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Sinop and Antalya During the Seljuk and Ottoman Periods

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Sinop and Antalya During the Seljuk and Ottoman Periods TWO HARBOR CITIES: SINOP AND ANTALYA DURING THE SELJUK AND OTTOMAN PERIODS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY MELİKE YILMAZ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE JANUARY 2017 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Tülin Gençöz Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Prof. Dr. Tomris Elvan Altan Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Prof. Dr. Ali Uzay Peker Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Tomris Elvan Altan (METU, AH) Prof. Dr. Ali Uzay Peker (METU, AH) Asst. Prof. Dr. Çağla Caner Yüksel (Başkent University, ARCH) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Melike, Yılmaz Signature: iii ABSTRACT TWO HARBOR CITIES: SINOP AND ANTALYA DURING THE SELJUK AND OTTOMAN PERIODS Yılmaz, Melike MA, Department of Architectural History Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ali Uzay Peker January 2017, 303 pages This study aims to study Sinop and Antalya, which were two coastal cities of the Seljuks in terms of urban development in the Seljuk and the Ottoman periods. These cities are important because of their locations as harbors along the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea respectively easing trade and providing security. Accordingly they are the coastal cities which were conquered earliest by the Anatolian Seljuks and remained in Turkish rule during the Medieval Era and afterwards. The study focuses on development of Sinop and Antalya in terms of physical environment and settlement based on social and economic transformation. Keywords: Sinop, Antalya, urban development, harbor cities, Seljuk period, Ottoman period. iv ÖZ İKİ LİMAN KENTİ: SELÇUKLU VE OSMANLI DÖNEMLERİNDE SİNOP VE ANTALYA Yılmaz, Melike Yüksek Lisans, Mimarlık Tarihi Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Ali Uzay Peker Ocak 2017, 303 sayfa Bu çalışma Anadolu Selçukluları’nın iki sahil kenti olan Sinop ve Antalya’yı, Selçuklu ve Osmanlı dönemlerindeki kentsel gelişimleri bağlamında analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu kentler sırasıyla Karadeniz ve Akdeniz kıyısında liman olarak ticareti kolaylaştıran ve güvenlik sağlayan konumları nedeniyle önemlidir. Bu nedenle Anadolu Selçukluları tarafından en erken fethedilen kıyı kentleri olmakla birlikte Orta Çağ ve sonrasında Türk yönetimi altında olmaya devam etmişlerdir. Çalışma, Sinop ve Antalya’nın sosyal ve ekonomik dönüşüme dayalı olarak fiziksel çevre ve yerleşme bağlamında gelişimine odaklanmaktadır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Sinop, Antalya, liman kentleri, kentsel gelişim, Selçuklu dönemi, Osmanlı dönemi. v To Safiye … vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to expose my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Ali Uzay Peker, for his precious guidance, detailed analyze and directive assesments during my study. I am also grateful to the dear members of the examining committee; Prof. Dr. Tomris Elvan Altan, Prof. Dr. Ali Uzay Peker and Asst. Prof. Dr. Çağla Caner Yüksel for their valuable comments. I would be happy to express my thanks to Fatih Berker Özdağ and Şenay Demirkan Delice for their well-beloved technical and moral contributions as well as Mert Kıyan for his technical assistance. I am also very grateful to all my friends who supported me by answering my questions about the thesis study, finding sources and cheering me. I am so thankful to Cevdet Özdağ who supported me preciously. Lastly I am much obliged to my mother, Safiye Yılmaz for her extraordinary emotional support and motivating speeches during not only the study but also all my life. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM……………………………….………………………………………iii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ iv ÖZ ................................................................................................................................. v DEDICATION.............................................................................................................vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... xii LIST OF MAPS ........................................................................................................ xix LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... xx CHAPTERS 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 2. SINOP AND ANTALYA IN PRE-SELJUK PERIOD............................................ 5 2.1 Byzantine Period ................................................................................................ 5 2.1.1 Sinop ................................................................................................................ 9 2.1.2 Antalya .......................................................................................................... 11 3. SINOP AND ANTALYA IN THE SELJUK PERIOD ......................................... 14 3.1 Background of the Seljuk Settlements ............................................................. 14 3.1.1 Central Asian Turkish Settlement ............................................................. 14 3.1.2 Iranian Turkish-Islamic Settlement ........................................................... 17 3.2 Seljuk Cities in Anatolia .................................................................................. 21 3.2.1 Northern (Right Arm) Frontier Province .................................................. 28 3.2.2 Southern (Left Arm) Frontier Province ..................................................... 29 3.2.3 Northern Coastal Command ...................................................................... 29 3.2.4 Southern Coastal Command ...................................................................... 30 3.2.5 Coastal Cities ............................................................................................. 30 3.3 Sinop ................................................................................................................. 31 3.3.1 City Walls .................................................................................................. 35 viii 3.3.2 Settlement .................................................................................................. 46 3.3.3 Buildings ................................................................................................... 48 3.3.3.1 Muslim Religious Buildings .............................................................. 49 3.3.3.1.1 Alaaddin Mosque ........................................................................ 49 3.3.3.1.2 Fetih Baba Masjid ....................................................................... 55 3.3.3.1.3 Saray Mosque .............................................................................. 58 3.3.3.1.4 Hızır-İlyas Zawiya ...................................................................... 60 3.3.3.2 Madrasas ............................................................................................ 61 3.3.3.2.1 Süleyman Pervane Madrasa ........................................................ 61 3.3.3.3 Tombs ................................................................................................. 65 3.3.3.3.1 Seyyid Bilal Tomb ...................................................................... 65 3.3.3.3.2 Sultan Hatun (Aynalı Kadın) Tomb ............................................ 68 3.3.3.3.3 Hatunlar Tomb ............................................................................ 69 3.3.3.3.4 Candaroğulları (Isfendiyaroğulları) Tomb .................................. 72 3.3.3.3.5 Tayboğa Tomb ............................................................................ 75 3.3.4 Overview of the Urban Fabric................................................................... 77 3.4 Antalya ............................................................................................................. 80 3.4.1 City Walls ................................................................................................. 83 3.4.2 Settlement ................................................................................................ 100 3.4.3 Buildings ................................................................................................. 104 3.4.3.1 Muslim Religious Buildings ............................................................ 105 3.4.3.1.1 Yivli Minare Mosque ................................................................ 105 3.4.3.1.2 Yivli Minaret ............................................................................. 111 3.4.3.1.3 Ahi Yusuf Mosque .................................................................... 114 3.4.3.1.4 Ahi Kızı Mosque ......................................................................
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