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Year Tyrian Egyptian Kings Assyrian Syrian/ Judah Age Israel Age Source Comments JW Chronology Babylonian Kings Year Year (BCE) Kings (Pharaohs) Kings Persian Tishri-based Judah Israel st

1048 21 D. (Tanis) ↑ General Notes Adad-apla- 1 Samuel 8:1–9 Samuel already old before meeting Saul ↑ 1077 BCE Starts too late*

Shading indicates events Unspecified iddina 1 Samuel 9:1–2 Saul “young” (unmarried) when meeting Samuel David relative to another reign or April*–September 2 Samuel 2:10–11 Ish-bosheth born (earliest) 1047 other event, indicating likely October–March Acts 13:21 Length of reign asserted in Acts not consistent with ages time of year or period; some January–March and events of Samuel, Saul, Ish-bosheth and David 1046 month names given are Possible range 1045 approximate (e.g. ‘April’ for * Or earlier for events (6 months), Marduk-ahhe-eriba * “Starts too late” in the JW based only on Tishri 1044 Nisan may be March or April) Chronology columns 1043 years indicates in relative terms that

Marduk-zer- 1042 For Judah: 2 Kings , 2 Chronicles and Jeremiah use 2 Samuel 2:10–11 Ish-bosheth born (latest) the reign should start during 1041 Tishri-based dating and count accession years the same year as the previous 1040 Saul king’s final year; it does not 1039 40 years refer to the assignment of 1038 For Israel and Babylon: 2 Kings , 2 Chronicles and X (spurious) absolute years 1037 Jeremiah (except 52:28–30 ) use Nisan-based dating 2 Samuel 5:4 David born Starts too late 1036 and count accession years 1035 1034 Daniel , Ezra , Haggai and Zechariah , and the 1033 Babylonian interpolation at Jeremiah 52:28–30 , use

1032 Nisan-based dating and do not count accession Nabu-shum-libur 1031 years 1030 1029 Ezekiel counts Tishri-based years of exile 1028 Ages shown are for the king whose reign begins 1 Samuel 13:1 Saul’s reign begins 1027 1 that year; ages are ordinal, i.e. ‘30’ means ‘30th year’ Antiquities VI:14.9 1026 Psusennes I or ‘29 full years plus some months’ 2 (Akheperre- 1 Samuel 13:1–3 Saul’s son Jonathan old enough to lead army 3 1025 st setepenamun) 21 D. (Thebes) ↑ II Shalmaneser 1 Samuel 13:13–14 Saul rejected as king for making a burnt offering 1024 4 1 Samuel 15:26 Saul rejected as king (again) for failing to kill Agag 1023 5 1022 6 Not to assigned specific years 1021 7 1020 8 After Saul rejected and before Samuel dies: 1019 Saul 9 1 Samuel 16:1–13 • Samuel secretly anoints David 1018 20 years 10 1 Samuel 16:14–23 • Saul orders “David, the son of Jesse” to play harp 1017 Ashur- 11 Solomon Simbar-shipak 1 Samuel 17:55–58 • Saul asks whose son David is (not in Septuagint ) 1016 nirari IV 12 1015 13 1 Samuel 18:1–5 • David’s ‘covenant’ with Jonathan (not in Septuagint ) 1014 14 1 Samuel 18:9–11 • Saul tries to kill David 1013 15 1 Samuel 19–24 • David goes into hiding 1012 16 1011 17 1 Samuel 25:1 Samuel dies 1010 18 Antiquities VI:13.5 Menkheperre 1009 19 1 Samuel 27; 29:3 David hides at Gath 1 year & 4 months

30 40 2 Samuel 5:4 Saul dies in battle 1008 Ea-mukin-zeri (3 months) 1 -/1 20 2 Samuel 2:11 David ruled in Hebron 7½ years 1007 (interregnum) 2 -/1/2 2 Samuel 2:10–11 Ish-bosheth’s reign may start just after Saul’s death, Ish-bosheth 1006 3 -/1/2/- towards end of 7½ years, or somewhere between; dash Ashur-rabi Kashshu-nadin-ahi 2 years 1005 4 -/1/2/- indicates year may be before (-/) or after (/-) his reign II (see comments) 1004 5 -/1/2/- 1003 6 1/2/- 1002 7 2/- 1001 David 8 2 Samuel 5:5 David ruled Judah and Israel 33 years 1000 9 Eulmash-shakin-shumi 40 years 999 Amenemope 10 998 (Usermaatre- 11 997 setepenamun) 12 996 13 Rehoboam Jeroboam 995 14

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994 21 D. (Tanis) ↑ General Notes Adad-apla- 15 Samuel already old before meeting Saul Amenemope Menkheperre 993 iddina 16 992 17 Smendes II 991 Eulmash-shakin-shumi 18 990 Osorkon (Akheperre- 19 989 setepenre) 20 988 21 987 22 Rehoboam Abibaal Ninurta-kudurri-usur I 986 23 Shirikti-shuqamuna Jeroboam 985 24 (3 months) Ashur-rabi 984 25 II 983 David 26 982 40 years 27 Mar-biti-apla-usur 981 28 Pinedjem II 980 29 2 Samuel 5:11 Hiram (king of Tyre) provided David with cedars Abijah 979 30 978 31 Siamun 977 32 (Netjerkheperre- 976 33 Nadab setepenre) 975 34 974 35 973 36 972 37 971 38 970 Ashur- 39 resh-ishi 1 Kings 11:42 969 II 40 1 1 Kings 2:36, 39 Shimei ordered to remain in Jerusalem 1 Kings 14:21 Rehoboam born 968 2 Hiram I 1 Kings 2:39, 46 Death of Shimei 967 3 1 Kings 5:1 Hiram provided Solomon with cedars 1 Kings 6:1, 37 Temple construction begins; foundations completed 966 4 (2nd month [May]) Baasha 965 5 1 Kings 9:11 Hiram provided timber and gold 964 6 963 7 Nabu-mukin-apli 962 8 961 9 Asa 960 10 959 Psusennes III 11 1 Kings 6:38 Temple completed (8th month [November]) 958 12 957 Har-Psusennes II 13 Solomon 956 (Tjekheperre- 14 40 years 955 setepenre) 15 Tiglath- 954 16 Pileser II 953 17 952 18 Elah 951 19 Zimri, 950 20 Omri/Tibni 949 21 948 22 1 Kings 7:1 Solomon’s house completed 947 23 1 Kings 9:10–11 Solomon gives 20 cities to Hiram 946 24 945 25 Omri 944 26 Baal-Eser 943 22 nd Dynasty Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 27 I 942 28 941 Shoshenq I Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 29 940 30 Ahab

Copyright ©2004–2021 Jeffro Page 2 Year Tyrian Egyptian Kings Assyrian Syrian/ Judah Age Israel Age Source Comments JW Chronology Babylonian Kings Year Year (BCE) Kings (Pharaohs) Kings Persian Tishri-based Judah Israel st 939 21 D. (Tanis) ↑ General Notes Adad-apla- 31 Samuel already old before meeting Saul Ignores

938 Tiglath- iddina 32 co-regency, 937 Pileser II 33 adding 3 years 936 34 935 35 Baal-Eser Solomon 934 36 I 40 years 933 37 932 38 931 39 1 Kings 11:40 Jeroboam hides in Egypt until Solomon’s death during Ahab 930 Shoshenq I 40 Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina reign of Shishak (Shoshenq) (Shishak/Hedjkheperre-setepenre) 41 Israel’s guilt 1 Kings 12:2–3 Jeroboam returns from Egypt and reigns over Israel 929 1 1 1 Kings 12:1; 14:21 Rehoboam reigns over Judah Ezekiel 4:5 Start of Israel’s 390 years of guilt

928 Abdastratus 2 2 1 Jehoshaphat

Ashur-dan II Ashur-dan 927 3 3 2 926 4 4 3 925 5 5 4 1 Kings 14:25 Shishak (Shoshenq) attacks Jerusalem 924 6 6 5 923 7 7 6 Begins co- Rehoboam 922 8 8 7 regencies late, 17 years 921 (durations uncertain) 9 9 8 adding 3 years Jeroboam 920 10 10 9 22 years 919 11 11 10 Ahaziah 918 12 12 11 917 13 13 12 916 14 14 13 Jehoram 915 15 15 14 (co-regent) 914 16 16 15 913 17 17 16 912 Abijah 1 18 17 1 Kings 15:1–2 911 (aka Abijam) 2 19 18 Jehoram Shamash-mudammiq 910 Astartus 3 years 3 20 19 1 Kings 15:9–10 Jehoram 909 1 21 20 Nadab 1 Kings 14:20; 15:25 908 2 1 22 21 2 years 907 3 2 1 22 1 Kings 15:28, 33 906 Osorkon I 4 2 23 Ahaziah 905 (Sekhemkheperre-setepenre) 5 3 24 1 Kings 22:42 Jehoshaphat born Starts too late Starts too late 904 6 4 25 903 Adad- 7 5 26 902 nirari II 8 6 27 Athaliah 901 9 7 28 900 10 8 29 2 Chronicles 14:1, 6 End of 10 years of peace in Judah 899 11 9 30 1 year too long 898 12 10 31 897 Asa 13 11 32 Deleastartus Baasha 896 41 years 14 12 33 24 years 895 15 13 34 Nabu-shuma-ukin I 894 16 14 35 Jehu 893 17 15 36 892 18 16 37 891 19 17 38 Jehoash 890 20 18 39 889 21 19 40 Tukulti- 888 22 20 41

Astarymus Ninurta II 887 Shoshenq II 23 21 42 886 (Heqakheperre-setepenre) 24 22 43 Nabu-apla-iddina 885 25 23 44 1 Kings 15:18–21 Asa pays Ben-Hadad to fight Baasha Takelot I Ben- Ashur- Elah 2 Chronicles 16:1 Baasha attacks Judah; ‘36’ may be a scribal error for ‘26’ 884 (Hedjkheperre-setepenre) Hadad 26 1 24 45 nasirpal II 2 years 1 Kings 16:8

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Astarymus st

883 21 D. (Tanis) ↑ General Notes Adad-apla- 27 Zimri (7 days) 2 1 46 1 Kings 16:10,15,21–22 Samuel already old before meeting Saul Ben- 882 Takelot I iddina 28 Omri 2 47 Hadad 881 29 (rivalry with 3 48 Insight 1, p. 388, 418 Ashurnasirpal II reigned in the 9th century BCE 880 30 Tibni) 4 49 Jehu 879 Phelles 31 5 50 1 Kings 16:22–23 878 Asa 32 6 51 2 Kings 8:16 Jehoram (son of Jehoshaphat) born 877 Takelot I & Harsiese 41 years 33 7 52 Omri 1 Kings 16:23 Samaria becomes Israel’s capital 876 (Hedjkheperre-setepenamun) & Hadadezer Ben-Hadad 34 8 53 Starts too late 12 years 875 35 9 54

(Ashur-Nasir-Pal) 874 Ashurnasirpal 36 10 55 2 Chronicles 16:1 See 884 BCE 873 37 11 56 872 38 1 12 57 1 Kings 16:29

35 871 39 1 2 58 2 Chronicles 16:12 Asa gets sick Jehoash 870 Jehoshaphat 40 2 3 59 II Nabu-apla-iddina (with Asa) 3 1 Kings 22:41–42 Jehoshaphat’s sole reign began 4th year of Ahab 869 41 4 60 Jehoahaz (1) 2 Chronicles 20:31 868 4 5 61 867 Osorkon II & 5 6 62 866 Harsiese 6 7 63 865 7 Ahab 8 64 864 8 22 years 9 65 863 9 10 66 1 Kings 16:31 Ahab marries Jezebel, daughter of Ethbaal 862 10 11 67 Against Apion , I, 123 Jehoash 861 11 12 68 2 Kings 8:26 Ahaziah (son of Jehoram) born (co-regent) 860 12 13 69 Insight 1, p. 388, 418 Ashurnasirpal II reigned in the 9th century BCE 859 13 14 70 858 Ithobaal I Jehoshaphat 14 15 71 Starts too late Jehoash 857 (Ethbaal) 25 years 15 16 72 856 16 17 73 Ahaziah 1 Kings 22:51 Ahaziah began to reign 17th year of Jehoshaphat 855 17 2 years 18 1 74 1 Kings 22:49 Jehoshaphat co-operated with Ahaziah to build ships Amaziah

Hadade (with Ahab) 2 Chronicles 20:35 th 2 2 Kings 3:1 Jehoram (son of Ahab) began to reign 18 year of 854 18 19 75 (1) Jehoshaphat

zer ( Monolith Inscription Ahab and Ben-Hadad II involved in the Battle of Karkar

853 Ben- 19 20 76 1 Kings 20:1–4 Ben-Hadad attacks Ahab Jehoram 1 Kings 22:1–2 Peace between Israel & Syria for 3 years

Hadad 852 (1) 20 (with Ahab) 21 77 Ignores

Shalmaneser 1 Kings 22:2, 35 Jehoshaphat unites with Ahab against Moab; Ahab killed

II) nd co-regency, 2 Kings 1:17 Jehoram (son of Ahab) began sole reign 2 year of Jehoram 851 (2) 21 22 1 78 adding 12 years (son of Jehoshaphat) Jehoram 2 Kings 1:1; 3:1–4 King of Moab revolts against Jehoram after death of Ahab 850 Osorkon II (with 22 2 79

III 849 (Usermaatre-setepenamun) Jehoshaphat) 23 3 80 Black Obelisk of In his 11th year, Shalmaneser III at war with Hadadezer 848 Marduk-zakir-shumi I 24 4 81 Shalmaneser

32 th 2 Kings 8:16 Jehoram (son of Jehoshaphat) began sole reign 5 year of Ignores 1 25 5 82 847 co-regency, Jehoram 2 Chronicles 21:5, 20 Jehoram (son of Ahab) 846 2 6 83 adding 24 years 12 years 845 3 7 84 844 4 8 85 Baal-Eser Jehoram 843 5 9 86 II 8 years 842 6 10 87 2 Kings 8:15 Hazael becomes king Black Obelisk of In his 18th year, Shalmaneser III at war with Hazael 841 7 11 88 Shalmaneser

22 2 Kings 10:36 Ahaziah began reign late 841 or early 840 BCE Ahaziah th Jeroboam Hazael 2 Kings 9:11–15, 29 11 year (Nisan-based) of Jehoram (son of Ahab) (aka Azariah, 8 1 Jehu 2 Kings 8:25–29 th 840 Mattan I Jehoahaz) 1 12 89 12 year (Tishri-based) of Jehoram (son of Ahab) 1 year 28 years 2 Chronicles 22:2, 5–6 Ahaziah wounded after joining Jehoram against Hazael (with Jehoram) 2 Kings 11:3 Athaliah began reign before Tishri 840 BCE 1 2 Kings 11:21 Jehoash born

Copyright ©2004–2021 Jeffro Page 4 Year Tyrian Egyptian Kings Assyrian Syrian/ Judah Age Israel Age Source Comments JW Chronology Babylonian Kings Year Year (BCE) Kings (Pharaohs) Kings Persian Tishri-based Judah Israel st 21 D. (Tanis) ↑ General Notes Adad-apla- 2 Kings 10:32 JehuSamuel at waralready with old Hazael before meeting Saul 839 2 2 90

iddina Osorkon II Black Obelisk of In his 21st year, Shalmaneser III at war with Hazael 838 Athaliah 3 3 91 Shalmaneser 6 years 837 23 rd Dynasty 4 4 92 Mattan I 836 5 5 93 See previous

Shalmaneser 835 6 6 94 page

7 834 1 7 95 2 Kings 11:21–12:1 833 2 8 96 832 Hedjkheperre-setpenre Takelot 3 9 97 831 II III 4 10 98 Marduk-zakir-shumi I 830 5 11 99 829 6 12 100 828 7 Jehu 13 101 827 8 28 years 14 102 826 9 15 103 825 10 16 104 824 11 17 105 823 12 18 106

(Usermaatre-setepenre/amun) Jeroboam 822 13 19 107 821 14 20 108 820 15 21 109

Shoshenq III 819 Takelot II & Pedubast 16 22 110 2 Kings 14:2 Amaziah born 818 Shamshi- 17 23 111 Hazael 817 Adad V 18 24 112 816 19 25 113 Marduk-balassu-iqbi 815 20 26 114 Jehoash 814 21 27 115 40 years 2 Kings 13:1 813 22 28 1 116 2 Kings 13:3, 22 Jehoahaz was at war with Hazael throughout his reign 812 Pedubast (Usermaatre- Baba-aha-iddina 23 2 117 2 Kings 12:6, 17 Hazael attacks Jerusalem 811 setepenamun) & Iuput I 24 3 118 25 4 119

810 Pygmalion 809 26 5 120 Azariah 808 27 6 121 807 28 Jehoahaz 7 122 806 Pedubast (interregnum) 29 17 years 8 123 805 30 9 124 2 Kings 14:23 Azariah born 804 31 10 125 803 32 11 126 802 33 12 127 801 34 13 128 800 35 14 129 799 36 15 130 Shoshenq VI th Spurious 798 37 Jehoash (1) 16 131 2 Kings 13:10 Jehoash (son of Jehoahaz) began to reign 37 year of Jehoash (Usermaatre-meryamun) vacancy, adding Adad- (with Jehoahaz) 797 38 1 17 132 (son of Ahaziah), co-regent with Jehoahaz 12 years

(Hedjkheperre-setepenre) nirari III 2 Kings 13:24–25 Jehoash at war with Syria during reign of Ben-hadad III 796 39 2 133 Ninurta-apla-X Ben- Jehoash 2 Kings 14:1, 2

795 Shoshenq IV Hadad 40 1 16 years 3 134 794 III 2 4 135 Amaziah 793 3 5 1 136 29 years 792 4 6 2 137 Zechariah 791 5 7 3 138 Shallum

16 790 Rezin 1 6 8 4 139 2 Kings 14:21 Azariah began to reign at age 16 1 year added Osorkon III 789 (possibly 2 7 9 5 140 Menahem (Usermaatre-setepenamun) with Ben- Jeroboam Ignores Pekah’s 788 3 8 10 6 141 Amos 1:1 Earliest possible year of earthquake Hadad III Azariah (with Jehoash) rivalry with 787 4 9 11 7 142 Marduk-bel-zeri during (aka Uzziah) Ignores Menahem and 786 5 10 12 8 143 early part (with Amaziah) co-regency, Pekah’s co- 6 11 13 9 144 785 of reign) adding 11 years regency with 784 Pami 7 12 14 10 145 ? Pekahiah, 783 8 13 15 11 146 adding 10 years

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782 21 D. (Tanis) ↑ General Notes Adad-apla- 9 14 (with Jehoash) 16 12 147 Samuel already old before meeting Saul See previous Pami Marduk-bel-zeri 781 (Usermaatre- iddina 10 15 +1 13 148 2 Kings 14:23 Jeroboam began sole reign 15th year of Amaziah page See previous 780 setepenre/ IV Shalmaneser 11 16 +2 14 149 amun) page Pekahiah 779 12 17 +3 15 150 Osorkon III 778 13 18 +4 16 151 (Usermaatre-setepenamun) 777 14 19 +5 17 152 776 15 20 +6 18 153 775 Marduk-apla-usur 16 21 +7 19 154 Azariah 774 17 22 +8 20 155 (aka Uzziah) 773 18 23 +9 21 156 2 Kings 15:33 Jotham born (with Amaziah) 772 19 24 +10 22 157 771 20 25 +11 23 158 770 Osorkon III & 21 26 +12 24 159 769 Takelot III 22 27 +13 25 160 Jotham 768 (Usermaatre-setepenamun) 23 28 +14 26 161 2 Kings 14:17 Azariah began sole reign 27th year of Jeroboam, 15 years 24 Pekah 767 29 Jeroboam +15 27 162 2 Kings 15:1, 2 (1) after Jehoash’s death 41 years 2 Chronicles 26:1, 3 766 Takelot III Eriba-Marduk 25 28 163 ? 765 26 29 164 764 Ashur-dan 27 30 165 Rudamun 763 III 28 31 166 (Usermaatre-setepenamun) Amos 1:1 Amos prophesies during reigns of Uzziah & Jeroboam, 762 29 32 167 Ahaz 2 years before earthquake

Shoshenq V 761 (Akheperre) 30 33 168 Includes Ahaz’ International Geology Geological estimate for Amos’ earthquake ±25 years 760 31 34 169 rivalry with Review 42 p. 657–671 Jotham, minus 4 Azariah 759 32 35 170 years 758 (aka Uzziah) 33 36 171 757 Rezin 52 years 34 37 172 756 35 38 173 755 36 39 174 754 Nabu-shuma-ishkun 37 40 175 Spurious reign Zechariah 2 Kings 14:29; 15:8 th 753 38 1 41 176 Zechariah began to reign 38 year of Azariah by Hoshea, 6 months 2 Kings 16:2 Ahaz born adding 10 years th Shallum (1 month) th 752 25 D. 39 1 177 2 Kings 15:13, 17 Menahem began to reign 39 year of Azariah Ahaz Menahem Ashur- 751 40 10 years 2 178 Amos 1:1 Latest possible year of earthquake nirari V 750 41 3 1 179 Pekah in rivalry with Menahem

25 749 42 1 4 2 180 2 Kings 15:32 Jotham began to reign 2nd year of Pekah 748 43 2 5 3 181 747 44 3 Menahem 6 4 182 746 45 4 (rivalry with 7 5 183 Pekah) 2 Kings 15:19–20 Menahem pays tribute to Pul (Tiglath-Pileser III) 745 Ithobaal II 46 5 8 6 184 Assyrian inscription Hoshea 744 Jotham 47 6 9 7 185 743 (with Azariah) 48 7 10 8 186 742 Piye 49 8 9 187 741 50 9 Pekahiah 1 10 188 2 Kings 15:23 Pekahiah began to reign 50th year of Azariah 740 (So/Akheperre-setepenamun) Tiglath- Nabonassar 51 10 2 years 2 11 189 JW chronology Pileser III 2 Kings 15:27 Pekah officially began to reign 52nd year of Azariah Hezekiah ends Israelite 12 kingdom 18 739 (Tilgath- 52 11 190 Isaiah 6:1 Isaiah starts prophesying Osorkon IV (1) years too early 2 Kings 16:20 Hezekiah born Pilneser/ (corresponds to 738 12 13 191 Assyrian inscription Tiglath-Pileser III received tribute from Hiram II Pul) Pekah 20 years added 737 Hiram II Jotham 13 14 192 20 years to Neo-Baby- 736 16 years 14 15 193 lonian period 735 15 16 194 and Babylon's

20 734 Ahaz deposes (1) 16 17 195 2 Kings 16:1, 2 Ahaz deposes Jotham 17th year of Pekah 70 years ending 733 Nabu-nadin-zeri Jotham (2) 17 18 196 2 years too late)

Copyright ©2004–2021 Jeffro Page 6 Year Tyrian Egyptian Kings Assyrian Syrian/ Judah Age Israel Age Source Comments JW Chronology Babylonian Kings Year Year (BCE) Kings (Pharaohs) Kings Persian Tishri-based Judah Israel st th

21 D. (Tanis) ↑ 24 Dynasty General Notes Adad-apla- Israel’s guilt (LXX ) SamuelYears for already Ephraim old before meeting Saul See previous

iddina 2 Kings 15:9; 16:5–9 Pekah & Rezin attack Jerusalem; Ahaz pays tribute to page Nabu-nadin-zeri Ahaz Pekah Assyrian inscription Tiglath-Pileser to kill Rezin

732 ( Rezin (3) 18 19 197 Hiram II So (rivaly with 20 years 1 2 Kings 15:29 Exiles taken by Tiglath-Pileser during Pekah’s reign /Akheperre-setepenamun) Tiglath- Jotham) 1 Chronicles 5:26 Pileser III Nabu-suma-ukin II (1 month) Isaiah 7:1, 8 Ephraim to be ‘shattered within 65 years’

Osorkon IV th 731 (Tilgath- (4) 19 1 20 198 1 2 2 Kings 15:30 Hoshea killed Pekah 20 year of Jotham Hezekiah Pilneser/ Nabu-mukin-zeri 1 730 Mattan II Tefnakhte I 20 2 199 2 3 Pul) Ahaz (5) Neo-Assyrian Rule 16 years 2 Assyrian inscription Inscription about Tiglath-Pileser’s campaign mentions 729 17 3 200 3 4 (6) Hoshea 3 rd 728 Tiglath-Pileser III 18 (1) 4 201 4 5 2 Kings 18:1–2 Hezekiah began to reign 3 year of Hoshea (7) 4 727 Piye 19 0 (2) 5 202 5 6 (8) 5 Hoshea 726 1 (3) 6 203 6 7 Shalmaneser (9) 9 years

Siege against Samaria against Siege 6 2 Kings 18:9 4th year of Hezekiah is 7th year of Hoshea 725 2 (4) 7 204 7 8 (10) 2 Kings 17:3–5 Hoshea conspires with Pharaoh So (Osorkon IV), Shalmaneser V 7 Shalmaneser imprisons Hoshea; beginning of 3-year siege 724 3 (5) 8 205 8 9 V (11) against Samaria 2 Kings 17:1 12th year of Ahaz is 9th year of Hoshea (despite many 8 723 Bakenranef 4 (6) 9 206 9 10 translations, “began” does not appear in original text) Ignores Hezekiah (12) (Bocchoris) th th (with Ahaz) 2 Kings 18:10 6 year of Hezekiah is 9 year of Hoshea co-regency, adding 11 years Years since fall of 2 Kings 17:24 King of Assyria repopulates Samaria with people from 722 0 5 9 Israel 207 10 11 Babylon Assyrian inscription Sargon “besieged and conquered Samaria” 721 1 10 1 208 11 12 720 2 11 2 209 12 13 719 3 12 3 210 13 14 718 Marduki-apla- 4 13 4 211 14 15 717 iddina II 5 14 5 212 15 16 716 (Merodach- 6 15 6 213 16 17

25 Baladan) 2 Kings 16:20 715 7 16 1 7 214 17 18 Sargon II Isaiah 14:28 Elulaios Shabaka 714 8 2 8 215 18 19 Isaiah 20:1 Sargon attacks Ashdod 713 9 3 9 216 19 20 Assyrian inscription 9th or 11th year of Sargon 712 10 4 10 217 20 21 711 11 5 11 218 21 22 710 12 6 12 219 22 23 709 13 7 13 220 23 24 708 Sargon II 14 8 14 221 24 25 707 15 9 15 222 25 26 2 Kings 21:1 Manasseh born; see 696 BCE 706 16 10 16 223 26 27 705 0 17 11 17 224 27 28 Sennacherib 704 1 12 18 225 28 29 Manasseh Hezekiah 703 Marduk-zakir-shumi II 0 13 19 226 29 30 29 years (a few months), 2 Kings 18:13–16 Sennacherib attacks Judah Marduki-apla- Isaiah 36:1 Tribute paid to Sennacherib iddina II 2 Kings 19:8, 9 Tirhakah (Taharqa, not yet Pharaoh) attacks Assyria

Sennacherib 702 Shebitku (Merodach- 0 1 14 20 227 30 31 2 Kings 20:1, 6 Hezekiah gets sick, 15 years added Baladan) Isaiah 38:5 9 months 2 Kings 20:12 Merodach-Baladan writes to Hezekiah Isaiah 39:1 701 Bel-ibni 1 15 21 228 31 32 700 2 0 16 22 229 32 33 699 1 17 23 230 33 34 Ashur-nadin-shumi 698 2 18 24 231 34 35 697 3 19 25 232 35 36

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696 21 D. (Tanis) ↑ General Notes Adad-apla- 4 1 20 26 233 36 37 2 Kings 21:1 Manasseh’sSamuel already co-regency old before with meeting Hezekiah Saul must begin before Elulaios 695 Ashur-nadin-shumi iddina 5 2 21 27 234 37 38 Tishri 694 BCE but no earlier than Tishri 697 BCE; see 694 0 6 3 22 28 235 38 39 Shebitku 641 BCE 693 Nergal-ushezib 1 4 23 29 236 39 40 Manasseh 692 2 0 5 24 30 237 40 41 (with 691 Sennacherib Mushezib-Marduk 1 6 25 31 238 41 42 Hezekiah) 690 2 7 26 32 239 42 43 689 16 3 8 27 33 240 43 44 688 Abd 17 9 28 34 241 44 45 687 Melqart 18 10 29 35 242 45 46 686 19 11 36 243 46 47 Sennacherib 685 Sais Kings 20 12 37 244 47 48 684 21 13 38 245 48 49 683 22 14 39 246 49 50 682 Tefnakht 23 15 40 247 50 51 681 II 24 0 16 41 248 51 52 680 1 17 42 249 52 53 679 2 18 43 250 53 54 678 3 19 44 251 54 55 Manasseh 677 4 20 45 252 55 56

676 Esar-Haddon 5 21 46 253 56 57 Nekauba Tirhakah 675 6 22 47 254 57 58 /Taharqa 674 Esar-Haddon 7 23 48 255 58 59 673 Assyrian occupation 8 24 49 256 59 60 672 26 th D. 9 25 50 257 60 61 Assyrian inscription Esar-Haddon wounds Taharqa and rules over Egypt 671 10 26 51 258 61 62 2 Chronicles 33:11 Manasseh taken captive by king of Assyria Essarhadon Assyrian inscription Manasseh pays tribute to Esar-Haddon 670 Baal I 11 27 52 259 62 63 Isaiah 7:8 Exiles taken during reign of Esar-Haddon, ‘within 65 years’ Necho I Ezra 4:2 669 0 12 28 53 260 63 64 Assyrian inscription Manasseh pays tribute to Ashurbanipal 668 1 29 54 261 64 65 Assyrian inscription Taharqa revolts against Ashurbanipal 667 Aššurbanipal 2 30 55 262 65 666 3 Manasseh 31 56 263 66 665 4 55 years 32 57 264 67 664 5 33 58 265 68 663 6 34 59 266 69

662 Tantamani 7 35 60 267 70 2 Kings 21:19 Amon born; see 641 BCE 661 8 36 61 268 71 Amon 660 9 37 62 269 72 Shamash-shum- 659 10 38 63 270 73 ukin

658 Ashurbanipal 11 39 64 271 74

Asenappar/ 657 12 40 65 272 75 656 I) (Wahibre/Psamtik 13 41 66 273 76

Psammetichus I 655 14 42 67 274 77 654 15 43 68 275 78 653 16 44 69 276 79 652 17 45 70 277 80 651 18 46 71 278 81 ? Josiah 650 19 47 72 279 82 649 20 48 73 280 83 648 21 0 49 74 281 84 647 1 50 75 282 85 646 2 51 76 283 86 2 Kings 22:1 Josiah born 645 Kandalanu 3 52 77 284 87 644 4 53 78 285 88 643 5 54 79 286 89 642 6 55 80 287 90

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641 21 D. (Tanis) ↑ General Notes Adad-apla- 7 Amon 1 81 288 91 2 Kings 21:19 Amon’sSamuel alreadyreign must old beginbefore before meeting Tishri Saul 640 BCE but no

640 iddina 8 2 years 2 82 289 92 earlier than Tishri 642 BCE; see 696 BCE

8 639 9 1 83 290 93 2 Kings 22:1

Ashurbanipal 638 Asenappar/ 10 2 84 291 94 637 11 3 85 292 95 636 12 4 86 293 96 635 13 5 87 294 97 Josiah 634 14 6 88 295 98 633 Kandalanu 15 7 89 296 99 632 16 8 90 297 100 2 Kings 23:36 Jehoiakim born 631 17 9 91 298 101 2 Kings 23:31 Jehoahaz born 630 18 10 92 299 102 629 Ashur-etil- 19 11 93 300 103 628 ilani 20 12 94 301 104 2 Chronicles 34:8 Josiah begins removing idols from Judea Jehoahaz

(Wahibre/Psamtik I) (Wahibre/Psamtik Jeremiah Psammetichus I Jeremiah 1:2 Beginning of Jeremiah’s prophesying 627 21 13 prophesying 1 95 302 105 Sin-shar- Judah’s guilt Ezekiel 4:6–7 Start of Judah’s 40 years of guilt ishkun (Sin-shumu- Neo-Babylonian 626 0 22 14 2 96 303 106 1 lishir) Empire Josiah 31 years 3 97 625 1 15 304 107 2 Eliakim 624 2 16 4 98 305 108 3 623 3 17 Book of Law found 5 99 306 109 4 2 Kings 22:3, 8 “Book of the Law” found in temple (late 623 BCE) 622 4 18 1 6 100 307 110 5 621 5 19 2 7 101 308 111 6 620 Sin-shar- 6 20 3 8 102 309 112 7 619 7 21 4 9 103 310 113 8 ishkun 618 8 22 5 10 104 311 114 9 Jehoiachin 617 9 23 6 11 105 312 115 10 2 Kings 24:18 Zedekiah born 616 ? 10 24 7 12 106 313 116 11 615 11 25 8 13 107 314 117 12 614 12 26 9 14 108 315 118 13 2 Kings 24:8 Jehoiachin born Nabopolassar 613 13 27 10 15 109 316 119 14 612 14 28 11 16 110 317 120 15 BM 21901 , 47 Babylon captures Nineveh from Assyria 611 15 29 12 17 111 318 121 16 Mattaniah Ashur- 610 16 30 13 18 112 319 122 17 uballit II 31 2 Kings 23:29 Josiah killed by Pharaoh Necho

23 Years of 609 Assyrian 17 Jehoahaz 14 Babylon’s 19 113 320 123 18 2 Chronicles 35:20;36:1 Babylon captures Harran from Assyria, BCE 539 – is WorldPower Babylon BCE 609 1 Empire 3 months dominance Jeremiah 25:11 becomes world power, 70 years begin ended 25 2 Kings 23:31–36 Jehoahaz imprisoned by Pharaoh Necho, 608 18 1 15 20 114 321 124 19 1 installs Jehoiakim as king Gedaliah 607 19 2 16 21 115 322 125 20 2 (governor) 606 20 3 17 22 116 323 126 21 See Inset 1 (605 BCE – 600 BCE) 3 JW chronology BM 21946 , 1–7 Battle of Carchemish inserts 20 years into the Neo- Necho II Jeremiah 45:1–5 Warnings of imminent calamity Babylonian (Wehemibre) Jeremiah 46:1–2 period, and 605 21 0 Jehoiakim 4 18 23 117 324 127 22 Jeremiah 36:1 [September] 4 places the end of (aka Eliakim) Jeremiah 25:1–3 23rd year of Jeremiah’s prophesying the ‘390 years’ of Ezekiel 4:5 in 11 years BM 21946 , 10–11 Nebuchadnezzar becomes king Nebuchadnezzar 607 BCE, 68 Jeremiah 36:9 Fast proclaimed (9th month [December]) II years before the Jeremiah 25:17–18, 29 Jerusalem feels effects of Babylon’s power actual end of the BM 21946 , 12–13 Siege on Jerusalem period in 539 BCE Daniel 1:1, 2 Accession year of Nebuchadnezzar & 3rd regnal 604 1 5 19 118 325 128 23 5 Years of year of Jehoiakim (Nisan-based), captives taken Jehoiakim paying [February] tribute 1 2 Kings 24:1 Jehoiakim pays tribute for 3 full years

Copyright ©2004–2021 Jeffro Page 9 Year Tyrian Egyptian Kings Assyrian Syrian/ Judah Age Israel Age Source Comments JW Chronology Babylonian Kings Year Year (BCE) Kings (Pharaohs) Kings Persian Tishri-based Judah Israel st rd nd 21 D. (Tanis) ↑ General Notes Adad-apla- Daniel 2:1 Daniel*Samuel interpretsalready old dream before 3 meeting (2 regnal) Saul year of See previous 603 2 6 20 2 119 326 129 24 6 iddina page Nebuchadnezzar 602 3 7 21 3 120 327 130 25 *See footnote of Inset 1 7 Daniel 1:5 End of training for children taken to Babylon 601 4 8 22 4 121 328 131 26 8 Jehoiakim BM 21946 , rev., 6–7 Nebuchadnezzar attacks Egypt (aka Eliakim) 2 Kings 24:1 Jehoiakim refuses paying tribute during 4th year 600 5 11 years 9 23 122 329 132 27 Antiquities , X:6.2 Nebuchadnezzar’s 4th year, early 600 BCE 9 Necho II BM 21946 , rev., 8 Nebuchadnezzar gathers army in Babylon 330 133 28 2 Kings 24:2 Marauder bands sent by Nebuchadnezzar 599 (Wehemibre) 6 10 24 123 10 BM 21946 , rev., 9–10 See Inset 2 (598 BCE – 597 BCE)

18 11 Jews in exile 2 Kings 24:8–11 th th 598 25 8 (7 regnal) year of Nebuchadnezzar, siege 11 (Tishri-based) BM 21946 , rev., 11 7 Jehoiachin 124 331 134 29 begins [December] ? 1 2 Kings 24:12 Exiles taken, including Jehoiachin 3 months Jeremiah 52:28 (Zedekiah began reign 12th month [March] of 597 26 21 12 2 Kings 28:18 th th 8 1 1 125 332 135 30 Nebuchadnezzar’s 8 [7 regnal] year) BM 21946 , rev., 12–13 596 9 2 27 2 126 333 136 31 13 595 10 3 28 3 127 334 137 32 14 Jeremiah 28:1 Jeremiah refutes claim that exiles would return in 2 years (5th month [August]) 4 128 594 11 4 29 335 138 33 BCE 539 – is WorldPower Babylon BCE 609 15 Jeremiah 28:17 Hananiah dies (7th month [October]) Psammetichus II Jeremiah 51:59 Prophecy against Babylon (Neferibre) Ezekiel 1:1–2 Ezekiel starts to prophesy 30th year after “Book of 593 12 5 30 5 129 336 139 34 16 the Law” found in temple; see 623 BCE 592 13 6 6 130 337 140 35 Ezekiel 8:1 17 591 14 7 7 131 338 141 36 Ezekiel 20:1 See Inset 3 (590 BCE – 586 BCE) 18 590 15 8 8 132 339 142 37 19 Zedekiah Ezekiel 24:1 9th year of Zedekiah (10th month [January]), siege (aka Mattaniah) 2 Kings 25:1 begins 589 Nebuchadnezzar 16 9 9 133 340 143 38 20 11 years Jeremiah 39:1 II Jeremiah 52:4 Ezekiel 29:1 Prophecies against Egypt (January) Jeremiah 32:1 10th year of Zedekiah is 18th (17th regnal) of 588 17 10 10 134 341 144 39 Nebuchadnezzar 21 Jeremiah 37:5 Break in siege while Egypt attempts to assist Ezekiel 26:1 Prophecy against Tyre Ezekiel 30:20; 31:1 Prophecies against Egypt (April, June) Jeremiah 39:2 4th month [July] Jeremiah 52:6, 7 City walls breached, exiles taken 11 40 Jeremiah 52:10–14, 29

Eshbaal III Eshbaal Zedekiah exiled, sons killed

(Ithobaal) 2 Kings 25:6–7 Ezekiel 4:6–7 End of Judah’s 40 years of guilt

Apries (Tishri-based)

587 18 JerusalemBCE 517 denounced– 587 22 11 th (Hophra/Haaibre) Gedaliah 135 342 145 2 Kings 25:8–9 5 month [August] – Temple destroyed, (governor) Jeremiah 1:3 city burned, Gedaliah made governor 2 Kings 25:25 7th month [October] Jeremiah 40:13; 41:1–2 Gedaliah killed Years of Years of Jeremiah 44:30 Jeremiah prophesies against Hophra Temple in ruins Sabbaths paid Zechariah 1:12 See 517 BCE Siege against Ezekiel 33:21 10th month [January] Tyre Ezekiel 32:1, 17 th 586 19 1 1 1 12 136 343 146 12 month [March] 1 23 Against Apion I:1.21 Siege against Tyre begins Antiquities X:10.1 585 20 2 2 2 13 137 344 147 2 24 584 21 3 3 3 14 138 345 148 3 25 583 22 4 4 4 15 139 346 149 4 26 Ezekiel 4:4 (LXX ) End of Israel’s 150 years of guilt 582 23 5 5 5 16 140 347 150 Jeremiah 52:30 24th (23rd regnal) year of Nebuchadnezzar, 5 27 exiles taken

Copyright ©2004–2021 Jeffro Page 10 Year Tyrian Egyptian Kings Assyrian Syrian/ Judah Age Israel Age Source Comments JW Chronology Babylonian Kings Year Year (BCE) Kings (Pharaohs) Kings Persian Tishri-based Judah Israel st

581 21 D. (Tanis) ↑ General Notes Adad-apla- 24 6 6 6 17 141 348 Samuel already old before meeting Saul 6 28

580 iddina 25 7 7 7 18 142 349 7 29

Eshbaal III Eshbaal 579 (Ithobaal) 26 8 8 8 19 143 350 8 30 578 27 9 9 9 20 144 351 9 31 577 28 10 10 10 21 145 352 10 32 Apries 576 29 11 11 11 22 146 353 11 33 575 (Hophra/Haaibre) 30 12 12 12 23 147 354 12 34 574 31 13 13 13 24 148 355 25th year of exile, 14th year after temple 13 35 573 Tyre under 32 14 14 25 149 356 Ezekiel 40:1 destroyed (‘beginning of the year’ 14 36 572 Babylon 33 15 15 26 150 357 [November 574]) 15 37 571 34 16 16 27 151 358 Ezekiel 29:17–18 st 16 38 Nebuchadnezzar Prophecy against Egypt (1 month [April]) 570 35 17 17 28 152 359 17 39 II 569 36 18 18 29 153 360 18 40 Apries (Hophra) & Amasis II BM 33041 (Hophra allies with Babylonian army to 568 37 19 19 30 154 361 19 41 VAT 4956 challenge Amasis II – starting late 568) Baal II 567 38 20 20 31 155 362 20 42 Sole reign of Ezekiel 29:13 ‘40 years of devastation’ of Egypt Amasis II 566 39 21 21 1 32 156 363 Amasis’ reign legitimised by marrying 21 43 Hophra’s daughter 565 40 22 22 2 33 157 364 22 44

Babylon is World Power 609 BCE – 539 BCE 539 – is WorldPower Babylon BCE 609

Yakinbaal BCE 517 Jerusalem– denounced BCE 587 564 41 23 23 3 34 158 365 23 45 Chelbes 563 Abbar 42 24 24 4 35 159 366 See Inset 4 (562 BCE – 556 BCE) 24 46 562 0 43 25 25 5 36 160 367 Jehoiachin released from prison 1st 25 47

Mattan III & Mattan III Ger-Asthari 2 Kings 25:27 (accession) year of Evil-Merodach 561 Evil-Merodach 1 26 26 6 37 161 368 26 48 Jeremiah 52:31–34 (12th month [April 561]) 560 2 0 27 27 7 38 162 369 27 49 559 1 28 28 8 39 163 370 28 50 558 2 29 29 9 40 164 371 29 51 Neriglissar 557 3 30 30 10 41 165 372 30 52 4 Classical historians assign 9 months to Baal-Eser 556 Labashi-Marduk 31 31 11 42 166 373 Labashi-Marduk; contemporary financial 31 53 III 0 0 2 months records indicate 2 months 555 1 32 32 12 43 167 374 32 54 Nabonidus 554 Mahar- 2 33 33 13 44 168 375 33 55 553 Baal 1 3 34 34 14 45 169 376 Daniel 7:1 34 56 552 2 4 35 35 15 46 170 377 35 57 Amasis II 551 3 5 36 36 16 47 171 378 Daniel 8:1 36 58 (Khnemibre) 550 4 6 37 37 17 48 172 379 37 59 549 5 7 38 38 18 49 173 380 38 60 548 6 8 39 39 19 50 174 381 39 61 547 7 9 40 40 20 51 175 382 40 62 Belshazzar 546 8 10 41 41 21 52 176 383 41 63 (with Nabonidus) 545 9 11 Cyrus II 42 42 22 53 177 384 42 64 544 10 12 43 43 23 54 178 385 43 65 543 11 13 44 44 24 55 179 386 44 66 Hiram III 542 12 14 45 45 25 56 180 387 45 67 541 13 15 46 46 26 57 181 388 46 68 540 14 16 47 47 27 58 182 389 See Inset 5 (539 BCE – 537 BCE) 47 69 15 17 Daniel 5:26–30 Babylon called to account Babylonian Darius captures Babylon, Belshazzar killed Empire (7th month [12 October]) ended Darius the Mede 390 (1) (governor, a few weeks) Daniel 9:1–2 Daniel discerns end of 70 years Ezekiel 4:5 End of Israel’s 390 years of guilt 539 48 48 28 59 182½ 48 70 Daniel 11:1 Tyre under 2 Chronicles 36:20–21 Cyrus arrives (8th month [29 October]) Persia Isaiah 45:1 Cyrus II 0 Antiquities X:intro 182½ years from captivity of Israel until Cyrus’ 1st year

Copyright ©2004–2021 Jeffro Page 11 Year Tyrian Egyptian Kings Assyrian Syrian/ Judah Age Israel Age Source Comments JW Chronology Babylonian Kings Year Year (BCE) Kings (Pharaohs) Kings Persian Tishri-based Judah Israel st

21 D. (Tanis) ↑ General Notes Adad-apla- 2 Chronicles 36:21–23 CyrusSamuel gives already decree old forbefore Jews meeting to return Saul

iddina Isaiah 44:28 ‘Messiah’ (Cyrus) decrees reconstruction Daniel 9:25 of temple at end of 7 ‘weeks’ 538 1 49 49 29 Ezra 3:1 Jews in Judah (7th month [September/ 49 Antiquities XI:1.1 October]) Leviticus 25:8 End of 49 years of Sabbath rest (High Priest) Leviticus 26:18–35

Jerusalem denounced (annual fasts) 587 BCE – 517 BCE 517 Jerusalem– denounced BCE fasts) 587 (annual Hiram III Ezra 3:8 Reconstruction of temple begins Cyrus II 537 2 50 30 Against Apion I (2nd month [April]) 50 Amasis II Antiquities XI:4.2 536 (Khnemibre) 3 31 Daniel 10:1 51 535 4 32 52 Ezra 4:5 Temple work slowed until reign of Darius 534 5 33 53

533 6 34 54 532 7 35 55 531 Cyrus II 8 36 56 530 9 0 37 57 529 1 38 Ezra 4:6 Complaint to ‘Ahasuerus’ (Cambyses II) 58 528 2 39 59 527 3 40 60 Cambyses II 526 Psammetichus III (Ankhkaenre) 4 Ezekiel 29:13 End of ‘40 years’ (Amasis II) 61 525 Egypt under Persia (27 th Dynasty) 5 Ezekiel 29:14 Egypt subject to Persian Empire 62 524 6 63 523 7 Joshua 64 Bardiya (a few months) 0 8 (aka Jeshua) Ezra 4:7 Construction halted by ‘Artaxerxes’ 522 65 0 (Bardiya) 521 1 Antiquities XI:3.1 Darius appointed 66 Antiquities XI:2.2 Temple building resumes, 9 years after Ezra 4:24 complaint to Cambyses 520 2 Haggai 1:1, 14–15 67 Haggai 2:1, 10 Zechariah 1:1 Zechariah 1:7, 12 Vision (11th month [February]): angel Darius I 519 3 indicates future end of 70 years 68 denunciation Zechariah 7:1–5 (9th month [December]): Sharezer and 69 518 4 Regem-melech ask about fasts 70 517 5 Zechariah 1:12 End of 70 years of denunciation 516 6 Ezra 6:15, 19 Temple completed (12th month [March]) 515 7

Passover held (1st month [April])

609 608 605 604 597 590 587 582 562 560 556 539 538 522

626 621 612 598 553 529 515 Jehoahaz Jehoiachin ← Josiah Jehoiakim Zedekiah Jewish exile

Neo-Babylonian empire Evil-merodach Labashi-marduk Nabonidus Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar Belshazzar Neriglissar Assyrian kings Babylon’s 70 years Persian kings Sin-shar-ishkun CyrusCyrus Cambyses Darius → Ashur-uballit Darius the Mede Bardiya

Copyright ©2004–2021 Jeffro Page 12 Inset 1 - 605 BCE – 600 BCE Month Neo-Babylonian Kings Jehoiakim Scriptures Notes Nisan/ Tishri/ Nisan/ Accession Non-Accession Accession th nd th Jan 605 Nabopolassar’s 4 year 2 year Jeremiah 36:1 During Jehoiakim’s 4 year, Jeremiah records warning Feb 21st (20th regnal) year Mar Apr May Nabopolassar’s Jun Jeremiah 46:2 Necho II defeated by Nebuchadnezzar at Carchemish [summer] 22nd (21st regnal) year Jul Aug BM 21946 , 10–11 Nebuchadnezzar returns to Babylon to claim throne Sep Jeremiah 25:1 1st year of Nebuchadnezzar is 4th year of Jehoiakim Oct rd Nov 3 year Dec Jeremiah 36:9 Fast proclaimed in Jerusalem (9th month [December]) Nebuchadnezzar’s Jan 604 BM 21946 , 12 Nebuchadnezzar returns to the Hatti region 1st (accession) year 2 Kings 24:1 Nebuchadnezzar besieges Jerusalem, Jehoiakim pays tribute

Tribute Feb Daniel 1:1, 2 Daniel* & others given as part of tribute [February], accession year of BM 21946 , 13 rd 5th year Nebuchadnezzar & 3 regnal year of Jehoiakim Mar Apr (Beginning of Jehoiakim’s 1st full year of tribute) May Daniel 1:5 Possible beginning of training, allowing time for travel Jun Jul Aug Sep Nebuchadnezzar’s 4th year Oct 2nd (1st regnal) year Nov Dec Jan 603 Feb Jehoiakim tribute pays 3 refusing before for full years st

Mar Minimumtrainingof 3 years Danielfor and others (End of Jehoiakim’s 1 full year of tribute) th 6 year Daniel 2:1 Daniel* interprets dream during 2nd regnal year of Nebuchadnezzar Apr Daniel 1:17 Daniel known for interpreting dreams before end of three years May Jun Jul Aug Nebuchadnezzar’s Sep 5th year 3rd (2nd regnal) year Oct Nov Dec Jan 602 Feb Mar (End of Jehoiakim’s 2nd full year of tribute) 7th year Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Nebuchadnezzar’s 6th year Oct 4th (3rd regnal) year Nov Dec Jan 601 Feb Mar (End of Jehoiakim’s 3rd full year of tribute) 8th year Apr

Incomplete 4 Daniel 1:5 Youths presented to Nebuchadnezzar after 3 full years of training May Jun Jul Aug

Sep tribute of year Nebuchadnezzar’s Oct 7th year 5th (4th regnal) year Nov Dec BM 21946 , rev., 6–7 Nebuchadnezzar attempts to attack Egypt th 9 year 2 Kings 24:1 Jehoiakim refuses to pay during 4th year of tribute Jan 600 Antiquities , X:6.2 Feb Mar * The historicity of Daniel is disputed; the ‘Daniel’ character is likely used as a literary device, however the stated years of reign are consistent with other records.

Copyright ©2004–2021 Jeffro Page 13 Inset 2 - 598 BCE – 597 BCE Month Neo-Babylonian Kings Judean Kings Exile Scriptures Notes Jan 598 Nebuchadnezzar’s Feb 7th (6th regnal) year Mar Apr May Jun Eliakim (Jehoiakim) Jul Aug Sep Oct Nebuchadnezzar’s Nov 8th (7th regnal) year Dec 2 Kings 24:8–10 8th year of Nebuchadnezzar, siege begins, Jehoiakim killed Jan 597 Jehoiachin 3 months 2 Kings 24:8,12 Exiles taken, including Jehoiachin Feb Jeremiah 52:28 (Zedekiah began reign 12th month [March] of Nebuchadnezzar’s Mar 8th year) Apr 1 May Jun Jul Mattaniah (Zedekiah) Nebuchadnezzar’s Aug 9th (8th regnal) year Sep Oct Nov 2 Dec Inset 3 - 590 BCE – 586 BCE Month Neo-Babylonian Kings Judean Kings Exile Scriptures Notes Dec 590 Ezekiel 24:1 9th year of Zedekiah, siege begins [January] 2 Kings 25:1 Jan 589 Nebuchadnezzar’s Jeremiah 39:1 16th (15th regnal) year Jeremiah 52:4 Feb th Mar Zedekiah’s 9 year 9 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Nebuchadnezzar’s Oct 17th (16th regnal) year Nov Dec Jan 588 Feb Mar Zedekiah’s 10th year 10 Apr Jeremiah 32:1 18th year of Nebuchadnezzar is 10th year of Zedekiah May Jun Jul Aug Sep Nebuchadnezzar’s th th Oct 18 (17 regnal) year Nov Dec Jan 587 Feb Mar Zedekiah’s 11th year Apr May 11 Jun Jeremiah 52:6–11 Famine, city walls broken, Zedekiah imprisoned, sons killed Jul 2 Kings 25:3–7 2 Kings 25:9 19th (18th regnal) year of Nebuchadnezzar, exiles taken, Jerusalem Aug Nebuchadnezzar’s Jeremiah 52:12–14,29 (including temple) destroyed 19th (18th regnal) year Gedaliah Jeremiah 1:3 End of Jeremiah’s prophesying Sep (governor) 2 Kings 25:25 Gedaliah killed Oct Zechariah 1:12 70 years of denunciation begins (temple destroyed) Nov 12 Dec Jan 586 Ezekiel 33:21 Ezekiel learns of Jerusalem’s destruction Copyright ©2004–2021 Jeffro Page 14 Inset 4 - 562 BCE – 556 BCE Month Financial records Classical historians Exile Scriptures Notes • Ptolemy and Berossus count complete regnal years, plus one year for accession Jan 562 Nebuchadnezzar’s Nebuchadnezzar’s period Feb 42nd regnal year 42nd regnal year • Ptolemy and Polyhistor omit reigns less than 12 months Mar • Josephus counts complete and partial regnal years; only counts accession period if Apr no regnal period May 36 • Polyhistor counts complete and partial regnal years, without accession period Jun Nebuchadnezzar’s Nebuchadnezzar’s • Berossus, Polyhistor and Josephus give some reigns in months Jul 43rd regnal year 43rd regnal year Aug Contemporary financial records for Nebuchadnezzar’s final year Sep consistent with Ptolemy, Berossus, Josephus and Polyhistor Josephus gives ‘18 years ’ for Evil-Merodach; 18 months (1y 6m) is Oct consistent with 2 years given by Ptolemy and Berossus Nov Dec Evil-Merodach’s accession Evil-Merodach’s accession Jan 561 year year Feb 2 Kings 25:27 1st (accession) year of Evil-Merodach Mar 37 Jeremiah 52:31–34 Jehoiachin released from prison Polyhistor gives ‘12’, consistent with presumed regnal period of Apr 12 months May Jun Jul Aug Sep Evil-Merodach’s 1st year Oct Evil-Merodach’s 1st year Nov Dec Jan 560 Classical historians reduce reign of Evil-Merodach by about Feb 5 months Neriglissar’s Josephus gives ‘40 years’ for Neriglissar; 40 months (3y 4m) is Mar 38 accession year consistent with 4 years given by Ptolemy, Berossus and Polyhistor Apr May Evil-Merodach’s 2nd year Jun Jul Aug Sep Neriglissar’s 1st year Oct Nov Neriglissar’s Dec accession year Jan 559 39 Feb Mar

Apr 559 st nd Neriglissar’s 1 year Neriglissar’s 2 year Oct 559 40 Apr 558 nd rd Neriglissar’s 2 year Neriglissar’s 3 year Oct 558 Apr 557 May Neriglissar’s 4th year Jun 41 Classical historians reduce reign of Neriglissar by about 5 months Jul Ptolemy and Polyhistor omit Labashi-Marduk’s accession period Aug Sep Oct Neriglissar’s 3rd year Nov Labashi-Marduk’s Dec accession year Jan 556 Feb Classical historians extend reign of Labashi-Marduk by about Mar 42 7 months Apr Neriglissar’s 4th year Classical historians align Nabonidus’ accession period with Nisan May Labashi-Marduk’s Jun accession year Jul Nabonidus’ Aug accession year Sep Nabonidus’ Oct accession year Nov 43 Dec

Copyright ©2004–2021 Jeffro Page 15 Inset 5 - 539 BCE – 537 BCE Month Persian Kings Exile Scriptures Notes 2 Chronicles 36:20–21 Darius captures Babylon Daniel 5:26–30 Babylon weighed (called to account) Darius the Mede Kingdom finished Oct 539 (governor) Belshazzar killed Daniel 9:2 Daniel* discerns end of 70 years

Nov Dec Cyrus’ accession year 60 Jan 538 Feb Mar Apr 2 Chronicles 36:22–23 Decree by Cyrus May Jun Jul Aug Sep Cyrus’ 1st year Oct Ezra 3:1 Jews in Judah Nov Dec Jan 537 Feb Mar Apr May Ezra 3:8 Reconstruction of temple begins Jun Jul Aug Cyrus’ 2nd year Sep Oct Nov Dec * The historicity of Daniel is disputed; the ‘Daniel’ character is likely used as a literary device, however the stated years of reign are consistent with other records.