Le Paysage Explosé

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Le Paysage Explosé Université de Paris En cotutelle avec l’Université Roma 3 Ecole doctorale Langue, Littérature et Image – ED 131 Laboratoire de Recherches sur les Cultures Anglophones (LARCA), UMR 8225 Le paysage explosé Atlas contemporain des circulations photographiques et médiatiques du paysage. Perspectives américaines, italiennes et françaises Par Chiara Salari Thèse de doctorat en langues et cultures des sociétés anglophones et en paysages de la ville contemporaine (politiques, techniques, études visuelles) Dirigée par François Brunet (†) et Martine Beugnet en codirection avec Enrico Menduni Présentée et soutenue publiquement à l’Université Paris Diderot le 27 septembre 2019 Devant un jury composé de : Madame Martine Beugnet, Professeur, Université Paris Diderot, directrice Monsieur Enrico Menduni, Professeur, Université Roma 3, co-directeur Monsieur Antonio Somaini, Professeur, Université Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3, rapporteur et président Monsieur Jean Kempf, Professeur, Université Lumière Lyon 2, rapporteur Madame Géraldine Chouard, Professeur, Université Paris-Dauphine Le paysage explosé Atlas contemporain des circulations photographiques et médiatiques du paysage. Perspectives américaines, italiennes et françaises Par Chiara Salari Thèse de doctorat en langues et cultures des sociétés anglophones et en paysages de la ville contemporaine (politiques, techniques, études visuelles) Titre : Le Paysage explosé. Atlas contemporain des circulations photographiques et médiatiques du paysage. Perspectives américaines, italiennes et françaises Résumé : Cette recherche explore la transformation du paysage dans la culture visuelle contemporaine, dans une perspective interculturelle entre États-Unis, Italie et France, et sous une acception où l’esthétique dialogue étroitement avec le politique et le social. Contre la thèse dépassée d’une « mort du paysage » comme développée dans les années 1980, et plutôt que d’un seul point de vue artistique ou géographique, le paysage est considéré comme une notion et un objet médiatique en circulation, un moyen pour la création des identités visuelles culturelles et nationales, des imaginaires et des sens des lieux. Un premier axe situe le paysage photographique contemporain dans sa relation à des traditions artistiques et des pratiques cinématographiques euro-américaines, avec les questions sous-jacentes d’intericonicité et de regards croisés. Un second axe examine le rôle de la photographie de paysage contemporaine dans les outils et les stratégies de visualisation et d’aménagement des territoires et des environnements, donc sa fonction documentaire pour des recherches et projets géographiques, architecturaux ou urbanistiques, souvent matérialisés par des expositions. Un troisième axe observe les transformations du paysage au gré de l’évolution des médias numériques. Le « tournant web » permet en effet une nouvelle hybridation entre images artistiques, institutionnelles et amateurs qui circulent toutes sur les mêmes réseaux, et une fracturation de la barrière ontologique entre images fixes et mobiles. La géolocalisation, l’articulation des images à des systèmes d’information géographique et la miniaturisation des dispositifs mobiles contribuent à la constitution d’un nouveau système scopique qui ne respecte plus les conventions visuelles de la « vue » paysagère traditionnelle et de la perspective centrale. Mots clefs : Paysage, photographie, cinéma, atlas, contemporain, circulation, interculturalité, intericonicité, intermédialité, numérique Title : The Landscape Exploded. Contemporary Atlas of Photographic and Media Circulations of the Landscape. American, Italian, and French Perspectives Abstract : This research explores the transformation of landscape in contemporary visual culture, where aesthetics dialogues intensively with the political and social, through an intercultural perspective between the United states, Italy and France. Rather than from an exclusively artistic or geographic point of view – moving beyond the outdated thesis of a “landscape death” as developed in the 1980s – the landscape is considered as a notion and a media object in circulation, a potential medium for the creation of national and cultural visual identities, of the imaginaries and the sense of places. Firstly, we situate the contemporary photographic landscape in its relation to some Euro-American artistic traditions and cinematographic practices, addressing and developing underlying questions of intericonicity and crossed gazes. Secondly, we investigate the role of contemporary landscape photography within the strategies of visualization and planning of territories and environments, in other words in its documentary function for geographical, architectural or urban projects, which are often materialized by exhibitions. Thirdly, we observe the transformation of the landscape according to the evolution of digital media. Indeed, starting from Web 2.0 we see a new hybridization between artistic, institutional and amateur images which circulate on the same networks and a fracturing of the ontological barrier between fixed and moving images. The geo-localization and the articulation of images to geographic information systems, as well as the miniaturization of mobile devices, contribute to the constitution of a new scopic system which no longer respects the visual conventions of the traditional landscape « view » and of the central perspective. Keywords : Landscape, photography, cinema, atlas, contemporary, circulation, interculturality, intericonicity, intermediality, digital Titolo : Il paesaggio esploso. Atlante contemporaneo delle circolazioni fotografiche e mediatiche del paesaggio. Prospettive americane, italiane e francesi Sintesi : Questa ricerca esplora la trasformazione del paesaggio nella cultura visuale contemporanea in una prospettiva interculturale, tra Stati Uniti, Italia e Francia, e in un’accezione che vede dialogare strettamente l’estetico con il politico e il sociale. Contro la tesi, sviluppatasi negli anni 80, ma ormai superata, di una “morte del paesaggio” e al di là di un approccio unilaterale, esclusivamente artistico o geografico, il paesaggio è considerato come un concetto e un oggetto mediatico in circolazione, come un mezzo per la creazione d’identità visuali, di immaginari e di sensi dei luoghi. Un primo asse situa il paesaggio fotografico contemporaneo nella sua relazione con delle tradizioni artistiche e con delle pratiche cinematografiche euro-americane, sviluppando le questioni sottostanti d’intericonicità e di sguardi incrociati. Un secondo asse esamina il ruolo della fotografia di paesaggio contemporanea negli strumenti e nelle le strategie di visualizzazione e di pianificazione del territorio e dell’ambiente, quindi nella sua funzione documentaria per ricerche e progetti geografici, architettonici o urbanistici, spesso oggetto di mostre, festival o biennali. Un terzo asse osserva le trasformazioni del paesaggio secondo l’evoluzione dei media digitali. La svolta web permette in effetti una nuova ibridazione tra immagini artistiche, istituzionali e amatoriali, eliminando la barriera ontologica tra immagini fisse e in movimento. La geolocalizzazione, l’integrazione delle immagini a dei sistemi di informazione geografica e la miniaturizzazione dei dispositivi mobili contribuiscono alla costituzione di un nuovo sistema scopico che non rispetta più le convenzioni visive della « veduta » paesaggistica tradizionale e della prospettiva centrale. Parole chiave : Paesaggio, fotografia, cinema, atlante, contemporaneo, circolazione, intercultutalità, intericonicità, intermedialità, digitale À la mémoire de François Brunet. Cette thèse n’est qu’un résultat de l’expérience qu’il a rendue possible grâce à son ouverture d’esprit, son hauteur de vue, sa générosité intellectuelle, son énergie et sa curiosité. Sa motivation et sa passion pour la recherche ont été contagieuses et m’ont encouragée à explorer des territoires nouveaux avec beaucoup de liberté, à chercher des « effets de synergie » entre des approches multiples aux paysages et aux images, en autonomie mais toujours sous son regard bienveillant et érudit. Remerciements Je tiens à exprimer ma profonde reconnaissance et gratitude à Martine Beugnet, sans qui cette thèse n’aurait pas pu aboutir. Elle a repris cette direction avec méthode, efficacité et une exigence nécessaire. Je la remercie pour sa compréhension, sa disponibilité et ses remarques enrichissantes. Ses corrections, ses commentaires et ses indications ont été indispensables et inestimables. Merci grandement à mon co-directeur italien Enrico Menduni pour son soutien et sa confiance, pour ses orientations et conseils. Cette recherche n’aurait pas pu démarrer sans ses enseignements et les idées développées pendant le travail de mémoire de master qu’il a dirigé. Je le remercie pour sa vision, son pragmatisme et sa sagacité. J’adresse mes plus sincères remerciements aux membres de ce jury pour avoir accepté de lire ma thèse et de m’apporter leurs conseils avisés. Merci aussi aux professeurs qui au fil de mon parcours de formation m’ont orientée et soutenue : à Jocelyn Dupont de l’Université de Perpignan, à Alan McDougall et à Margot Irvine de la Guelph University ; à Enrico De Pascale, Giulio Albrigoni, Niccolò Riggio (†), Annarosa Valsecchi du Lycée Manzù de Bergame. Je suis très reconnaissante à l’école doctorale 131 de l’Université Paris 7 et au LARCA (Laboratoire de recherches sur les cultures anglophones) pour avoir soutenu financièrement mon doctorat et mes voyages de recherche. Merci
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