction Sub type of monitoring site Artesian Remark to other type of monitoring site Construction year

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Table 35. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well Pichkhis Bogiri, MST_4a

Identification unit Value Monitoring site code MST-4a Monitoring site name Pichkhis Bogiri Monitoring site principle type Well Location GWB code GPA0003 GWB name AlaKva Administrative unit code Lagodekhi municipality Protection zone No Coordinate system Coordinate system – x coordinates 588504 Coordinate system – y coordinates 4632038

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Identification unit Value Elevation of reference point above sea level Access description Village road Sketch of the access route Location plan / site plan Owner Name of owner Municipality Street of owner Post code and city of owner Phone number of owner Email of owner Contact person Name of contact person Street of contact person Post code and city of contact person Phone number of contact person Email of contact person Life time cycle Information entered / updated by N. Qitiashvili Date of collection of information Start of monitoring [MM.YYYY] 02.11.2013 End of monitoring [MM.YYYY] Replacement of which site Replaced by which site Status of monitoring site Site monitored Reason for closing Type of chemical monitoring Operational monitoring Significant changes Technical specification of monitoring site Drilling profile available Sandy-gravel with pebble Drilling profile of the well Development plan available Development plan of the well Pressure type of groundwater Artesianconfined Material of capture Concrete Material of pipes Iron Characterisation of monitoring site Use of the monitoring site Private drinking water supply Purpose of monitoring site Water abstraction Sub type of monitoring site Artesian Remark to other type of monitoring site Construction year

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Identification unit Value Diameter of well Sampling method Overflow Distance between abstraction and sampling 0 Sampling depth On the surface Frequency of water abstraction Permanent Springs (further information) Spring recharge area identified Size of spring recharge area [km²] Average elevation of spring recharge area [m a.s.l.] above sea level 0Average residence time [a] Precipitation monitoring Pressure situation Influence by industry and manufacturing Influence by old deposits / brownfield Influence by waste deposits Influence by transportation network Influence by sewer treatment and percolation Influence by oil and gas enterprises Influence by agriculture agricultures Other influences Monitoring Monitoring of quantity Water level, Monitoring frequency of quantity Regular Monitoring of chemistry Conductivity, temperature, mineralisation, pH Monitoring frequency of chemistry 6 months Monitoring of drinking water quality

Table 36. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well -Pichkhis Bogiri, MST_4b

Identification unit Value Monitoring site code MST-4b Monitoring site name Pichkhis Bogiri Monitoring site principle type Well Location GWB code GPA0003 GWB name AlaKva Administrative unit code Lagodekhi municipality Protection zone No Coordinate system Coordinate system – x coordinates 588508 Coordinate system – y coordinates 4632033

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Identification unit Value Elevation of reference point above sea level Access description Village road Sketch of the access route Location plan / site plan Owner Name of owner Municipality Street of owner Post code and city of owner Phone number of owner Email of owner Contact person Name of contact person Street of contact person Post code and city of contact person Phone number of contact person Email of contact person Life time cycle Information entered / updated by N. Qitiashvili Date of collection of information Start of monitoring [MM.YYYY] 02.11.2013 End of monitoring [MM.YYYY] Replacement of which site Replaced by which site Status of monitoring site Site monitored Reason for closing Type of chemical monitoring Operational monitoring Significant changes Technical specification of monitoring site Drilling profile available Sandy-gravel with pebble Drilling profile of the well Development plan available Development plan of the well Pressure type of groundwater Artesianconfined Material of capture Concrete Material of pipes Iron Characterisation of monitoring site Use of the monitoring site Private drinking water supply Purpose of monitoring site Water abstraction Sub type of monitoring site Artesian Remark to other type of monitoring site Construction year

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Table 37. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well Pichkhis Bogiri, MST_4

Identification unit Value Monitoring site code MST-4 Monitoring site name Pichkhis Bogiri Monitoring site principle type Well Location GWB code GPA0003 GWB name AlaKva Administrative unit code Lagodekhi municipality Protection zone No Coordinate system Coordinate system – x coordinates 588515 Coordinate system – y coordinates 4632032

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Identification unit Value Elevation of reference point above sea level Access description Village road Sketch of the access route Location plan / site plan Owner Name of owner Municipality Street of owner Post code and city of owner Phone number of owner Email of owner Contact person Name of contact person Street of contact person Post code and city of contact person Phone number of contact person Email of contact person Life time cycle Information entered / updated by N. Qitiashvili Date of collection of information Start of monitoring [MM.YYYY] 02.11.2013 End of monitoring [MM.YYYY] Replacement of which site Replaced by which site Status of monitoring site Site monitored Reason for closing Type of chemical monitoring Operational monitoring Significant changes Technical specification of monitoring site Drilling profile available Pebbles with sand filler Drilling profile of the well Development plan available Development plan of the well Pressure type of groundwater Artesianconfined Material of capture Concrete Material of pipes Iron Characterisation of monitoring site Use of the monitoring site Private drinking water supply Purpose of monitoring site Water abstraction Sub type of monitoring site Artesian Remark to other type of monitoring site Construction year

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Table 38. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well -Kurdgelauri, MST_5

Identification unit Value Monitoring site code MST-5 Monitoring site name Kurdgelauri Monitoring site principle type Well Location GWB code GPA0005 GWB name AlaTel Administrative unit code Telavi municipality Protection zone no Coordinate system WGS84 Coordinate system – x coordinates 542010 Coordinate system – y coordinates 4641321

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Identification unit Value Elevation of reference point above sea level 591.77 Access description Village road Sketch of the access route Location plan / site plan Owner Name of owner Municipality Street of owner Post code and city of owner Phone number of owner Email of owner Contact person Name of contact person Street of contact person Post code and city of contact person Phone number of contact person Email of contact person Life time cycle Information entered / updated by N. Qitiashvili Date of collection of information 01.01.2018 Start of monitoring [MM.YYYY] 25.03.2015 End of monitoring [MM.YYYY] Replacement of which site Replaced by which site Status of monitoring site Site monitored Reason for closing Type of chemical monitoring Operational monitoring Significant changes Technical specification of monitoring site Drilling profile available Bolder-pebbles with sandy clay filler Drilling profile of the well Development plan available Depth 275, Development plan of the well Pressure type of groundwater Artesian confined Material of capture Concrete Material of pipes Iron Characterisation of monitoring site Use of the monitoring site Private drinking water supply Purpose of monitoring site Water abstraction Sub type of monitoring site artesian Remark to other type of monitoring site Construction year 1962

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Identification unit Value Diameter of well 212 Sampling method overflow Distance between abstraction and sampling 0 Sampling depth On the surface Frequency of water abstraction permanent Springs (further information) Spring recharge area identified Size of spring recharge area [km²] Average elevation of spring recharge area [m a.s.l.] above sea level Average residence time [a] Precipitation monitoring Pressure situation Influence by industry and manufacturing Influence by old deposits / brownfield Influence by waste deposits Influence by transportation network Influence by sewer treatment and percolation Influence by oil and gas enterprises Influence by agriculture agricultures Other influences Monitoring Monitoring of quantity Water level, Monitoring frequency of quantity Regular Monitoring of chemistry Conductivity, temperature, mineralisation, pH Monitoring frequency of chemistry 6 months Monitoring of drinking water quality

Table 39. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well, Qindzmarauli MST_9

Identification unit Value Monitoring site code MST-9 Monitoring site name Qindzmaraul Monitoring site principle type Well Location GWB code GPA0003 GWB name AlaKva Administrative unit code Kvareli municipality Protection zone No Coordinate system WGS84 Coordinate system – x coordinates 564120 Coordinate system – y coordinates 4641296

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Identification unit Value Elevation of reference point above sea level Access description Village road Sketch of the access route Location plan / site plan Owner Name of owner Municipality Street of owner Post code and city of owner Phone number of owner Email of owner Contact person Name of contact person Street of contact person Post code and city of contact person Phone number of contact person Email of contact person Life time cycle Information entered / updated by N. Qitiashvili Date of collection of information Start of monitoring [MM.YYYY] 27.03.2015 End of monitoring [MM.YYYY] Replacement of which site Replaced by which site Status of monitoring site Site monitored Reason for closing Type of chemical monitoring Operational monitoring Significant changes Technical specification of monitoring site Drilling profile available Gravel and pebbles Drilling profile of the well Development plan available Depth 40 m Development plan of the well Pressure type of groundwater Artesian confined Material of capture Concrete Material of pipes Iron Characterisation of monitoring site Use of the monitoring site Private drinking water supply Purpose of monitoring site Water abstraction Sub type of monitoring site Artesian Remark to other type of monitoring site Construction year

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Identification unit Value Diameter of well Sampling method Overflow Distance between abstraction and sampling 0 Sampling depth On the surface Frequency of water abstraction permanent Springs (further information) Spring recharge area identified Size of spring recharge area [km²] Average elevation of spring recharge area [m a.s.l.] above sea level Average residence time [a] Precipitation monitoring Pressure situation Influence by industry and manufacturing Influence by old deposits / brownfield Influence by waste deposits Influence by transportation network Influence by sewer treatment and percolation Influence by oil and gas enterprises Influence by agriculture agricultures Other influences Monitoring Monitoring of quantity Water level, Monitoring frequency of quantity Regular Monitoring of chemistry Conductivity, temperature, mineralisation, pH Monitoring frequency of chemistry 6 months Monitoring of drinking water quality

Table 40. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well Kuchatani-koordinatebi, MST_10

Identification unit Value Monitoring site code MST_10 Monitoring site name Kuchatani Monitoring site principle type Well Location GWB code GPA0005 GWB name AlaTel Administrative unit code municipality Protection zone no Coordinate system WGS84 Coordinate system – x coordinates 569473 Coordinate system – y coordinates 4637754

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Identification unit Value Elevation of reference point above sea level Access description Village road Sketch of the access route Location plan / site plan Owner Name of owner Municipality Street of owner Post code and city of owner Phone number of owner Email of owner Contact person Name of contact person Street of contact person Post code and city of contact person Phone number of contact person Email of contact person Life time cycle Information entered / updated by N. Qitiashvili Date of collection of information 01.01.2018 Start of monitoring [MM.YYYY] 28.03.2015 End of monitoring [MM.YYYY] Replacement of which site Replaced by which site Status of monitoring site Site monitored Reason for closing Type of chemical monitoring Operational monitoring Significant changes Technical specification of monitoring site Drilling profile available boulders, pebbles Drilling profile of the well Depth - 70 Development plan available Screen 85-103; 201-202; Development plan of the well Picture 3 Pressure type of groundwater Artesian confined Material of capture Concrete Material of pipes Iron Characterisation of monitoring site Use of the monitoring site Private drinking water supply Purpose of monitoring site Water abstraction Sub type of monitoring site artesian Remark to other type of monitoring site

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Identification unit Value Construction year 1962 Diameter of well 212 Sampling method overflow Distance between abstraction and sampling 0 Sampling depth On the surface Frequency of water abstraction permanent Springs (further information) Spring recharge area identified Size of spring recharge area [km²] Average elevation of spring recharge area [m a.s.l.] above sea level Average residence time [a] Precipitation monitoring Pressure situation Influence by industry and manufacturing Influence by old deposits / brownfield Influence by waste deposits Influence by transportation network Influence by sewer treatment and percolation Influence by oil and gas enterprises Influence by agriculture Intensive cultures Other influences Monitoring Monitoring of quantity Water level, Monitoring frequency of quantity Regular Monitoring of chemistry Conductivity, temperature, mineralisation, pH Monitoring frequency of chemistry Regular Monitoring of drinking water quality

Table 41. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well Kurdgelauri, MST_11

Identification unit Value Monitoring site code MST-11 Monitoring site name Kurdgelauri Monitoring site principle type Well Location GWB code GPA0005 GWB name AlaTel Administrative unit code Telavi municipality Protection zone No Coordinate system Coordinate system – x coordinates 541501

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Identification unit Value Coordinate system – y coordinates 4642301 Elevation of reference point above sea level Access description Village road Sketch of the access route Location plan / site plan Owner Name of owner Municipality Street of owner Post code and city of owner Phone number of owner Email of owner Contact person Name of contact person Street of contact person Post code and city of contact person Phone number of contact person Email of contact person Life time cycle Information entered / updated by N. Qitiashvili Date of collection of information Start of monitoring [MM.YYYY] 29.03.2015 End of monitoring [MM.YYYY] Replacement of which site Replaced by which site Status of monitoring site Site monitored Reason for closing Type of chemical monitoring Operational monitoring Significant changes Technical specification of monitoring site Drilling profile available Pebbles with gravel and sand Drilling profile of the well Development plan available Depth 100 m Development plan of the well Pressure type of groundwater Artesian confined Material of capture Concrete Material of pipes Iron Characterisation of monitoring site Use of the monitoring site Private drinking water supply Purpose of monitoring site Water abstraction Sub type of monitoring site Artesian Remark to other type of monitoring site

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Identification unit Value Construction year Diameter of well Sampling method Overflow Distance between abstraction and sampling 0 Sampling depth On the surface Frequency of water abstraction Permanent Springs (further information) Spring recharge area identified Size of spring recharge area [km²] Average elevation of spring recharge area [m a.s.l.] above sea level Average residence time [a] Precipitation monitoring Pressure situation Influence by industry and manufacturing Influence by old deposits / brownfield Influence by waste deposits Influence by transportation network Influence by sewer treatment and percolation Influence by oil and gas enterprises Influence by agriculture agricultures Other influences Monitoring Monitoring of quantity Water level, Monitoring frequency of quantity Regular Monitoring of chemistry Conductivity, temperature, mineralisation, pH Monitoring frequency of chemistry 6 months Monitoring of drinking water quality

Table 42. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well Gurjaani, MST_13

Identification unit Value Monitoring site code MST-13 Monitoring site name Gurjaai Monitoring site principle type Well Location GWB code GPA0006 GWB name AlaGur Administrative unit code Gurjaani municipality Protection zone No Coordinate system Coordinate system – x coordinates 567006

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Identification unit Value Coordinate system – y coordinates 4621953 Elevation of reference point above sea level Access description Village road Sketch of the access route Location plan / site plan Owner Name of owner Municipality Street of owner Post code and city of owner Phone number of owner Email of owner Contact person Name of contact person Street of contact person Post code and city of contact person Phone number of contact person Email of contact person Life time cycle Information entered / updated by N. Qitiashvili Date of collection of information Start of monitoring [MM.YYYY] 29.03.2015 End of monitoring [MM.YYYY] Replacement of which site Replaced by which site Status of monitoring site Site monitored Reason for closing Type of chemical monitoring Operational monitoring Significant changes Technical specification of monitoring site Drilling profile available Sands, pebbles, conglomerates, with sandy clay filer Drilling profile of the well Development plan available Depth 220 m Development plan of the well Pressure type of groundwater Artesianconfined Material of capture Concrete Material of pipes Iron Characterisation of monitoring site Use of the monitoring site Private drinking water supply Purpose of monitoring site Water abstraction Sub type of monitoring site Artesian

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Identification unit Value Remark to other type of monitoring site Construction year Diameter of well Sampling method Overflow Distance between abstraction and sampling 0 Sampling depth On the surface Frequency of water abstraction Permanent Springs (further information) Spring recharge area identified Size of spring recharge area [km²] Average elevation of spring recharge area [m a.s.l.] above sea level Average residence time [a] Precipitation monitoring Pressure situation Influence by industry and manufacturing Influence by old deposits / brownfield Influence by waste deposits Influence by transportation network Influence by sewer treatment and percolation Influence by oil and gas enterprises Influence by agriculture agricultures Other influences Monitoring Monitoring of quantity Water level, Monitoring frequency of quantity Regular Monitoring of chemistry Conductivity, temperature, mineralisation, pH Monitoring frequency of chemistry 6 months Monitoring of drinking water quality

Table 43. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well Chikaani, MST_15

Identification unit Value Monitoring site code MST_15 Monitoring site name Chikaani Monitoring site principle type Well Location GWB code GPA0003 GWB name AlaKva Administrative unit code Kvareli municipality Protection zone no Coordinate system WGS84

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Identification unit Value Coordinate system – x coordinates 574620 Coordinate system – y coordinates 4636126 Elevation of reference point above sea level Access description Village road Sketch of the access route Location plan / site plan Owner Name of owner Municipality Street of owner Post code and city of owner Phone number of owner Email of owner Contact person Name of contact person Street of contact person Post code and city of contact person Phone number of contact person Email of contact person Life time cycle Information entered / updated by N. Qitiashvili Date of collection of information 01.2018 Start of monitoring [MM.YYYY] 03.201 End of monitoring [MM.YYYY] Replacement of which site Replaced by which site Status of monitoring site Site monitored Reason for closing Type of chemical monitoring Operational monitoring Significant changes Technical specification of monitoring site Drilling profile available Proluvial-aluvial Sands, pebbles, clays Drilling profile of the well Development plan available Development plan of the well Pressure type of groundwater Artesian confined Material of capture Concrete Material of pipes Iron Characterisation of monitoring site Use of the monitoring site Private drinking water supply Purpose of monitoring site Water abstraction Sub type of monitoring site artesian

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Identification unit Value Remark to other type of monitoring site Construction year Diameter of well Sampling method Distance between abstraction and sampling Sampling depth Frequency of water abstraction Springs (further information) Spring recharge area identified Size of spring recharge area [km²] Average elevation of spring recharge area [m a.s.l.] above sea level Average residence time [a] Precipitation monitoring Pressure situation Influence by industry and manufacturing Influence by old deposits / brownfield Influence by waste deposits Influence by transportation network Influence by sewer treatment and percolation Influence by oil and gas enterprises Influence by agriculture agriculture Other influences Monitoring Monitoring of quantity Water level, Monitoring frequency of quantity Regular Monitoring of chemistry Conductivity, temperature, mineralisation, pH Monitoring frequency of chemistry 6 months Monitoring of drinking water quality

Table 44. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well Heretiskari, MST_17

Identification unit Value Monitoring site code MST_17 Monitoring site name Heretiskari Monitoring site principle type Well Location GWB code GPA0003 GWB name AlaKva Administrative unit code municipality Protection zone no Coordinate system WGS84

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Identification unit Value Coordinate system – x coordinates 591005 Coordinate system – y coordinates 4617426 Elevation of reference point above sea level Access description Village road Sketch of the access route Location plan / site plan Owner Name of owner Municipality Street of owner Post code and city of owner Phone number of owner Email of owner Contact person Name of contact person Street of contact person Post code and city of contact person Phone number of contact person Email of contact person Life time cycle Information entered / updated by N. Qitiashvili Date of collection of information 01.2018 Start of monitoring [MM.YYYY] 03.2016 End of monitoring [MM.YYYY] Replacement of which site Replaced by which site Status of monitoring site Reason for closing Type of chemical monitoring Significant changes Technical specification of monitoring site Drilling profile available Proluvial-aluvial Sands, pebbles, clays Drilling profile of the well Development plan available Development plan of the well Pressure type of groundwater Artesian confined Material of capture Concrete Material of pipes Iron Characterisation of monitoring site Use of the monitoring site Private drinking water supply Purpose of monitoring site Water abstraction Sub type of monitoring site artesian

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Table 45. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well Gediqi, MST_18

Identification unit Value Monitoring site code MST-18 Monitoring site name Gediqi Monitoring site principle type Well Location GWB code GKI0021 GWB name AlMIu Administrative unit code Dedoplitskaro municipality Protection zone No Coordinate system

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Identification unit Value Coordinate system – x coordinates 582503 Coordinate system – y coordinates 4597468 Elevation of reference point above sea level Access description Village road Sketch of the access route Location plan / site plan Owner Name of owner Municipality Street of owner Post code and city of owner Phone number of owner Email of owner Contact person Name of contact person Street of contact person Post code and city of contact person Phone number of contact person Email of contact person Life time cycle Information entered / updated by N. Qitiashvili Date of collection of information Start of monitoring [MM.YYYY] 06.03.2015 End of monitoring [MM.YYYY] Replacement of which site Replaced by which site Status of monitoring site Site monitored Reason for closing Type of chemical monitoring Operational monitoring Significant changes Technical specification of monitoring site Drilling profile available Sporadically watered complex, conglomerates, clays and pebbles Drilling profile of the well Development plan available Depth 250 m Development plan of the well Pressure type of groundwater Artesianconfined Material of capture Concrete Material of pipes Iron Characterisation of monitoring site Use of the monitoring site Private drinking water supply Purpose of monitoring site Water abstraction

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Identification unit Value Sub type of monitoring site Artesian Remark to other type of monitoring site Construction year Diameter of well Sampling method Overflow Distance between abstraction and sampling 0 Sampling depth On the surface Frequency of water abstraction Permanent Springs (further information) Spring recharge area identified Size of spring recharge area [km²] Average elevation of spring recharge area [m a.s.l.] above sea level Average residence time [a] Precipitation monitoring Pressure situation Influence by industry and manufacturing Influence by old deposits / brownfield Influence by waste deposits Influence by transportation network Influence by sewer treatment and percolation Influence by oil and gas enterprises Influence by agriculture agricultures Other influences Monitoring Monitoring of quantity Water level, Monitoring frequency of quantity Regular Monitoring of chemistry Conductivity, temperature, mineralisation, pH Monitoring frequency of chemistry 6 months Monitoring of drinking water quality

Table 46. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well /-MST_19-Gamarjveba

Identification unit Value Monitoring site code MST-19 Monitoring site name Gamarjveba Monitoring site principle type Well Location GWB code GKI0021 GWB name AlUpIu Administrative unit code Dedoplitskaro municipality Protection zone No

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Identification unit Value Coordinate system Coordinate system – x coordinates 582866 Coordinate system – y coordinates 4592970 Elevation of reference point above sea level Access description Village road Sketch of the access route Location plan / site plan Owner Name of owner Municipality Street of owner Post code and city of owner Phone number of owner Email of owner Contact person Name of contact person Street of contact person Post code and city of contact person Phone number of contact person Email of contact person Life time cycle Information entered / updated by N. Qitiashvili Date of collection of information Start of monitoring [MM.YYYY] 06.03.2015 End of monitoring [MM.YYYY] Replacement of which site Replaced by which site Status of monitoring site Site monitored Reason for closing Type of chemical monitoring Operational monitoring Significant changes Technical specification of monitoring site Drilling profile available Sporadically watered complex, conglomerates, clays and pebbles Drilling profile of the well Development plan available Depth 190 m Development plan of the well Pressure type of groundwater Artesianconfined Material of capture Concrete Material of pipes Iron Characterisation of monitoring site Use of the monitoring site Private drinking water supply

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Identification unit Value Purpose of monitoring site Water abstraction Sub type of monitoring site Artesian Remark to other type of monitoring site Construction year Diameter of well Sampling method Overflow Distance between abstraction and sampling 0 Sampling depth On the surface Frequency of water abstraction Permanent Springs (further information) Spring recharge area identified Size of spring recharge area [km²] Average elevation of spring recharge area [m a.s.l.] above sea level Average residence time [a] Precipitation monitoring Pressure situation Influence by industry and manufacturing Influence by old deposits / brownfield Influence by waste deposits Influence by transportation network Influence by sewer treatment and percolation Influence by oil and gas enterprises Influence by agriculture agricultures Other influences Monitoring Monitoring of quantity Water level, Monitoring frequency of quantity Regular Monitoring of chemistry Conductivity, temperature, mineralisation, pH Monitoring frequency of chemistry 6 months Monitoring of drinking water quality

Table 47. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well -MST_30-Gurjaani

Identification unit Value Monitoring site code MST-30 Monitoring site name Gurjaani Monitoring site principle type Well Location GWB code GPA0006 GWB name AlaGur Administrative unit code Gurjaani municipality

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Identification unit Value Protection zone No Coordinate system Coordinate system – x coordinates 566232 Coordinate system – y coordinates 4622860 Elevation of reference point above sea level Access description Village road Sketch of the access route Location plan / site plan Owner Name of owner Municipality Street of owner Post code and city of owner Phone number of owner Email of owner Contact person Name of contact person Street of contact person Post code and city of contact person Phone number of contact person Email of contact person Life time cycle Information entered / updated by N. Qitiashvili Date of collection of information Start of monitoring [MM.YYYY] 16.11.2015 End of monitoring [MM.YYYY] Replacement of which site Replaced by which site Status of monitoring site Site monitored Reason for closing Type of chemical monitoring Operational monitoring Significant changes Technical specification of monitoring site Drilling profile available Sandstones, argillites, rarely limestones and loam with sandy pebble filler Drilling profile of the well Development plan available Development plan of the well Pressure type of groundwater Artesianconfined Material of capture Concrete Material of pipes Iron Characterisation of monitoring site

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Identification unit Value Use of the monitoring site Private drinking water supply Purpose of monitoring site Water abstraction Sub type of monitoring site Artesian Remark to other type of monitoring site Construction year Diameter of well Sampling method Overflow Distance between abstraction and sampling 0 Sampling depth On the surface Frequency of water abstraction Permanent Springs (further information) Spring recharge area identified Size of spring recharge area [km²] Average elevation of spring recharge area [m a.s.l.] above sea level Average residence time [a] Precipitation monitoring Pressure situation Influence by industry and manufacturing Influence by old deposits / brownfield Influence by waste deposits Influence by transportation network Influence by sewer treatment and percolation Influence by oil and gas enterprises Influence by agriculture Agricultures Other influences Monitoring Monitoring of quantity Water level, Monitoring frequency of quantity Regular Monitoring of chemistry Conductivity, temperature, mineralisation, pH Monitoring frequency of chemistry 6 months Monitoring of drinking water quality

Table 48. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well-MST_31Vachnadzianti

Identification unit Value Monitoring site code MST-31 Monitoring site name Vachnadzianti Monitoring site principle type Well Location GWB code GPA0006 GWB name AlaGur

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Identification unit Value Administrative unit code Gurjaani municipality Protection zone No Coordinate system Coordinate system – x coordinates 553739 Coordinate system – y coordinates 4633738 Elevation of reference point above sea level Access description Village road Sketch of the access route Location plan / site plan Owner Name of owner Municipality Street of owner Post code and city of owner Phone number of owner Email of owner Contact person Name of contact person Street of contact person Post code and city of contact person Phone number of contact person Email of contact person Life time cycle Information entered / updated by N. Qitiashvili Date of collection of information Start of monitoring [MM.YYYY] 16.11.2015 End of monitoring [MM.YYYY] Replacement of which site Replaced by which site Status of monitoring site Site monitored Reason for closing Type of chemical monitoring Operational monitoring Significant changes Technical specification of monitoring site Drilling profile available Sandy, gravel, pebbles, boulders, fractured conglomerates Drilling profile of the well Development plan available Development plan of the well Pressure type of groundwater Artesianconfined Material of capture Concrete Material of pipes Iron

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Identification unit Value Characterisation of monitoring site Use of the monitoring site Private drinking water supply Purpose of monitoring site Water abstraction Sub type of monitoring site Artesian Remark to other type of monitoring site Construction year Diameter of well Sampling method Overflow Distance between abstraction and sampling 0 Sampling depth On the surface Frequency of water abstraction Permanent Springs (further information) Spring recharge area identified Size of spring recharge area [km²] Average elevation of spring recharge area [m a.s.l.] above sea level Average residence time [a] Precipitation monitoring Pressure situation Influence by industry and manufacturing Influence by old deposits / brownfield Influence by waste deposits Influence by transportation network Influence by sewer treatment and percolation Influence by oil and gas enterprises Influence by agriculture Agricultures Other influences Monitoring Monitoring of quantity Water level, Monitoring frequency of quantity Regular Monitoring of chemistry Conductivity, temperature, mineralisation, pH Monitoring frequency of chemistry 6 months Monitoring of drinking water quality

Table 49. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well-MST_32-Akura

Identification unit Value Monitoring site code MST-32 Monitoring site name Akura Monitoring site principle type Well Location GWB code GPA0005

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Identification unit Value GWB name AlaTel Administrative unit code Telavi municipality Protection zone No Coordinate system Coordinate system – x coordinates 551389 Coordinate system – y coordinates 4634636 Elevation of reference point above sea level Access description Village road Sketch of the access route Location plan / site plan Owner Name of owner Municipality Street of owner Post code and city of owner Phone number of owner Email of owner Contact person Name of contact person Street of contact person Post code and city of contact person Phone number of contact person Email of contact person Life time cycle Information entered / updated by N. Qitiashvili Date of collection of information Start of monitoring [MM.YYYY] 17.11.2015 End of monitoring [MM.YYYY] Replacement of which site Replaced by which site Status of monitoring site Site monitored Reason for closing Type of chemical monitoring Operational monitoring Significant changes Technical specification of monitoring site Drilling profile available Sandy, gravel, pebbles, boulders, fractured conglomerates Drilling profile of the well Development plan available Development plan of the well Pressure type of groundwater Artesianconfined Material of capture Concrete

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Identification unit Value Material of pipes Iron Characterisation of monitoring site Use of the monitoring site Private drinking water supply Purpose of monitoring site Water abstraction Sub type of monitoring site Artesian Remark to other type of monitoring site Construction year Diameter of well Sampling method Overflow Distance between abstraction and sampling 0 Sampling depth On the surface Frequency of water abstraction Permanent Springs (further information) Spring recharge area identified Size of spring recharge area [km²] Average elevation of spring recharge area [m a.s.l.] above sea level Average residence time [a] Precipitation monitoring Pressure situation Influence by industry and manufacturing Influence by old deposits / brownfield Influence by waste deposits Influence by transportation network Influence by sewer treatment and percolation Influence by oil and gas enterprises Influence by agriculture Agricultures Other influences Monitoring Monitoring of quantity Water level, Monitoring frequency of quantity Regular Monitoring of chemistry Conductivity, temperature, mineralisation, pH Monitoring frequency of chemistry 6 months Monitoring of drinking water quality

Table 50. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well- MST-6-Mukuzani

Identification unit Value Monitoring site code MST_6 Monitoring site name Mukuzani Monitoring site principle type Well Location

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Identification unit Value GWB code GPA0006 GWB name AlaGur Administrative unit code municipality Protection zone no Coordinate system WGS84 Coordinate system – x coordinates 560573

Coordinate system – y coordinates 4628153 Elevation of reference point above sea level - Access description Village road Sketch of the access route - Location plan / site plan - Owner Name of owner Municipality Street of owner Post code and city of owner Phone number of owner Email of owner Contact person Name of contact person Street of contact person Post code and city of contact person Phone number of contact person Email of contact person Life time cycle Information entered / updated by N. Qitiashvili Date of collection of information Start of monitoring [MM.YYYY] 25.03.2015 End of monitoring [MM.YYYY] - Replacement of which site Replaced by which site Status of monitoring site Reason for closing Type of chemical monitoring Significant changes Technical specification of monitoring site Drilling profile available Pebbles with gravel Drilling profile of the well Development plan available Development plan of the well Pressure type of groundwater Artesian

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Identification unit Value Material of capture Concrete Material of pipes Iron Characterisation of monitoring site Use of the monitoring site Private drinking water supply Purpose of monitoring site Water abstraction Sub type of monitoring site artesian Remark to other type of monitoring site Construction year Diameter of well Sampling method overflow Distance between abstraction and sampling Sampling depth Frequency of water abstraction permanent Springs (further information) Spring recharge area identified Size of spring recharge area [km²] Average elevation of spring recharge area [m a.s.l.] above sea level Average residence time [a] Precipitation monitoring Pressure situation Influence by industry and manufacturing Influence by old deposits / brownfield Influence by waste deposits Influence by transportation network Influence by sewer treatment and percolation Influence by oil and gas enterprises Influence by agriculture Other influences Monitoring Monitoring of quantity Monitoring frequency of quantity Monitoring of chemistry Monitoring frequency of chemistry Monitoring of drinking water quality

Table 51. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well -MST-7-Shaqriani

Identification unit Value Monitoring site code MST_7 Monitoring site name Shaqriani Monitoring site principle type Well

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Identification unit Value Location GWB code GPA0003 GWB name AlaKva Administrative unit code municipality Protection zone no Coordinate system WGS84 Coordinate system – x coordinates 549190

Coordinate system – y coordinates 4650211 Elevation of reference point above sea level - Access description Village road Sketch of the access route - Location plan / site plan - Owner Name of owner Municipality Street of owner Post code and city of owner Phone number of owner Email of owner Contact person Name of contact person Street of contact person Post code and city of contact person Phone number of contact person Email of contact person Life time cycle Information entered / updated by N. Qitiashvili Date of collection of information Start of monitoring [MM.YYYY] 26.03.2015 End of monitoring [MM.YYYY] Replacement of which site Replaced by which site Status of monitoring site Reason for closing Type of chemical monitoring Significant changes Technical specification of monitoring site Drilling profile available Pebbles with sandy-gravel filler Drilling profile of the well Development plan available Development plan of the well

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Identification unit Value Pressure type of groundwater Artesian confined Material of capture Concrete Material of pipes Iron Characterisation of monitoring site Use of the monitoring site Purpose of monitoring site Water abstraction Sub type of monitoring site artesian Remark to other type of monitoring site Construction year Diameter of well Sampling method overflow Distance between abstraction and sampling Sampling depth Frequency of water abstraction permanent Springs (further information) Spring recharge area identified Size of spring recharge area [km²] Average elevation of spring recharge area [m a.s.l.] above sea level Average residence time [a] Precipitation monitoring Pressure situation Influence by industry and manufacturing Influence by old deposits / brownfield Influence by waste deposits Influence by transportation network Influence by sewer treatment and percolation Influence by oil and gas enterprises Influence by agriculture Other influences Monitoring Monitoring of quantity Monitoring frequency of quantity Monitoring of chemistry Monitoring frequency of chemistry Monitoring of drinking water quality

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Table 52. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well -MST-8-Gremi

Identification unit Value Monitoring site code MST_8 Monitoring site name Gremi Monitoring site principle type Well Location GWB code GPA0003 GWB name AlaKva Administrative unit code municipality Protection zone no Coordinate system WGS84 Coordinate system – x coordinates 548774

Coordinate system – y coordinates 4649438 Elevation of reference point above sea level - Access description Village road Sketch of the access route - Location plan / site plan - Owner Name of owner Municipality Street of owner Post code and city of owner Phone number of owner Email of owner Contact person Name of contact person Street of contact person Post code and city of contact person Phone number of contact person Email of contact person Life time cycle Information entered / updated by N. Qitiashvili

Date of collection of information 01.2018 Start of monitoring [MM.YYYY] 11.2015 End of monitoring [MM.YYYY] - Replacement of which site Replaced by which site Status of monitoring site Reason for closing Type of chemical monitoring

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Identification unit Value Significant changes Technical specification of monitoring site Drilling profile available Boulder-pebbles with clay and sandy filler Drilling profile of the well Development plan available Development plan of the well Pressure type of groundwater Artesian Material of capture Concrete Material of pipes Iron Characterisation of monitoring site Use of the monitoring site Private drinking water supply Purpose of monitoring site Water abstraction Sub type of monitoring site artesian Remark to other type of monitoring site Construction year Diameter of well Sampling method overflow Distance between abstraction and sampling Sampling depth Frequency of water abstraction permanent Springs (further information) Spring recharge area identified Size of spring recharge area [km²] Average elevation of spring recharge area [m a.s.l.] above sea level Average residence time [a] Precipitation monitoring Pressure situation Influence by industry and manufacturing Influence by old deposits / brownfield Influence by waste deposits Influence by transportation network Influence by sewer treatment and percolation agriculture Influence by oil and gas enterprises Influence by agriculture Other influences Monitoring Monitoring of quantity Water level, Monitoring frequency of quantity Regular Monitoring of chemistry Conductivity, temperature, mineralisation, pH Monitoring frequency of chemistry 6 months

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Identification unit Value Monitoring of drinking water quality

Table 53. Characterisation of groundwater monitoring well -MST-14-Vardisubani

Identification unit Value Monitoring site code MST_14 Monitoring site name Vardisubani Monitoring site principle type Well Location GWB code GPA0003 GWB name AlaKva Administrative unit code municipality Protection zone no Coordinate system WGS84 Coordinate system – x coordinates 594702 Coordinate system – y coordinates 4625156 Elevation of reference point above sea level Access description Village road Sketch of the access route Location plan / site plan Owner Name of owner Municipality Street of owner Post code and city of owner Phone number of owner Email of owner Contact person Name of contact person Street of contact person Post code and city of contact person Phone number of contact person Email of contact person Life time cycle Information entered / updated by N. Qitiashvili Date of collection of information Start of monitoring [MM.YYYY] End of monitoring [MM.YYYY] Replacement of which site Replaced by which site Status of monitoring site Site monitored Reason for closing

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Identification unit Value Type of chemical monitoring Operational monitoring Significant changes Technical specification of monitoring site Drilling profile available Gravel, sand Drilling profile of the well Development plan available Development plan of the well Pressure type of groundwater Artesian confined Material of capture Concrete Material of pipes Iron Characterisation of monitoring site Use of the monitoring site Private drinking water supply Purpose of monitoring site Water abstraction Sub type of monitoring site artesian Remark to other type of monitoring site Construction year Diameter of well Sampling method Distance between abstraction and sampling Sampling depth Frequency of water abstraction Springs (further information) Spring recharge area identified Size of spring recharge area [km²] Average elevation of spring recharge area [m a.s.l.] above sea level Average residence time [a] Precipitation monitoring Pressure situation Influence by industry and manufacturing Influence by old deposits / brownfield Influence by waste deposits Influence by transportation network Influence by sewer treatment and percolation Influence by oil and gas enterprises Influence by agriculture Intensive cultures Other influences Monitoring Monitoring of quantity Water level, Monitoring frequency of quantity Regular Monitoring of chemistry Conductivity, temperature, mineralisation, pH

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Identification unit Value Monitoring frequency of chemistry 6 months Monitoring of drinking water quality

8.4 ANNEX 4 Overview of produced GIS layers and datasets

Including full metadata sheets for all maps and data sheets listed above (in English and Georgian lan- guage) Hydrogeologic Map Hydrogeologic Map - whith data sheet (Attribute table) Mineralization Map - whith data sheet (Attribute table) Monitoring wells - whith data sheet (Attribute table) Faults - whith data sheet (Attribute table) Preliminary delineation of groundwater body Grounwater bodies - whith data sheet (Attribute table) Monitoring wells - whith data sheet (Attribute table) Agriculture Pollution Map of Mineral and Thermal Waters Distribution zones of water - whith data sheet (Attribute table) Mineral and thermal waters (wells) - whith data sheet (Attribute table)

8.5 ANNEX 5 Roadmap as implemented

Roadmap of implemented activity including all meetings. In the duration of the project had been processed the grey literature and reports on geological and hydrogeological studies; maps were digitized and the unified according to river basins; all the major aquifer were characterized as well as active hydrochemical and hydrodinamical monitoring stations; based on obtained data were delineated major groundwater bodies and were allocated and evaluated the pressure for them. From the excising the key monitoring stations were selected and also, the prom- ising monitoring wells in future. Also, in duration of the project several workshops, trainings and Skype meeting were organized, in the framework of which the experts of Umweltbundesamt (Austria), Andreas Scheidleder, Christoph Leitner and Franko Daniel Humer, presented and discussed the expected tasks and deliverables under the contract and the applied methodology; Training on the delineation and characterisation of groundwater bodies and the design of monitoring programmes in the Alazani-Iori and Khrami-Debed River Basin Districts of Georgia was provided.

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8.6 ANNEX 6 Chemical monitoring data of national groundwater monitoring data 2018

Use national GW monitoring chemical data Report of the performed hydrogeological preliminary field work under the project „EUWI+“ Manual for Groundwater Survey Georgia

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