The Formative Years of Relativity in Which the Theory Essentially Received the Structure in Which It Later Became One of the Pillars of Modern Physics
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Wave Extraction in Numerical Relativity
Doctoral Dissertation Wave Extraction in Numerical Relativity Dissertation zur Erlangung des naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades der Bayrischen Julius-Maximilians-Universitat¨ Wurzburg¨ vorgelegt von Oliver Elbracht aus Warendorf Institut fur¨ Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik Fakultat¨ fur¨ Physik und Astronomie Julius-Maximilians-Universitat¨ Wurzburg¨ Wurzburg,¨ August 2009 Eingereicht am: 27. August 2009 bei der Fakultat¨ fur¨ Physik und Astronomie 1. Gutachter:Prof.Dr.Karl Mannheim 2. Gutachter:Prof.Dr.Thomas Trefzger 3. Gutachter:- der Dissertation. 1. Prufer¨ :Prof.Dr.Karl Mannheim 2. Prufer¨ :Prof.Dr.Thomas Trefzger 3. Prufer¨ :Prof.Dr.Thorsten Ohl im Promotionskolloquium. Tag des Promotionskolloquiums: 26. November 2009 Doktorurkunde ausgehandigt¨ am: Gewidmet meinen Eltern, Gertrud und Peter, f¨urall ihre Liebe und Unterst¨utzung. To my parents Gertrud and Peter, for all their love, encouragement and support. Wave Extraction in Numerical Relativity Abstract This work focuses on a fundamental problem in modern numerical rela- tivity: Extracting gravitational waves in a coordinate and gauge independent way to nourish a unique and physically meaningful expression. We adopt a new procedure to extract the physically relevant quantities from the numerically evolved space-time. We introduce a general canonical form for the Weyl scalars in terms of fundamental space-time invariants, and demonstrate how this ap- proach supersedes the explicit definition of a particular null tetrad. As a second objective, we further characterize a particular sub-class of tetrads in the Newman-Penrose formalism: the transverse frames. We establish a new connection between the two major frames for wave extraction: namely the Gram-Schmidt frame, and the quasi-Kinnersley frame. Finally, we study how the expressions for the Weyl scalars depend on the tetrad we choose, in a space-time containing distorted black holes. -
Einstein's Mistakes
Einstein’s Mistakes Einstein was the greatest genius of the Twentieth Century, but his discoveries were blighted with mistakes. The Human Failing of Genius. 1 PART 1 An evaluation of the man Here, Einstein grows up, his thinking evolves, and many quotations from him are listed. Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Einstein at 14 Einstein at 26 Einstein at 42 3 Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Einstein at age 61 (1940) 4 Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Born in Ulm, Swabian region of Southern Germany. From a Jewish merchant family. Had a sister Maja. Family rejected Jewish customs. Did not inherit any mathematical talent. Inherited stubbornness, Inherited a roguish sense of humor, An inclination to mysticism, And a habit of grüblen or protracted, agonizing “brooding” over whatever was on its mind. Leading to the thought experiment. 5 Portrait in 1947 – age 68, and his habit of agonizing brooding over whatever was on its mind. He was in Princeton, NJ, USA. 6 Einstein the mystic •“Everyone who is seriously involved in pursuit of science becomes convinced that a spirit is manifest in the laws of the universe, one that is vastly superior to that of man..” •“When I assess a theory, I ask myself, if I was God, would I have arranged the universe that way?” •His roguish sense of humor was always there. •When asked what will be his reactions to observational evidence against the bending of light predicted by his general theory of relativity, he said: •”Then I would feel sorry for the Good Lord. The theory is correct anyway.” 7 Einstein: Mathematics •More quotations from Einstein: •“How it is possible that mathematics, a product of human thought that is independent of experience, fits so excellently the objects of physical reality?” •Questions asked by many people and Einstein: •“Is God a mathematician?” •His conclusion: •“ The Lord is cunning, but not malicious.” 8 Einstein the Stubborn Mystic “What interests me is whether God had any choice in the creation of the world” Some broadcasters expunged the comment from the soundtrack because they thought it was blasphemous. -
Review Study on “The Black Hole”
IJIRST –International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology| Volume 2 | Issue 10 | March 2016 ISSN (online): 2349-6010 Review Study on “The Black Hole” Syed G. Ibrahim Department of Engineering Physics (Nanostructured Thin Film Materials Laboratory) Prof. Ram Meghe College of Engineering and Management, Badnera 444701, Maharashtra, India Abstract As a star grows old, swells, then collapses on itself, often you will hear the word “black hole” thrown around. The black hole is a gravitationally collapsed mass, from which no light, matter, or signal of any kind can escape. These exotic objects have captured our imagination ever since they were predicted by Einstein's Theory of General Relativity in 1915. So what exactly is a black hole? A black hole is what remains when a massive star dies. Not every star will become a black hole, only a select few with extremely large masses. In order to have the ability to become a black hole, a star will have to have about 20 times the mass of our Sun. No known process currently active in the universe can form black holes of less than stellar mass. This is because all present black hole formation is through gravitational collapse, and the smallest mass which can collapse to form a black hole produces a hole approximately 1.5-3.0 times the mass of the sun .Smaller masses collapse to form white dwarf stars or neutron stars. Keywords: Escape Velocity, Horizon, Schwarzschild Radius, Black Hole _______________________________________________________________________________________________________ I. INTRODUCTION Soon after Albert Einstein formulated theory of relativity, it was realized that his equations have solutions in closed form. -
Von Richthofen, Einstein and the AGA Estimating Achievement from Fame
Von Richthofen, Einstein and the AGA Estimating achievement from fame Every schoolboy has heard of Einstein; fewer have heard of Antoine Becquerel; almost nobody has heard of Nils Dalén. Yet they all won Nobel Prizes for Physics. Can we gauge a scientist’s achievements by his or her fame? If so, how? And how do fighter pilots help? Mikhail Simkin and Vwani Roychowdhury look for the linkages. “It was a famous victory.” We instinctively rank the had published. However, in 2001–2002 popular French achievements of great men and women by how famous TV presenters Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff published they are. But is instinct enough? And how exactly does a great man’s fame relate to the greatness of his achieve- ment? Some achievements are easy to quantify. Such is the case with fighter pilots of the First World War. Their achievements can be easily measured and ranked, in terms of their victories – the number of enemy planes they shot down. These aces achieved varying degrees of fame, which have lasted down to the internet age. A few years ago we compared1 the fame of First World War fighter pilot aces (measured in Google hits) with their achievement (measured in victories); and we found that We can estimate fame grows exponentially with achievement. fame from Google; Is the same true in other areas of excellence? Bagrow et al. have studied the relationship between can this tell us 2 achievement and fame for physicists . The relationship Manfred von Richthofen (in cockpit) with members of his so- about actual they found was linear. -
The Emergence of Gravitational Wave Science: 100 Years of Development of Mathematical Theory, Detectors, Numerical Algorithms, and Data Analysis Tools
BULLETIN (New Series) OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY Volume 53, Number 4, October 2016, Pages 513–554 http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/bull/1544 Article electronically published on August 2, 2016 THE EMERGENCE OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVE SCIENCE: 100 YEARS OF DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL THEORY, DETECTORS, NUMERICAL ALGORITHMS, AND DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS MICHAEL HOLST, OLIVIER SARBACH, MANUEL TIGLIO, AND MICHELE VALLISNERI In memory of Sergio Dain Abstract. On September 14, 2015, the newly upgraded Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) recorded a loud gravitational-wave (GW) signal, emitted a billion light-years away by a coalescing binary of two stellar-mass black holes. The detection was announced in February 2016, in time for the hundredth anniversary of Einstein’s prediction of GWs within the theory of general relativity (GR). The signal represents the first direct detec- tion of GWs, the first observation of a black-hole binary, and the first test of GR in its strong-field, high-velocity, nonlinear regime. In the remainder of its first observing run, LIGO observed two more signals from black-hole bina- ries, one moderately loud, another at the boundary of statistical significance. The detections mark the end of a decades-long quest and the beginning of GW astronomy: finally, we are able to probe the unseen, electromagnetically dark Universe by listening to it. In this article, we present a short historical overview of GW science: this young discipline combines GR, arguably the crowning achievement of classical physics, with record-setting, ultra-low-noise laser interferometry, and with some of the most powerful developments in the theory of differential geometry, partial differential equations, high-performance computation, numerical analysis, signal processing, statistical inference, and data science. -
Erich Kretschmann As a Proto-Logical-Empiricist: Adventures and Misadventures of the Point-Coincidence Argument
Erich Kretschmann as a Proto-Logical-Empiricist: Adventures and Misadventures of the Point-Coincidence Argument Marco Giovanelli Abstract The present paper attempts to show that a 1915 article by Erich Kretschmann must be credited not only for being the source of Einstein’s point-coincidence remark, but also for having anticipated the main lines of the logical-empiricist interpretation of general relativity. Whereas Kretschmann was inspired by the work of Mach and Poincaré, Einstein inserted Kretschmann’s point-coincidence parlance into the context of Ricci and Levi-Civita’s absolute differential calculus. Kretschmann himself realized this and turned the point-coincidence ar- gument against Einstein in his second and more famous 1918 paper. While Einstein had taken nothing from Kretschmann but the expression “point-coincidences”, the logical empiricists, however, instinctively dragged along with it the entire apparatus of Kretschmann’s conven- tionalism. Disappointingly, in their interpretation of general relativity, the logical empiricists unwittingly replicated some epistemological remarks Kretschmann had written before General Relativity even existed. Keywords: Erich Kretschmann, Point Coincidence Argument, Moritz Schlick, General Relativity, Logical Empiricism, Conventionalism 1. Introduction In the early 1980s, John Stachel (Stachel, 1980) and John Norton (Norton, 1984) famously shed new light on Einstein’s celebrated, yet somewhat cryptic, claim that all physical measurements amount to a determination of space-time coincidences, such as the matching of a pointer with a scale, or, if the world consisted of nothing but particles in motion, the meetings of their world-lines. In Einstein’s published writings, this remark — which Stachel has success- fully labeled the “point-coincidence argument” — amounts to the requirement of “general covariance”: since all coordinate systems necessarily agree on coin- cidences, that is, in everything observable, there is no reason to privilege one coordinate system over another. -
The Reichenbach-Einstein Debate on the Geometrization of the Electromagnetic Field
‘. But I Still Can’t Get Rid of a Sense of Artificiality’: The Reichenbach-Einstein Debate on the Geometrization of the Electromagnetic Field Marco Giovanelli Contributing editor at the Einstein Paper Project at Caltech: Einstein Papers Project Caltech M/C 20-7 1200 East California Blvd. Pasadena, CA 91125, USA Universität Tübingen, Forum Scientiarum, Doblerstraße 33 72074 Tübingen, Germany Abstract This paper analyzes correspondence between Reichenbach and Einstein from the spring of 1926, concerning what it means to ‘geometrize’ a physical field. The content of a typewritten note that Reichenbach sent to Einstein on that occasion is reconstructed, showing that it was an early version of §49 of the untranslated Appendix to his Philosophie der Raum-Zeit-Lehre, on which Reichenbach was working at the time. This paper claims that the toy-geometrization of the electromagnetic field that Reichenbach presented in his note should not be regarded as merely a virtuoso mathematical exercise, but as an additional argument supporting the core philosophical message of his 1928 monograph. This paper concludes by suggesting that Reichenbach’s infamous ‘relativization of geometry’ was only a stepping stone on the way to his main concern—the question of the ‘geometrization of gravitation’. Aber ich kann auch da das Gefühl des Künstlichen nicht los werden Reichenbach to Einstein, March 16, 1926 Introduction In the late 1950s, Hans Reichenbach’s second wife Maria Reichenbach edited an English translation (Reichenbach, 1958) of his Philosophie der Raum-Zeit-Lehre (Reichenbach, 1928). This edition was missing a long Appendix entitled ‘Die Weylsche Erweiterung des Riemannschen Raumbegriffs und die geometrische Deutung der Elektrizität’ (‘Weyl’s Extension of Riemann’s Concept of Space and the Geometrical Interpretation of Electromagnetism’). -
Introduction String Theory Is a Mystery. It's Supposed to Be The
Copyrighted Material i n T r o D U C T i o n String theory is a mystery. it’s supposed to be the the- ory of everything. But it hasn’t been verified experimen- tally. And it’s so esoteric. it’s all about extra dimensions, quantum fluctuations, and black holes. how can that be the world? Why can’t everything be simpler? String theory is a mystery. its practitioners (of which i am one) admit they don’t understand the theory. But calculation after calculation yields unexpectedly beautiful, connected results. one gets a sense of inevitability from studying string theory. how can this not be the world? how can such deep truths fail to connect to reality? String theory is a mystery. it draws many talented gradu- ate students away from other fascinating topics, like super- conductivity, that already have industrial applications. it attracts media attention like few other fields in science. And it has vociferous detractors who deplore the spread of its influence and dismiss its achievements as unrelated to em- pirical science. Briefly, the claim of string theory is that the fundamental objects that make up all matter are not particles, but strings. Strings are like little rubber bands, but very thin and very strong. An electron is supposed to be actually a string, vibrat- ing and rotating on a length scale too small for us to probe even with the most advanced particle accelerators to date. in Copyrighted Material 2 some versions of string theory, an electron is a closed loop of string. in others, it is a segment of string, with two endpoints. -
19.4 Books MH
Vol 446|19 April 2007 BOOKS & ARTS Einstein’s general theory of relativity sparked research that led to NASA-JPL the understanding of black holes. Relative confusion The implications of Einstein’s special and general theories of relativity were not immediately apparent. of physics who has studied the development of they are paid to. Nevertheless, I will outline The Curious History of Relativity: How general relativity, Eisenstaedt presents a wealth aspects of this book that bothered me. First, Einstein’s Theory of Gravity was Lost of intellectual, social and philosophical mat- Eisenstaedt masterfully recounts the conven- and Found Again by Jean Eisenstaedt erial regarding the theory and the reactions it tional story about the puzzles concerning the Princeton University Press: 2006. 384 pp. engendered in the community. behaviour of light that arose in the nineteenth $29.95, £18.95 I found many parts of this book absorbing, century. His treatment of these is fascinating but some were not without irritation. Let me in its historical detail, but he implies that half a William Unruh start with the positives. Eisenstaedt’s mastery century of trouble could have been avoided if Einstein created two surprising theories of Einstein’s intellectual and personal devel- only the physicists of the time had realized that between 1905 and 1915. His special theory of opment between 1905 and 1920, a period that velocities should not be added together. In con- relativity in 1905 altered our understanding of spanned his greatest creativity and contribu- trast, even with the special theory of relativity, space and time such that, rather than being tion, is evident, and he tells the stories well. -
INFORMATION– CONSCIOUSNESS– REALITY How a New Understanding of the Universe Can Help Answer Age-Old Questions of Existence the FRONTIERS COLLECTION
THE FRONTIERS COLLECTION James B. Glattfelder INFORMATION– CONSCIOUSNESS– REALITY How a New Understanding of the Universe Can Help Answer Age-Old Questions of Existence THE FRONTIERS COLLECTION Series editors Avshalom C. Elitzur, Iyar, Israel Institute of Advanced Research, Rehovot, Israel Zeeya Merali, Foundational Questions Institute, Decatur, GA, USA Thanu Padmanabhan, Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), Pune, India Maximilian Schlosshauer, Department of Physics, University of Portland, Portland, OR, USA Mark P. Silverman, Department of Physics, Trinity College, Hartford, CT, USA Jack A. Tuszynski, Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Rüdiger Vaas, Redaktion Astronomie, Physik, bild der wissenschaft, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany THE FRONTIERS COLLECTION The books in this collection are devoted to challenging and open problems at the forefront of modern science and scholarship, including related philosophical debates. In contrast to typical research monographs, however, they strive to present their topics in a manner accessible also to scientifically literate non-specialists wishing to gain insight into the deeper implications and fascinating questions involved. Taken as a whole, the series reflects the need for a fundamental and interdisciplinary approach to modern science and research. Furthermore, it is intended to encourage active academics in all fields to ponder over important and perhaps controversial issues beyond their own speciality. Extending from quantum physics and relativity to entropy, conscious- ness, language and complex systems—the Frontiers Collection will inspire readers to push back the frontiers of their own knowledge. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/5342 For a full list of published titles, please see back of book or springer.com/series/5342 James B. -
Astrophysical Black Holes
XXXX, 1–62 © De Gruyter YYYY Astrophysical Black Holes Andrew C. Fabian and Anthony N. Lasenby Abstract. Black holes are a common feature of the Universe. They are observed as stellar mass black holes spread throughout galaxies and as supermassive objects in their centres. Ob- servations of stars orbiting close to the centre of our Galaxy provide detailed clear evidence for the presence of a 4 million Solar mass black hole. Gas accreting onto distant supermassive black holes produces the most luminous persistent sources of radiation observed, outshining galaxies as quasars. The energy generated by such displays may even profoundly affect the fate of a galaxy. We briefly review the history of black holes and relativistic astrophysics be- fore exploring the observational evidence for black holes and reviewing current observations including black hole mass and spin. In parallel we outline the general relativistic derivation of the physical properties of black holes relevant to observation. Finally we speculate on fu- ture observations and touch on black hole thermodynamics and the extraction of energy from rotating black holes. Keywords. Please insert your keywords here, separated by commas.. AMS classification. Please insert AMS Mathematics Subject Classification numbers here. See www.ams.org/msc. 1 Introduction Black holes are exotic relativistic objects which are common in the Universe. It has arXiv:1911.04305v1 [astro-ph.HE] 11 Nov 2019 now been realised that they play a major role in the evolution of galaxies. Accretion of matter into them provides the power source for millions of high-energy sources spanning the entire electromagnetic spectrum. In this chapter we consider black holes from an astrophysical point of view, and highlight their astrophysical roles as well as providing details of the General Relativistic phenomena which are vital for their understanding. -
The Quantum Structure of Space and Time
QcEntwn Structure &pace and Time This page intentionally left blank Proceedings of the 23rd Solvay Conference on Physics Brussels, Belgium 1 - 3 December 2005 The Quantum Structure of Space and Time EDITORS DAVID GROSS Kavli Institute. University of California. Santa Barbara. USA MARC HENNEAUX Universite Libre de Bruxelles & International Solvay Institutes. Belgium ALEXANDER SEVRIN Vrije Universiteit Brussel & International Solvay Institutes. Belgium \b World Scientific NEW JERSEY LONOON * SINGAPORE BElJlNG * SHANGHAI HONG KONG TAIPEI * CHENNAI Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Re. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA ofJice: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK ofice; 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-PublicationData A catalogue record for this hook is available from the British Library. THE QUANTUM STRUCTURE OF SPACE AND TIME Proceedings of the 23rd Solvay Conference on Physics Copyright 0 2007 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereoi may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN 981-256-952-9 ISBN 981-256-953-7 (phk) Printed in Singapore by World Scientific Printers (S) Pte Ltd The International Solvay Institutes Board of Directors Members Mr.